Power Point Presentation for ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON ON THE PHOTO VOLTAIC VERSUS SIAM SOLAR DISH SYSTEM FOR IMPLICATION TO THAILAND SOFTLAND AND POOR SOLAR INSOLATION NATURE

1. Analysis and Comparison on The Photovoltaic
Versus Siam Solar Dish System for Implication
to Thailand Soft-land and Poor Insolation
Nature .
The 12th International Stirling Engine Conferences 2005
Durham University, School of Engineering
United Kingdom
September 7 – 9, 2005
Eng’r Suravut, SNIDVONGS
Naraesuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
ASIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION FOUNDATION
AREF ISEC

2. Research By: Eng’r Suravut, SNIDVONGS, EIT
Supervisor: Dr. Sirinuch, CHINDARUKSA
Co Supervisors: Dr. Chavalit, THISAYAKORN, IEEE, EIT
Dr. Wattanapong, RAKWICHIAN
Dr. Vichit, YAMBOONRUNG, PTT
Dr. Mathanee, SANGUANSERMSRI
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 2

3. ASIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
AND PROMOTION FOUNDATION
AREF
Objectives
1. Promote renewable energy to people by set up exhibition, training,
explaining.
2. Support researchers, students, poor people for educations, experiments,
researchers and developments.
3. Not involved with politics.
4. Corporate with foundations inside and outside Thailand.
211/2 V.S.S Bldg, Ratchadaphisek Rd., Din-Daeng, Bangkok, 10310, Thailand email airscan@turbo.cscoms.com
Din- Daeng,
Tel 662 276 7908-9 Fax 662 276 7913
7908-
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 3

4. Contents
1. Introduction
2. Location and Physical Characteristic
3. Climate
4. Solar Radiation Data
5. System Specifications
6. Components Specifications
7. System Comparison
8. Pictures
9. Summary
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 4

5. Introduction
This paper is one part of the dissertation development research project on the
Solar Thermal Dish Stirling system for a 10 kW power plant with lead acid battery
storage, named “Siam Solar Dish I” research project.
Due to the sharp economic growth rate in Thailand for more than a few decades
continuingly from the past, has thus forced Thailand’s electricity demand to climb
very sharply to the present. By the year 2010, it has been projected that close to
35,000 MWt will be required to meet the eletricity needs of Thailand’s economy.
This prediction has been prepared by Electrical Generating Authority of Thailand
(EGAT). Presently, Thailand has installed an over all power plant capacity at 22,000
MWt from year 1997 where Peak Demand were merely 17,000 MWt Current
Consumption Increasing Rate forecasted by EGAT are to be:
1. Prediction during I.M.F period 4 %/yr
2. Actual demand during I.M.F period 8 %/yr
3. Prediction during sound economy 16 %/yr
The Salawin Hydro Power Plant could be completed in the next 50 years under
heavy investment problems encountered on both parties, Thailand and Burma.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 5

6. Location and Physical Characteristics
Thailand, centrally located in the Indochina
Peninsula, is one of the most developed and
wealthiest countries in Southeast Asia.
It is bordered by Cambodia and Laos on the
east, Laos and Myanmar on the north,
Myanmar on the west and Malaysia and Gulf of
Thailand on the south. It is bounded between
50 40’ and 200 30’ North latitudes and 900 70’
and 1050 45’ East longitudes (Fig. 1).
The total area of Thailand is 513,115 sq. Kms.
Physiographical, the country has been divided
into six regions viz. Central plain, Southeast
Figure 1. Map of Thailand coast, Northeast plateau, Central highlands,
Source: Meteorological Department, Thailand North and West continental highlands and
Peninsular Thailand.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 6

7. Climate
Thailand has a tropical monsoon climate; temperatures normally range
from an average annual high of 38 ºC to a low of 19 ºC.
Southwest monsoons that arrive between May and July (except in the
South) signal the advent of the rainy season, which lasts into October.
November and December mark the onset of the dry season.
Temperatures begin to climb in January, and a hot sun parches the
landscape.
The dry season is shortest in the South because of the proximity of the
sea to all parts of the Malay Peninsula. With only minor exceptions, every
area of the country receives adequate rainfall, but the duration of the rainy
season and the amount of rain vary substantially from region to region and
with altitude.
The Northeast experiences a long dry season, and its red, porous
(laterite) soils retain water poorly, which limits their agricultural potential.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 7

8. Solar Radiation Data
Latitude 14.08 N, Longitude 100.62 E
Month Year Diffuse MJ/ m2 Direct MJ/ m2 Total MJ/ m2
Jun 2003 8.89 12.81 18.63
Jul 2003 8.34 10.26 16.22
Aug 2003 9.56 8.78 16.85
Sept 2003 9.44 6.81 16.00
Oct 2003 7.29 11.97 17.94
Nov 2003 6.16 15.87 19.66
Dec 2003 5.22 17.67 19.71
Jan 2004 5.96 13.31 17.27
Feb 2004 6.54 14.81 19.07
Mar 2004 8.21 12.46 19.07
Apr 2004 7.42 15.48 19.72
May 2004 7.90 9.67 15.90
Jun 2004 8.92 8.33 15.51
Jul 2004 10.02 8.94 17.47
Aug 2004 9.74 8.56 17.56
Sep 2004 8.74 7.61 15.77
Source:Meteorological Station, Energy Laboratory, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand [8]
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 8

9. Solar Insolation of Thailand
25 Diffuse
Direct
Total
20
15
MJ/m2
10
5
0
Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Month
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 9

10. PARABOLIC DISH WITH 2 - AXISES TRACKER
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 10

11. TEMPERATURE MORE THAN 600 C
Temperature tested at focus point through a stagnation The parabolic dish easily reach the temperature 550 ºC or
more.
temperature test with no heat
Source: AREF, Thailand, April 2003.
Source: AREF, Thailand, April 2003.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 11

12. Solar Dish at Naraesuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 12

13. Stirling Engine 10 kW at Naraesuan University,
Phitsanulok, Thailand
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 13

14. System Specifications
Dish Structure
Type Delta Truss
Diameter (m) 8.4
Number of Sections 64
Maximum Wind Load (Km/hr) 160
Normal Working Wind Load (Km/hr) 65
Life Load (Kg/m2) 50
Service Load (Kg/m2) 15
Engine Load (Kg) 300
Foundation Type Concrete
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 14

15. System Specifications
Solar Concentrator
Type Fixed focus facets
Area 55 m2
Number of Facets 64
Reflective Surface 0.5 mm Aluminum MIRO-SUN
Reflective < 95 %
System Height (m) 10
Dish Diameter (m) 8.4
Focus 4m
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 15

16. Stirling Engine
Type Double-Acting, Kinematics Stirling Engine
Working Gas Helium/ Nitrogen/ Air
Max. Expansion space gas temp 600 C (+/- 5 C)
Compression space gas temp 40 – 80 C (+/- 5 C)
Thermal Efficiency 40 %
Power Control Variable Pressure
No. of Cylinders 4
Means Pressure 0.25, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 MPa
Maximum Pressure 2.5 Mpa
Engine Displacement, cc. 1300 x 4
Bore, mm. 150
Stroke, mm. 50
Speed, rpm 500 - 1500
Cooling type Oil Cooling
Output Power 10.5 kW
Receiver Direct Illumination
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 16

17. Tracking System
Tracking System H-Bridge 2 axis
Power to Track 0.746 x 2 Kw
Speed Control Mitsubishi Inverter
Gear Ratio 1:7200
Motor speed 900 rpm
Generator
Type Asynchronous alternator
Voltage 3 Ø 380 V 50 Hz
Poles 6
R.P.M 900
Efficiency 95 %
Power Generate 10 kW
Solar Dish/Stirling System
Average Solar Insolation in Thailand 500 W/m2
Availability (W/m2) Whenever the sun exceeds 200
Peak Power 10 kW
Target Peak Efficiency 20 %
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 17

18. System Characteristics and Specifications of ADDS
Characteristics and Specifications Mod 1
Overall Diameter (m) 8.8
Focus (m) 5.448
Mirror projected area (m2) 64
Elevation Tracking range -20 to 84 degrees
Elevation & Azimuth Drive Speed 38 degrees/min
Tracking structure weight 1,275 kg
Pedestal & Azimuth Drive Assy. 831 kg
SOLO 161 Weight 455 kg*
Foundation and (aperture) weight 3,320 kg (71.55 kg/m2)
Operation Wind Up to 56 km/hr
Operating Temperature Range -29 ºC to 50 ºC
Operating Humidity 100 %
Survival Wind any dish Attitude Up to 80.5 km/hr
Survival Wind at stow position Up to 145 km/hr
Survival humidity 100 %
Site conditions Windy, Rain, Hot
* Includes PCU and mounting facilities.
Source: The Advanced Dish Development System Project, Proceeding of Solar Forum 2001, Solar Energy, April 21-25, 2001, Washington, DC.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 18

19. Component Specifications
Descriptions Materials Reasons
Power Piston Aluminum Light weight, easy to machine, low price
Power Piston Seal Synthetic Stronger, Withstand friction, low price
Rubber
Piston Rod Arc chrome Hardened, Withstand friction, reasonable
Steel Price
Power Piston Housing Stainless No Rust, High Pressure, easy to machine,
low price
Engine Base Steel Easy to machine, very low price
Swash Plate Steel Easy to machine, very low price, strong
Engine Shaft Steel Easy to machine, very low price, strong
Cooler Bronze Good heat transfer, reasonable price
Displacer end Aluminum Light weight, easy to machine, low price
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 19

20. Component Specifications
Displacer Stainless High Temperature, easy to machine, low
price
Displacer seal Teflon Low Temperature, good lubricate with
out oil
Regenerator Stainless High Temperature, easy to find, low price
Displacer Housing Stainless High Temperature, easy to find, low price
Heater Stainless High Temperature, easy to find, low price
Piston Rod Seal Synthetic Stronger, Withstand friction, low price
Rubber
Solar Cavity Stainless High Temperature, easy to find, low price
Fly Wheel Steel Good mass, easy to find, low price
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 20

21. Gross system output of the “Siam Solar Dish System” on December 2004,
projected from a 4x 5 kW electric heater tests as data to predict for Solar test
mode.
Power Output VS Insolation
18
16
Power Output (kW)
14
12
10
8
6
4 Design Value
2 Test Value
0
0 250 500 750 1000
Solar Insolation (W/m2)
Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 21

22. Stirling Engine at AREF laboratory
Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005-03-31
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 22

23. Actual construction costs for small solar thermal dish
Stirling 10 kW system with lead acid battery.
Descriptions Bht US $
Designing Fee 100,000.00 2,500.00
Foundation 250,000.00 6,250.00
Space Frame Structure 200,000.00 5,000.00
Reflector Material 60,000.00 1,500.00
Tracking System 150,000.00 3,750.00
Stirling Engine 400,000.00 10,000.00
Generator 10 kW 50,000.00 1,250.00
Control System 100,000.00 2,500.00
Lead Acid Battery 60 kW 150,000.00 3,750.00
Inverter System 10 kW 50,000.00 1,250.00
Wiring System 50,000.00 1,250.00
Total 1,560,000.00 39,000.00
/kWe 156,000.00 3,900.00
Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005
Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 23

24. Actual construction costs for single crystalline photovoltaic 10
kW systems with lead acid battery.
Descriptions Bht US $
Designing Fee 100,000.00 2,500.00
Foundation 50,000.00 1,250.00
Steel Structure 200,000.00 5,000.00
Single Crystalline Photovoltaic 10 kW 2,000,000.00 50,000.00
Charge Controller System 150,000.00 3,750.00
Lead Acid Battery 60 kW 150,000.00 3,750.00
Inverter System 10 kW 50,000.00 1,250.00
Wiring System 50,000.00 1,250.00
Total 2,750,000.00 68,750.00
/ kWe 275,000.00 6,875.00
Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005
Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 24

25. Actual construction costs for single crystalline
photovoltaic 10 kW systems with lead acid battery.
Descriptions Bht US $
Designing Fee 100,000.00 2,500.00
Foundation 50,000.00 1,250.00
Steel Structure 200,000.00 5,000.00
Single Crystalline Photovoltaic 10 kW 2,000,000.00 50,000.00
Charge Controller System 150,000.00 3,750.00
Lead Acid Battery 60 kW 150,000.00 3,750.00
Inverter System 10 kW 50,000.00 1,250.00
Wiring System 50,000.00 1,250.00
Total 2,750,000.00 68,750.00
/ kWe 275,000.00 6,875.00
Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005
Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 25

26. Operating Costs and Production Costs/ kWh for
solar thermal dish Stirling 10 kW
with lead acid battery for 10 years period in Thailand.
Descriptions Bht/ kWh US $/ kWh
Power Plant Cost 1.78 0.0445
Operation Cost 10 % * 0.178 0.0044
Inflation 7 %* 0.125 0.0031
Interested 15 %* 0.27 0.0067
Maintenance Cost 15 %* 0.27 0.0067
Electrical Cost 2.62 0.0655
Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005, *Thai’s standard Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 26

27. Operating Costs and Production Costs/ kWh for Single Crystalline
Photovoltaic 10 kW with lead acid battery
for 10 years period in Thailand.
Descriptions Bht/ kWh US $/ kWh
Power Plant Cost 3.02 0.0755
Operation Cost 10 %* 0.30 0.0075
Inflation 7 %* 0.21 0.0053
Interested 15 %* 0.45 0.0113
Maintenance Cost 30 %* 0.91 0.0227
Electrical Cost 4.89 0.1223
Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005, *Thai’s standard Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 27

28. Solar dish power technology projected cost.
Descriptions US $
Power Plant Cost / kW 2,900
O&M / kWh 0.02
LEC year 2000 - 2010 / kWh 0.086- 0.13 to 0.04-0.06
Source: Sun Lab DOE/GO-10098-563, April 1998 [14]
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 28

29. Comparison between PV versus Solar Dish 10 kW power plant for 24 hrs/day
operation with lead acid battery in Thailand
Descriptions Solar Dish Stirling Photovoltaic
Land Area m2 120.00 120.00
Operation Area m2 50.00 100.00
Hour of Operation/ year 8,760.00 8,760.00
Efficiency % 25.00 10.00
Battery Efficiency % 60.00 60.00
Inverter Efficiency % 95.00 95.00
Total Efficiency 14.25 8.55
Cost / kWe 156,000.00 275,000.00
Electric Price B/ kWh 2.62 4.89
Technology 90 % made in Thailand High Technology, just assembly in Thailand
Production energy same same
Stand Alone Unit same same
Energy receiver Direct Diffuse
Method of conversion Concentration Non- Concentration
Direct Pollution Impact None None
Indirect Pollution Impact Some Some
Source: Frequently Asked Question about Solar Cells NSTDA, [16] and AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 29

30. Energy capture by PV versus Solar Dish with same land area
Diffuse Direct Dish @
PV@ 8.55% kWh/
14.25%
Mon MJ/ m2 kWh/ m2 m2 MJ/ m2 kWh/ m2 kWh/ m2
Jun 8.89 2.47 0.21 12.81 3.56 0.50
Jul 8.34 2.32 0.20 10.26 2.85 0.41
Aug 9.56 2.66 0.23 8.78 2.44 0.35
Sep 9.44 2.62 0.22 6.81 1.89 0.27
Oct 7.29 2.03 0.17 11.97 3.33 0.47
Nov 6.16 1.71 0.15 15.87 4.41 0.63
Dec 5.22 1.45 0.12 17.67 4.91 0.70
Jan 5.96 1.66 0.14 13.31 3.70 0.53
Feb 6.54 1.82 0.16 14.81 4.11 0.59
Mar 8.21 2.28 0.19 12.46 3.46 0.49
Apr 7.42 2.06 0.18 15.48 4.30 0.61
May 7.90 2.19 0.19 9.67 2.69 0.38
Remark: Data from year 2003– 2004
Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 30

31. Figure 15. Solar Dish VS Solar Cell with
same collector area
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
kW /m 2
0.5 Solar Dish
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 PV
0
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Month
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 31

32. Total energy capture by PV and Solar Dish
PV Solar Dish
Month
kWh/ m2 kW kWh/ m2 kW
Jun 0.21 126 0.50 150
Jul 0.20 120 0.41 123
Aug 0.23 138 0.35 105
Sep 0.22 132 0.27 81
Oct 0.17 102 0.47 141
Nov 0.15 90 0.63 189
Dec 0.12 72 0.70 210
Jan 0.14 84 0.53 159
Feb 0.16 96 0.59 177
Mar 0.19 114 0.49 147
Apr 0.18 108 0.61 183
May 0.19 114 0.38 114
Average 108 148.25
Battery 60 % 180 247.08
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 32

33. Figure 16. Total Energy Capture by PV and
Solar Dish
350
300
250
200
Solar Dish
Kw
150
100
50 PV
0
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Month
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 33

34. The comparison between Solar dish with solar cell in Thailand.
Descriptions Solar Dish Solar Cell
Technology 90% made in Thailand Imported high technology, not
ready to make in Thailand, Only
assembly.
Production energy Electric Electric
Stand Alone Unit Large Small
Energy receiver Direct Diffuse
Method of conversion Concentration Non-Concentration
Pollution None None
Electricity A.C. D.C
Inverter None Needed
Construction Cost Normal Very High
Operation Medium Easy
Maintenance Cost Low High
B/ kWh 2.62 4.89
Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 34

35. Summary
1. Siam Solar Dish System (SSDS) was designed to meet Thailand weather
environment, such as humidity, solar insolation, soft-land and wind load.
2. The construction cost, maintenance cost, interest rate, inflation rate,
operating cost, used in the calculation work in the research project.
3. Design Target Characteristics of Siam Solar Dish show peak efficiency 20
% at maximum insolation 1000 w/m2 and min 200 w/m2. As Thailand has
poor insolation level, the engine can be started at 250 w/m2 to 555 w/m2,
actual power output varying from 2.8 to 8.2 kW. Actual efficiency of this
engine is 14.5 %.
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 35

36. Solar Dish Drawing
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 36

37. Pictures
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 37

38. Questions / Answers
Thank You
09/08/2005 AREF ISEC JW0021 38