1. Climate
Change 101
The basics for understanding climate
change, its impacts, and how to address them

2. Outline
1. What is climate?
 Weather VS Climate
 Factors affecting climate
2. How is the climate changing?
 Causes of climate change
 Global warming and the greenhouse effect
 Contributing factors
3. How will the future climate look like?
 Global projections
 Local projections

3. 4. What will be its impacts?
 How sectors will be affected
 Vulnerability of the Philippines
5. How are we going to respond?
 Mitigation and adaptation
 Global and Local efforts
 Individual contributions
Outline

4. What is
climate?

5. What is climate?
It considers the average
weather conditions and
its variability to give a
long-term view of the
weather being
experienced by a certain
area. (ISDR, 2008)
If it is generally hot for a
certain period every
year, then that area has a
hot climate.
Philippine Climate Types based
on Corona Classification

6. How is it different
from weather?

7. What is weather?
the set of conditions in the
atmosphere observed at a
certain time and place. (ISDR,
2008)
focuses on a short period of time
(NASA, 2013)
Example: Today is a sunny day
with expected 0-20mm rainfall in
the morning. Tomorrow, could be
a rainy day. Different days have
different weather conditions.

8. What are the
factors that affect
climate?
Natural and Human Factors

9. Earth and its radiative equilibrium
 intensity of the sun's
radiation;
 the planet's distance
from the sun; and
 its albedo or
reflectivity for solar
radiation.

10. The Climate System
The following
processes play an
important role in the
climate system:
 Global energy
balance;
 Global water cycle;
 Global carbon cycle
“The detailed patterns of climate on earth are produced
by a complex web of interacting physical, chemical and
biological processes within the global climate system.”
(Bureau of Meteorology Australia, 2003)

11. Natural Factors

12. Different ocean currents
can indicate changes in
temperature (ISDR, 2008)
Oceans
 “Ocean covers 71% of the
earth’s surface to an average
depth of 3800 m and plays a
key role in redistributing heat
around the globe.” (Bureau of
Meteorology Australia, 2003)

13. Volcanic
Eruptions
Volcanic eruptions introduce
gases and particles that can
impact the climate of an
area (Robock, 2002)
 It can reduce the solar
radiation, cooling up the
surface of the Earth for
several years. (Bureau of
Meteorology Australia, 2003)
 Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 was
the largest eruption of the
20th century. The relatively
cooler surface that
followed for more than two
years was attributed to this
eruption. (Bureau of
Meteorology Australia,
2003)

14. Countries found closer to
the equator have warmer
climates.
The further away a
country is from the
equator, the cooler its
climate will be. (Bureau of
Meteorology Australia,
2003)
The Philippines is found
right above the equator,
which would explain a
great deal of its hot
climate.
Distance
from the
Equator

15. Continentality
(Distance
from the sea)
When you go to the
beach, the sun seems
stronger since there is not
as much shade compared to
the city. The difference is
that it generally feels much
cooler.
Areas beside or closer to
bodies of water have a
cooler and wetter climate
Inland areas experience a
wide range of
temperatures.
(UK Environmental Change
Network, 2013)

16. Human Factors

17. Human activities are the
major contributors to
climate change.
“…in particular fossil fuel use and changing land-uses, are the
dominant factor in this growth and are responsible for most of
the warming observed over the past 50 years.” (ISDR)

18. Burning of
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are formed
from decayed plants and
animals, which are
converted into crude oil,
coal and natural gas
(Science Daily, 2013)
The increase in fossil fuel
burning for
transportation, manufactu
ring, home use, etc. is one
of the main contributors
to the heightened global
warming.

19. Deforestation
(Changing
patterns of land
use)
Trees absorb carbon
dioxide, which helps make
a climate cooler.
If forests are cut down, no
trees will absorb the
carbon dioxide. This adds
to the greenhouse effect.
(Greenhouse Effect and
Climate Change)
Deforestation itself
releases carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere. (IPCC,
2007)
The Philippines only has
6.6% of its original forest
cover left. (Forest Carbon
Asia, 2012)

20. This is another form of
fossil fuel burning. GHG
emissions have
significantly increased
since the Industrial
Revolution. (Government
of Canada, 2012)
The increase in the use of
fossil fuels brought about
the increase in GHG
emissions, making the
Earth warmer.
Industrial
Production

21. Mountains
of Trash
Smokey Mountain is the
famous trash mountain in
Manila, Philippines that
releases a lot of methane.
How do we deal with this
problem?
Reduce. Reuse. Recycle.
Our trash in landfills breaks
down and releases a gas
called Methane, a GHG that
contributes to 20% of global
warming. (Greenhouse
Effect and Climate
Change), (GRIDA, 2013)

22. Summary: Section 1
Climate gives a long-term view of the weather
being experienced by a certain area.
It is affected by natural and human causes.
Human activity has become the main driver of
climate change.
Weather is different from climate, in that it is the
set of conditions in the atmosphere observed at a
certain time and place.

23. How is the
climate
changing?

24. Climate Change
“any change in climate over time, whether due to
natural variability or as a result of human activity”
(IPCC)
the natural occurrence of changes in the state of the
climate (UNFCCC)
From clearing forests to burning fossil fuels, these
activities all contribute to the increase in concentration
of greenhouse gases that get released into the
atmosphere. (ISDR, 2008)

25. It is no surprise that the climate
has been changing world wide.
 In fact, this is a natural phenomenon that has been
taking place for centuries.
 But scientists have noticed that the change in climate
has become more extreme in the past
decades, especially in temperature increase.
Why is this so?

26. What are greenhouse gases (GHGs)?
compounds that trap
heat in the Earth’s
atmosphere (EIA, 2004),
(IPCC)
When it gets trapped in
the Earth, it makes the
temperature warmer.
Examples include carbon
dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide (CCC)

27. Greenhouse gases and their lifespan
Greenhouse
gases
Main sources
Life in the
atmosphere
Proportional
contribution
to global
warming
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Fossil fuel burning, deforestation,
biomass, burning, gas flaring, cement
production
5 to 200 years 60%
Methane (CH4)
Natural wetlands, rice paddies, ruminant
animals, natural gas drilling, venting and
transmission, biomass burning, coal mining
12 years 20%
Halocarbons Industrial production and consumer goods
2 to 50,000
years
14%
Nitrous oxide
(N2O)
Biological sources in oceans and soils,
combustions, biomass burning, fertilizer
114 year 6%
(Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change)

28. How do the GHGs of the past
affect us today?
Since GHGs have different lifespans that last for at least
two years, the GHGs produced in the past are part of
the cause of climate change today.
The current situation of climate change in the
Philippines is partially caused by human activities that
took place in the 1980s, for example.
CO2 released in the past still affects climate change
today because the GHGs are still present in the Earth’s
atmosphere.

29. Greenhouse Effect
GHGs acting as a blanket that warm
up the Earth (CCC)
This natural warming process helps
maintain a stable temperature for the
Earth (NEAQ, 2013), (PEW Center)
Stable
temperature:
allows living things
to survive and
thrive in

30. Greenhouse Effect
(ProCon, 2013)
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere heat trapped

31. Global Warming
Most commonly associated with climate change
It is an enhanced greenhouse effect caused by
human interference and activity.
This further increases global temperatures, hence
warming the earth. (PEW Center)

32. Global Warming
Global average
temperature rose by -
16.67°C or 1.5°F in the
last century. (PEW)
To date, the Earth has
the highest
concentration of
greenhouse gases
compared to the past
500,000 years. (ISDR)

33. How has climate
changed?

34. Globally…
The eleven years of 1995 to 2006 rank among
the twelve warmest years in the record of
global surface temperature (since 1850).
The linear warming trend from 1956 to 2005
(0.13 [0.10 to 0.16]°C per decade) is nearly
twice that for the 100 years from 1906 to 2005.
(IPCC)

35. Global
Temperature
Changes
There has been a
noticeable increase
in global
temperature over
the past 50 years.
Due to the increased
ice melting in the
polar regions, global
sea levels have been
rising along with it.
(IPCC, 2007)

36. Philippine Changes in Temperature
temperature increase from 1951 to 2010 (PAGASA, 2011)
0.65°C

37. Summary: Section 2
Climate Change is “any change in climate over time, whether due
to natural variability or as a result of human activity” (IPCC)
Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and make the
Earth warmer.
The greenhouse effect is a natural warming process where GHGs
purpose comes into play.
Global warming is an increased greenhouse effect that is
influenced by human activity.
Temperature has been increasing globally and locally.

38. How will the
future climate
look like?

39. What are the
global climate
projections?

40. Global Projections
IPCC projections provide a wide range of potential
surface warming based on six different emission
scenarios.

41. How will the
future climate of
the Philippines
look like?

42. Climate Change in the Philippines
Hot days | Rainfall
Extreme weather events

43. Projected Philippine Climate
The Philippines will have warmer
days.
Summer time will experience less
rainfall.
The mean temperature is
expected to rise by:
 0.9°C to 1.1 °C in 2020; and
 1.8°C to 2.2 °C in 2050.
Rainfall is expected to increase
during the southwest monsoon
season.
(PAGASA, 2011)

44. Summary: Section 3
Global climate is expected to increase in
temperature by 0.4°C in the next two
decades.
In the Philippines, there will be a projected
increase in temperature.
There will be warmer days during the
summer, but more rainfall during the rainy
season.

45. What will
be its
impacts?

46. How will it affect
the different sectors
in the Philippines?
Understanding climate change under
Philippine context

47. Coastal and Marine
Increased sea surface
temperature and sea level
rise
Impacts
50% decrease in marine
capture by 2050
Coral bleaching
 Corals die, and water species
lose their homes
Sea level rise causes
destruction
 People will lose their homes
 Businesses will be affected
leading to less income
 Migration or extinction of
organisms
(PAGASA, 2011)
Projections

48. Health
Projections
 Increases in temperature
and rainfall
Impacts
 Increase in outbreaks of
water-based and vector-
borne diseases
 Increase in number of people
affected by
diseases, especially the poor
who live in inadequate
conditions
 Malnutrition is likely because
of the stress in food
production caused by
extreme events (PAGASA
2011)

49. Agriculture and Food Security
Projections
 Increased intensity and
frequency of extreme
events (heavy rainfall,
flood, drought)
Impacts
 Malnutrition is likely because
of the stress in food
production (PAGASA 2011)
 Increase in temperature will
decrease agricultural
production (NCSP)
 There will be a decrease in
food security
 Farmers will be affected by
crop loss
 Less crop, less income

50. Water
Projections
 Areas with longer drier
periods and areas with
increased rainfall.
Impacts
 Areas with longer drier
periods will have less water
essential for daily needs and
irrigation for farmers.
 Less water will affect energy
production from dams.
 Increased rainfall can lead to
floods, landslides and
mudslides. This disrupt daily
routines and destroy public
infrastructures.

51. Forestry
Projections
 Forests are predicted to be
influenced by temperature
increase.
Impacts
 Temperature increase leads
to less favorable forest
conditions to support plants
and animals.
 Forest fires destroy homes of
species and change the
livelihood of communities
living within the area.
 Forest degradation will
increase the country’s
vulnerability to climate
change.

52. Urban Infrastructure
Projections
 Increased frequency of
extreme events and sea
level rise
Impacts
 Urban conditions increase
the risk of climate
hazards, particularly for the
poor residents of cities.
 Infrastructures and homes
will be destroyed.
 Residences in affected areas
will be displaced by extreme
events.
 Lives will be lost and more
people will be injured.

53. Gender
Projections
 Changes in temperature
and rainfall pattern and
frequency of extreme
events
Impacts
 Women already have
limited access to resources
and restricted rights.
 The female gender may
have great ideas to
contribute to climate
change mitigation and
adaptation but will not
have the opportunity to
speak out.
(UNDP, 2013)

54. Energy
Projections
 Changes in temperature
and rainfall patterns
Impacts
 Changes will affect the
production, delivery and
consumption of energy.
 Energy breakdowns
(blackouts) will increase.
 It may become more and
more difficult to fix the
problems of energy
production the more
extreme events occur.

55. Projected Impacts on Ecosystems
(Source: IPCC 2007 AR4 WG II. Technical Summary. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability)

56. Is the Philippines
vulnerable?
Looking at Philippine geography and how
this adds to the risk with climate change

57. In a study conducted by Yusuf and Francisco in 2009, the Philippines is considered
one of the most vulnerable to climate change in Southeast Asia.
Philippines’ Vulnerability

58. Philippine Geography
The Philippines is an archipelago consisting of
7,107
Along the typhoon belt
70% of cities and towns are in coastal areas (CDKN
Global, 2012)
Located close to the equator, making the climate
generally warmer

59. The geography of the
Philippines makes it even
more vulnerable to the
impacts of disasters.
Combining a natural hazard with an ill-prepared
community leads to greater disaster. (ISDR)

60. Summary: Section 4
Coastal and Marine: Temperature increase has caused coral
bleaching and decreased marine capture
Health: More water and vector-borne diseases
Agriculture and food security: Decrease in food production as
temperature increase
Water: Less water leading to droughts, increased rainfall
leading to floods and infrastructure destruction
Forestry: Animals and plants will lose their homes

61. Summary: Section 4
Urban and Infrastructure: Magnified risk of
floods, especially for the poverty-stricken areas
Gender: Less freedom between genders to
contribute ideas to addressing climate change
Energy: Disruptions in production and delivery of
energy
Philippines has increased vulnerability due to its
geography.

62. How are
we going to
respond?

63. Energy-related CO2
emissions are projected to
increase by 36% by 2030.
Most of these emissions come from only a handful of
countries, majority of which are developed
countries. (PEW)

64. Many people have been
pushing for the
mitigation of climate
change for many years.
Climate change, specifically global warming, was already an
issue that was raised in the early 1900’s. There was not enough
support to convince people to mitigate its effects since the
impacts were not felt during these times yet.

65. What is mitigation?
It is the effort of people to reduce the emissions
they contribute to climate change. (CCC)
This is achieved by decreasing the greenhouse
gases through:
 developing low-energy technologies
 Reducing energy consumption
 Switching to renewable energy
 Preserving natural biomes that capture carbon dioxide
(ISDR)

66. Examples of Mitigation Projects

67. The effects of climate
change have been rapidly
increasing to the point that
mitigation is not enough.
We must learn to adapt.

68. Response to Address Climate Change
The impacts are inevitable. They will happen, no
matter how great the efforts will be to mitigate
climate change.
Due to the fact that the Philippines has been so
vulnerable to climate change, mitigation efforts
will not be able to keep up with the increasing
effects.
With this in mind, adaptation is key in dealing with
climate change.

69. What is adaptation?
Adaptation is adjusting our human habits and
lifestyles in response to climate change and its effects.
Communities can adapt by:
 preparing risk assessments
 protecting ecosystems
 improving agricultural methods
 managing water resources
 building settlements in safe zones
 instituting better building designs
(ISDR)

71. What has been done?
What is being done?

72. This has been a call for global efforts,
first from the developed countries…

73. Global Efforts
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
 the foundation of global efforts to combat global warming; opened
for signature in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit; has almost universal
membership with 195 governments having ratified the Convention
Kyoto Protocol
 All participating industrialized countries are required to “reduce
emissions on average 5.2 percent below 1990 levels by 2008–2012”;
ratified by 182 countries (includes all developed countries except
the USA)

74. Even emissions from
developing countries are
rising faster than those
from developed countries.
“Their per capita emissions, however, will remain much lower than
those of developed countries. Despite being surpassed by China as
the largest annual emitter of GHGs in 2006, the United States
accounts for 30 percent of cumulative energy-related CO2
emissions since 1850 while China accounts for 9 percent.” (PEW)

75. Renewable Energy
Local Efforts: Mitigation
Geothermal Hydropower
Wind
Source:
http://www.energy.com.ph/
Source:
http://www.energy.com.ph/
Source: http://businessmirror.com.ph/
Solar
Source: http://business.inquirer.net/

76. Local Efforts: Mitigation
Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry
Source: www.energy.com.ph - Source:www.lwua.gov.ph
Reforestation Programs
Agroforestry

77. Local Efforts: Adaptation
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Act of 2010 (RA 10121)
Law that emphasizes the shift from disaster response to
disaster risk reduction
Addressing adaptation through improving poor urban
planning, poor solid waste management, etc.
Climate Change Act of 2009
created by the Climate Change Commission
sole policy-making body of the government tasked to
coordinate, monitor and evaluate plans to address
climate change
(SEPO)

78. Local Efforts: Adaptation
There are several initiatives from
different sectors like:
National Agencies (e.g. DA and DENR
Philippine Climate Change Adaptation
Project)
Local Government (e.g. Albay Province’
CCA and DRR initiatives)
Communities (e.g. community-based
adaptation:
agriculture, agroforestry, rainwater
harvesting)
Private Sector (ABS-CBN’s Kapit Bisig para
sa Ilog Pasig)

79. How can YOU help
address the
impacts of climate
change?

80. Check your Carbon Footprint
You’ll never know how
much you can save
until you know how
much you’re using up.
WWF Philippines can
help you calculate your
carbon footprint.
Getting an idea of how
much you contribute
will give you ways on
how to reduce it.

81. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Manufacturing products and
throwing them away as waste
is one of the big contributors
to our degrading
environment.
Reduce your consumption.
Reuse what you have or sell
and donate them instead of
throwing them away.
Find the recycling center
closest to you!

82. Conserve Water
A person consumes an
average of 70 gallons of
water per day.
(WWF, 2013)
Turn off the faucet when
it’s not in use.
Keep your showers short.
Kindly decline water in
restaurants if you don’t
plan on drinking it.

83. Choose Green Travelling
If a place is close
enough, choose
walking over driving. It
reduces carbon
emissions and gives
you good exercise.
Find ways to commute
instead of taking a car.
If you must take a
car, look for people
you can carpool with.

84. Decrease Energy Use
 There are appliances that still
consume energy when plugged in.
Unplug them to make sure you are
not consuming wasted energy.
 Choose green appliances. Products
like solar-powered clocks and phone
chargers are available on the
market!
 Turn your house on full clean energy
and convert to using solar panels.

85. Prepare a Survival Pack
Due to the unpredictable
change in climate, it is
important to always be ready.
Have a survival pack prepared
with canned food, extra
clothes, medicine, water, etc.
Keep a list of the emergency
hotlines.
Check Get Ready Pinas for
more details.

86. Learn and Inform
Keep yourself informed of
the climate situation in the
Philippines.
Learn more about how else
you can help mitigate and
adapt to climate change.
You can do this through
volunteer work as well.
Inform others and help
them understand how they
can reduce their impacts to
climate change.

87. Summary: Section 5
Mitigation is the human effort to reduce emissions
that contribute to climate change.
Adaptation has become necessary, especially for a
disaster-prone country like the Philippines.
Adaptation is adjusting human lifestyle in response
to climate change.
Mitigation and adaptation efforts have been taking
place locally and globally.

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90. Produced by:
Team:
Alexandra Beatrice Cancio, Rafaela Jane Delfino, Rodel Lasco, Perlyn
Pulhin, Luigi Toda
For more information, contact us at info@omlopezcenter.org
Citation: The Oscar M. Lopez Center Climate Change and Disaster Risk
Management Foundation, Inc., 2013. Climate Change 101. Climate
Knowledge Portal for the Philippines. (Url here)