1.
LAND SURVEYING: Land Surveyors

2.
LAND SURVEYING: INTRODUCTION
Land Surveying is the technique, profession, and science of
determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points
and the distances and angles between them. These points are
usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to
establish land maps and boundaries for ownership, locations like
building corners or the surface location of subsurface features, or
other purposes required by government or civil law, such as
property sales.
Surveyors work with elements
of mathematics (geometry and trigonometry), physics,
engineering and the law.
They use equipment like total stations, robotic total stations, GPS
receivers, prisms, 3D scanners, radios, handheld tablets, digital
levels, and surveying software.
The planning and execution of most forms of construction require
it. It is also used in transport, communications, mapping, and the
definition of legal boundaries for land ownership.

3.
relative
position
of points
Art
[Cartography]
Science
[measurement
science]
Technology
In a Nutshell
Relative location of points – angles/bearings,
distance and height

4.
• to determine the position of points on the surface of
the earth.
• to determine the quantity such as distances, areas
and volume.
Basic Principles of Land Surveying

5.
FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
Cadastral surveys
- normally plane surveys made for locating
property boundaries, subdividing land,
determining land areas,
- also called property surveys, boundary surveys

6.
Cadastral Survey
• Survey for land administration
• For the issuance of land titles that includes strata and
stratum titles.
• Title Survey or also known as cadastral survey is a title
survey carried out to produce cadastral plans in accordance
to the National Land Code 1965, Licensed Land Surveyors
Act 1958 and Jabatan Ukur & Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM
or Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia) Rules &
Regulations for the purpose of ownership and land
registration.
• According to the National Land Code, the land is surveyed
when boundary marks are emplaced by a Licensed Land
Surveyor, the land area is computed and a certified plan is
deposited and approved by the Chief Surveyor of the state.

7.
Uses of Cadastral Survey
• Demarcation of administrative land boundaries
• Land alienation by state authorities, includes strata and
stratum
• Land Acquisition
• Sub-division and almagation of land
• Control survey
Aim of Cadastral Survey
• Issuance of Land Titles
• Reserve land for public purpose
• Land Acquisition for public purpose

8.
CADASTRAL SURVEY

9.
BOUNDARY MARK

10.
BOUNDARY MARK

11.
FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
Topographic surveys
measuring the relief, roughness, or 3-D earth's surface,
locations of man-made and natural features.
Output
Topographical & Detail Survey plan
Uses
for detail engineering design, urban planning layout etc.

12.
FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
Route surveys
determination of the relief and the location of natural
and artificial objects along a proposed route for a
highway, railroad, canal, pipeline, power line, or
other utility.

13.
FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
Engineering & Construction Survey

14.
Engineering & Construction Survey
• Basic requirements before any design and engineering works
begins. Survey measurements are link to survey marks such as
boundary marks, control survey marks, bench marks,
triangulation and GPS monuments etc which have horizontal
and vertical control (X,Y,Z)
• An engineering survey is carried out for the purpose of
obtaining ground data, producing as-built plans of completed
construction works and civil structures. Survey routes for
roads, pipeline and transmission lines.
 AIM
I. to acquire spatial data for civil engineering design
II. Setting Out
III. Production of plans for engineering works

15.
Engineering & Construction Survey
• Horizontal Control Survey
• Vertical Control Survey
• Marking
• Setting Out
• Cross-sectioning and profiling
• Contouring and Detailing
• Structure Deformation Monitoring

16.
FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
Hydrographic surveys
• pertained to lakes, streams, and other bodies of water.
• Shorelines are charted, shapes of areas beneath water
surfaces are determined, water flow of streams are estimated,
and other information needed relative to navigation, flood
control, and development of water resources is obtained.

17.
Hydrographic Survey
• Uses – production of nautical and bathymetry charts,
construction and port maintenance
• A hydrographic survey is carried out to determine the
relief of the seabed, including all features, natural and
man-made and also to indicate the nature of the seabed
in a manner similar to topographic maps of land area.
• Capture, record and study data on tidal phenomena such
as tidal regimes, currents and waves for clients.

18.
Making
nautical charts
for navigation
of rocks, sand
bars, light,
and buoys
Measurements
of areas subject
to scour or
silting and to
ascertain the
quantities of
dredged
material
Making sub-aqueous investigations to secure information
needed for the construction, development and
improvement of port facilities.
Controlling and planning
of engineering projects,
like bridges, tunnel, dams,
reservoirs, docks and
harbors
Establishing mean
sea level and
observation of
tides
Determination
of shorelines
Measurement
of discharge
of rivers
Uses of
HYDROGRAPHIC
SURVEY

19.
FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
Mine/Tunnel Surveys
• to obtain the relative positions and elevations of
underground shafts, geological formations and so on,
and to determine quantities and establish lines and
grades for work to be done.

20.
FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
As-built Surveys
• Made after a construction project is completed to provide the
positions and dimensions of the features of the project as
they were actually constructed

21.
As-built Surveys
• Made after a construction project is complete to
provide the positions and dimensions of the
features of the project as they were actually
constructed, As Built Survey plan
• This is a survey conducted after construction to
verify if the construction has been done in
accordance to construction plans. An example of
such survey will be a survey of the building, road
and drainage for the submission to local authority
so that the issuance of Certificate Of Compliance
& Completion can be issued.

22.
FIELDS OF SURVEYING

23.
G.P.S

24.
UTILITY MAPPING