1. Development of animation

2. Pioneers

3. Joseph plateau
(phenakiloscope)
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Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau (14 October 1801 – 15 September 1883) was a Belgian physicist. He
was the first person to demonstrate the illusion of a moving image. To do this he used counter rotating
disks with repeating drawn images in small increments of motion on one and regularly spaced slits in the
other. He called this device of 1832 the phenakistoscope.
The phenakistoscope (also spelled phenakistiscope or phenakitiscope) was an early animation device
that used a spinning disk of sequential images and the persistence of vision principle to create an
illusion of motion.
The phenakiloscope was important because it was one of the first types of animations people had not
seen stuff like that before.

4. William Horner (zoetrope)
William George Horner (1786 – 22 September 1837) was a British mathematician; he was a
schoolmaster, headmaster and schoolkeeper, proficient in classics as well as mathematics, who wrote
extensively on functional equations, number theory and approximation theory, but also on optics. His
contribution to approximation theory is honoured in the designation Horner's method, in particular
respect of a paper in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London for 1819. The modern
invention of the zoetrope, under the name Daedaleum in 1834, has been attributed to him.
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A zoetrope is one of several pre-cinema animation devices that produce the illusion of motion by
displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs showing progressive phases of that motion.
The name zoetrope was composed from the Greek root words ζωή zoe, "life" and τρόπος tropos,
"turning".

5. Emile reyneaud
(praxisnoscpe)
Charles-É mile Reynaud (8 December 1844 – 9 January 1918) was a French inventor, responsible
for the first projected animated cartoons. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre
Optique in December 1888, and on 28 October 1892 he projected the first animated film in public,
Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This is also notable as the first known instance of film
perforations being used.
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The praxinoscope was an animation device, the successor to the zoetrope. It was invented in
France in 1877 by Charles-É mile Reynaud. Like the zoetrope, it used a strip of pictures placed
around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder. The praxinoscope improved on the zoetrope by
replacing its narrow viewing slits with an inner circle of mirrors, placed so that the reflections of the
pictures appeared more or less stationary in position as the wheel turned. Someone looking in the
mirrors would therefore see a rapid succession of images producing the illusion of motion, with a
brighter and less distorted picture than the zoetrope offered.
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6. Edward muybridge
( zoopraxiscope)
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Eadweard James Muybridge (/ dw rd ma br d /; 9 April 1830 – 8 May 1904, birth name Edwardˌɛ ə ˈ ɪ ɪ ʒ
James Muggeridge) was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in
photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection. He adopted the
name Eadweard Muybridge, believing it to be the original Anglo-Saxon form of his name.
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The zoopraxiscope is an early device for displaying motion pictures. Created by photographic pioneer
Eadweard Muybridge in 1879, it may be considered the first movie projector. The zoopraxiscope
projected images from rotating glass disks in rapid succession to give the impression of motion. The
stop-motion images were initially painted onto the glass, as silhouettes. A second series of discs,
made in 1892–94, used outline drawings printed onto the discs photographically, then colored by hand.
Some of the animated images are very complex, featuring multiple combinations of sequences of
animal and human movement.

7. Edison (kintoscope)
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The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device. The Kinetoscope was designed for
films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer window at the top of the
device. The Kinetoscope was not a movie projector but introduced the basic approach that would
become the standard for all cinematic projection before the advent of video, by creating the illusion of
movement by conveying a strip of perforated film bearing sequential images over a light source with
a high-speed shutter. First described in conceptual terms by U.S. inventor Thomas Edison in 1888, it
was largely developed by his employee William Kennedy Laurie Dickson between 1889 and 1892.
Dickson and his team at the Edison lab also devised the Kinetograph, an innovative motion picture
camera with rapid intermittent, or stop-and-go, film movement, to photograph movies for in-house
experiments and, eventually, commercial Kinetoscope presentations.

8. Lumiere brothers
The Lumière (pronounced: [lymj ]) brothers, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas (19 October 1862,ɛːʁ
Besanç on, France – 10 April 1954, Lyon) and Louis Jean (5 October 1864, Besanç on, France – 6
June 1948, Bandol),[1][2] are credited to be first filmmakers in history. They patented the
cinematograph, which contrary to Edison's "peepshow" kinetoscope, the former allowed viewing by
multiple parties at once, like current cinema. Their first film, Sortie de l'usine Lumière de Lyon, shot in
1894, is considered the first real motion picture in history Curiously, their surname, "Lumière", is
French for "light".
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Workers Leaving The Lumière Factory in Lyon (French: La Sortie des usines Lumière à Lyon),
also known as Employees Leaving the Lumière Factory and Exiting the Factory, is an 1895
French short black-and-white silent documentary film directed and produced by Louis Lumière.
It is often referred to as the first real motion picture ever made, although Louis Le Prince's 1888
Roundhay Garden Scene pre-dated it by seven years.

9. George Pal
George Pal (born György Pál Marczincsak February 1, 1908 – May 2, 1980) was a Hungarian-born
American animator and film producer, principally associated with the science fiction genre. He became an
American citizen after emigrating from Europe. He was nominated for Academy Awards (in the category
Best short subjects, Cartoon) no less than seven consecutive years (1942–1948) and received an
honorary award in 1944. This makes him the second most nominated Hungarian exile (together with
William S. Darling and Ernest Laszlo) after Mikló s Ró zsa.
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10. Developers

11. Wills O'Brien
Willis Harold O'Brien (March 2, 1886 – November 8, 1962) was an American motion picture special effects
and stop-motion animation pioneer, who according to ASIFA-Hollywood "was responsible for some of the
best-known images in cinema history," and is best remembered for his work on The Lost World (1925), King
Kong (1933) and Mighty Joe Young (1949), for which he won the 1950 Academy Award for Best Visual
Effects.
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king Kong is a 1933 American fantasy monster/adventure film directed and produced by Merian C. Cooper
and Ernest B. Schoedsack. The screenplay by James Ashmore Creelman and Ruth Rose was from an idea
conceived by Cooper and Edgar Wallace. It stars Fay Wray, Bruce Cabot and Robert Armstrong, and opened
in New York City on March 2, 1933 to rave reviews.
The film tells of a gigantic, island-dwelling ape called Kong who dies in an attempt to possess a beautiful
young woman. Kong is distinguished for its stop-motion animation by Willis O'Brien and its musical score by
Max Steiner. The film has been released to video, DVD, and Blu-ray Disc, and has been computer colorized.
[ King Kong is often cited as one of the most iconic movies in the history of cinema. In 1991, it was deemed
"culturally, historically and aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in
the National Film Registry. It has been remade twice: in 1976 and in 2005

12. Ray harryhausen
Raymond Frederick "Ray" Harryhausen (June 29, 1920 – May 7, 2013) was an American visual effects
creator, writer, and producer who created a form of stop-motion model animation known as "Dynamation.
His most memorable works include the animation on Mighty Joe Young (1949), with his mentor Willis H.
O'Brien, which won the Academy Award for special effects; The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958), his first
color film; and Jason and the Argonauts (1963), featuring a famous sword fight against seven skeleton
warriors. His last film was Clash of the Titans (1981), after which he retired.
Harryhausen lived in London from 1960 until his death in 2013. During his life, his innovative style of
special effects in movies have inspired numerous celebrities, including directors John Lasseter, and Tim
Burt
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13. Jan svankmajer QuickTime™ and a
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Jan Švankmajer (Czech: [ jan va kmaj r]; born 4 September 1934) isˈ ˈʃ ŋ ɛ
a Czech filmmaker and artist whose work spans several media. He is
a self-labeled surrealist known for his animations and features, which
have greatly influenced other artists such as Terry Gilliam, the
Brothers Quay, and many others.

14. Contemporary work

15. The brothers quay
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Stephen and Timothy Quay ( born June 17, 1947) are American identical twin brothers better
known as the Brothers Quay or Quay Brothers. They are influential stop-motion animators.
They are also the recipients of the 1998 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Set Design for
their work on the play The Chairs.
The Quay Brothers reside and work in England, having moved there in 1969 to study at the Royal
College of Art, London after studying illustration at the Philadelphia College of Art, now the University of
the Arts in Philadelphia. In England they made their first short films, which no longer exist after the only
print was irreparably damaged They spent some time in the Netherlands in the 1970s and then returned
to England where they teamed up with another Royal College student, Keith Griffiths, who produced all
of their films. In 1980 the trio formed Koninck Studios, which is currently based in Southwark, south
London.
The Quay Brothers' works (1979–present) show a wide range of often esoteric influences, starting with
the Polish animators Walerian Borowczyk and Jan Lenica and continuing with the writers Franz Kafka,
Bruno Schulz, Robert Walser and Michel de Ghelderode, puppeteers Wladyslaw Starewicz and Richard
Teschner and composers Leoš Janá ek, Zden k Liška and Leszek Jankowski, the last of whom hasč ě
created many original scores for their work. Czech animator Jan Švankmajer, for whom they named one
of their films (The Cabinet of Jan Švankmajer), is also frequently cited as a major influence, but they
actually discovered his work relatively late, in 1983, by which time their characteristic style and
preoccupations had been fully formed.[2] At a panel discussion with Daniel Bird and Andrzej Klimowski
at the Aurora festival Norwich they emphasized the more significant influence on their work was
Walerian Borowczyk, who made both animation shorts and live-action features.

16. Tim Burton QuickTime™ and a
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Timothy Walter "Tim" Burton (born August 25, 1958) is an
American film director, producer, artist, writer, poet and stop
motion artist. He is known for his dark, gothic, macabre and
quirky horror and fantasy films such as Beetlejuice, Edward
Scissorhands, The Nightmare Before Christmas, Ed Wood,
Sleepy Hollow, Corpse Bride, Sweeney Todd: The Demon
Barber of Fleet Street, Dark Shadows and Frankenweenie, and
for blockbusters such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure, Batman, its
first sequel Batman Returns, Planet of the Apes, Charlie and the
Chocolate Factory and Alice in Wonderland.
Burton is known for using recurring collaborators on his works;
among them are Johnny Depp, who has become a close friend of
Burton since their first film together; musician Danny Elfman, who
has composed scores for all but two of the films Burton has
directed; and actress — as well as his domestic partner —
Helena Bonham Carter. He also wrote and illustrated the poetry
book The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories,
published in 1997, and a compilation of his drawings, sketches
and other artwork, entitled The Art of Tim Burton, was released in
2009.

17. Aardman
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Aardman Animations, Ltd., also known as Aardman Studios, or simply as Aardman,
is a British animation studio based in Bristol, United Kingdom. The studio is known
for films made using stop-motion clay animation techniques, particularly those
featuring Plasticine characters Wallace and Gromit. It entered the computer
animation market with Flushed Away (2006).
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Wallace and Gromit is a British stop-motion comedy franchise. Created by Nick Park of Aardman
Animations, the series consists of four short films and a feature-length film. The series centres on
Wallace, an absent-minded inventor and cheese enthusiast, along with his companion Gromit, a
silent yet intelligent anthropomorphic dog.
The duo live at 62 West Wallaby Street, Wigan. Wallace is primarily voiced by veteran actor Peter
Sallis, and alternatively by Ben Whitehead when Sallis is not available. Gromit remains silent,
communicating only through means of facial expressions and body language.
Wallace and Gromit has been translated into over 20 languages and has a particularly big
following in Japan, as well as in its native Britain and across Europe and the United States.