This document discusses various types of environmental pollution including oil pollution, water pollution, and heavy metals. It provides details on specific heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and arsenic. For each metal, it outlines their sources of pollution, how they enter the environment and food chain, associated health effects on humans, and examples of famous pollution incidents related to these metals.

2.  8.1: Oil pollution
 8.2: Water pollution
 8.3: Environmental metals and
metalloids
 8.4: Lead (Pb)
 8.5: Cadmium (Cd)
 8.6: Mercury (Hg)
 8.7: Nickel (Ni)
 8.8: Arsenic (As)

3.  Oil and petroleum are ever-present
pollutants in the modern
environment
 Sources: accidental spills from
ships, pipelines, leaks in storage
tanks and used oil of private
motorists.
 In oil pollution, there is oil-in-water
and water-in-oil

4.  Oil-in-water not only at surface but
throughout the body of water as
well. It can sink to the bottom
 Water-in-oil is a spread on the
surface and what is commonly
seen lying on the surface of the
water.
 Oil slicks are the main cause of
birds deaths.

5.  Exxon Valdez is the most popular
case of oil pollution

6.  Occurs when some substance
degrades a body of water to such a
degree that water cannot be used
for a specific purpose.

7. Types of water pollutants:
 Point source- discharge of
pollutants from single point
(factories, industrial outfall, power
plants)
 Non-point source- sources of
pollution that are scattered/diffuse
(e.g. rainfall, fertilizer runoffs, soil
erosion, surface runoff, farm field)

8.  Disease causing agents
(pathogens)- bacteria, viruses,
protozoa
 Among the major waterborne diseases
are cholera, typhoid, polio
 Oxygen demanding waste- organic
wastes decomposed by aerobic
bacteria. Oxygen (dissolved
oxygen) levels in water decline
with activity. Low levels of oxygen
causes death to fish, plants and
other organisms.

9.  Biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD)-measure the amount of
oxygen consumed in water by
aerobic decomposers.
 Heavy metals- Dangerous
pollutants and often are deposited
in sediment in the bottom of
streams and may be incorporated
in plants, food crops and animals
(persistent pollutant)

10.  Environmental metals are often
known as heavy metal which are
environmental concern.
 There are three types of
environmental metals
a.
Metals that are suspected
carcinogen
b. Metals that move readily in the
soil
c.
Metals that move through food
chain

11.  Carcinogen are the agent that can
cause cancer in human
 Cancer is usually cause by the
genetic substances changed by
mutagen. Carcinogen is one
example of mutagen.

12.  This type of environmental metal
enters the soil and water system
through soil deposition
 Through this deposition, the
metals will enter water system and
vegetation as well as forest. This
will end up being move through
food chain.

13.  This type of metal is the most
concern in environmental as it
bring long-term effect to human
health and ecosystem.
 The metals enters the food chain
through water, air and soil
pollution and eventually
accumulate in organisms tissue e.g.
fish, paddy, etc.

14.  Metalloid is known as an element
that having both metal and nonmetal properties or semi-metal
 Example of metalloids are silicon,
arsenic and antimony

15.  Heavy metal that bring acute
health effect to human
 Sources of lead are lead pipes, lead
join soil contaminated from fallout
leaded gasoline, leakage of lead
from hazardous-waste sites
 Impact of lead consuming: Affect
central nervous system

16.  Lead poisoning occur commonly in
children, particularly in older
house as children may consumed
chips of lead contaminated paint.
 Toxic effects of lead includes
fatigue, sleep disturbance, anemia,
colic and neuritis (mild exposure)
 Severe exposure- encephalopathy,
mental retardation, impaired vision
(rosak penglihatan).

17.  This metal can accumulate in
tissues of aquatic organism, thus
leading in increased concentration
of cadmium in food chain.
 Cadmium tend to accumulate in
kidney and liver.
 Sources: industrial, mining

18.  Cadmium is also known as a
carcinogen as it can cause cancer
or tumors in lung, kidney, and
prostate (for men)
 Cadmium poisoning is more likely
to affect battery workers and
shelters
 The famous case of cadmium
poisoning is the itai-itai case in
Japan

19.  Itai-itai disease is a combination of
severe kidney damage, and painful
bone and joint.
 Itai-itai also known as painfulpainful
 This disease has been caused by
rice contaminated with high level
of cadmium
 This is resulting from the soil
irrigation with water containing
cadmium released from industrial
sources.

20.  Mercury is widely used in scientific
and electrical apparatus
 Most mercury poisoning is caused
mainly by eating fishes that are
contaminated with mercury.
 Sources- industrial waste, mining
 The most popular case of mercury
poisoning is the Minamata disease
in Japan.

21.  In 1950s and 1960s, Minamata Bay
in Japan had been contaminated
with mercury discharge from
wastes of chemical and plastics
plant.
 These discharge absorbed and
accumulate in fish and shellfish.
These contaminated organisms are
consumed by local population and
leads to mercury poisoning.

22.  There are 107 deaths reported and
800 over cases regarding the
Minamata disease.
 Pregnant mother which have
consumed those contaminated fish
and shellfish appeared to be
healthy, however their infants
developed celebral palsy-like
symptom, ane mental deficiency

23.  The symptom of mercury
poisoning are:
a.
Inflammation of the mouth
b. Muscular tremor (shake)
c.
Physic irritation
d. Nephritis syndrome (kidney
related disease)

24.  Exposure to mercury may result in
severe damage to the nervous and
reproductive systems and may
ultimately be fatal
 Common symptoms of mercury
poisoning are poor coordination and
altered sensory perception
 Pregnant women and children are
especially vulnerable to mercury
exposure
 The most common cause of mercury
poisoning is the consumption of fish
contaminated with methymercury.

25.  Sources of Nickel:
a.
Combustion of coal and fossil fuels
b.
Steel production
c.
Mining and refinery production
d.
Municipal sewage treatment plant

a.
b.
c.
d.
Health effects
Skin allergic
Lung cancer
Chronic bronchitis
Asthma

26.  Sources: pesticide sprays,
combustion of arsenic containing
fossil fuels, leaching of mine
tailings and smelter runoff.
 High level of exposure: abnormal
skin pigmentation, hyperkeratosis,
nasal congestion, abdominal pain.

27.  Low level of exposure: cancers of
skin, lung and lymph gland.