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Ahmed Ibrahim Human Reproductive Epidemiology December 2, 2007 Autism Spectrum Disorders and Socioeconomic Status: A tale of two spectra
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Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3. ASD is is organized into five pervasive developmental disorders (PDD’s) Prevalent -Autism (Dr. Leo Kanner, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1943) -Asperger Syndrome (Dr. Hans Asperger, Germany, 1943) Rare  -PDD-NOS (aka miscellaneous) -Rett Syndrome (primarily female cases) -Child Disintegrative Disorder. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Historical
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Etiology GENETIC ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATIVE Del. Epigenesis Hoxa-1:Valproic Acid Non-mutagenic Teratogenesis -Rubella -Mercury Exposure Chromosomal Aberrations Fragile X syndrome Single-gene mutations RELN Mutagenesis
2. Factors Impacting Demographic Studies of ASD
Factors affecting ASD and Social Class studies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3. Review Objectives
Yes 2002 Croen et al Yes 2001 Fombonne Yes 1996 Cuccaro Yes 1970 Treffert Yes 1967 Rutter and Lockyer Yes 1966 Lotter Yes 1960 Creak and Ini Association Year Citation
No 2007 Oliviera No 1997 Fombonne No 1997 Arvidsson No 1992 Fombonne No 1971 Ritvo et. Al Association Year Citation No 2007 Oliviera No 1997 Fombonne No 1997 Arvidsson No 1992 Fombonne No 1971 Ritvo et. Al
Review Objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4. Comparative Studies
Ritvo et. Al, 1971 : Los Angeles Metropolitan Area Population: Hospitalized children (12 years or younger) at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute. -Time period: 1961-1970 -Total Sample: 148 patients  -Cases: 74 patients diagnosed with autism -Control group: sex, age, and TOA matched 74 patients with other disorders
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Results: Lotter et al. According to the Registrar General Social Class Identification Nuclear Autistic Children:  61% social class I, II Non-nuclear Autistic children:  31% social class I, II Children with autistic behavior:  24% social class I, II Note: 24% of all active males in Middlesex were in the upper two social class levels.  I Professional etc occupations II Managerial and technical occupations IIIN Skilled non-manual occupations IIIM Skilled manual occupations IV Partly-skilled occupations V Unskilled occupations VI Armed forces Registrar General Social Class Identification
The distribution of the children with autism by social class: dev. Delay controls (Graffar class I: 18%:2% ; class II: 6.7%: 6%; class III: 24.8%:22% ; class IV: 41%:63%; class V: 9.5%:7%)  Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in Portugal: prevalence, clinical characterization, and medical conditions (2007) Guiomar Oliveira* MD PhD, et al.
 
Maternal and Paternal Age and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders   Lisa A. Croen, PhD; Daniel V. Najjar, MS; Bruce Fireman, MA; Judith K. Grether, PhD ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Copyright restrictions may apply. Croen, L. A. et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161:334-340. Parental Age Modeled as a Categorical Variable for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Copyright restrictions may apply. Croen, L. A. et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161:334-340. Parental Age Modeled as a Continuous Variable for ASDs
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
6. Conclusions
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],6. Conclusions

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Autism Study Proposal

  • 1. Ahmed Ibrahim Human Reproductive Epidemiology December 2, 2007 Autism Spectrum Disorders and Socioeconomic Status: A tale of two spectra
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. 3. ASD is is organized into five pervasive developmental disorders (PDD’s) Prevalent -Autism (Dr. Leo Kanner, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1943) -Asperger Syndrome (Dr. Hans Asperger, Germany, 1943) Rare -PDD-NOS (aka miscellaneous) -Rett Syndrome (primarily female cases) -Child Disintegrative Disorder. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Historical
  • 6. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Etiology GENETIC ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATIVE Del. Epigenesis Hoxa-1:Valproic Acid Non-mutagenic Teratogenesis -Rubella -Mercury Exposure Chromosomal Aberrations Fragile X syndrome Single-gene mutations RELN Mutagenesis
  • 7. 2. Factors Impacting Demographic Studies of ASD
  • 8.
  • 10. Yes 2002 Croen et al Yes 2001 Fombonne Yes 1996 Cuccaro Yes 1970 Treffert Yes 1967 Rutter and Lockyer Yes 1966 Lotter Yes 1960 Creak and Ini Association Year Citation
  • 11. No 2007 Oliviera No 1997 Fombonne No 1997 Arvidsson No 1992 Fombonne No 1971 Ritvo et. Al Association Year Citation No 2007 Oliviera No 1997 Fombonne No 1997 Arvidsson No 1992 Fombonne No 1971 Ritvo et. Al
  • 12.
  • 14. Ritvo et. Al, 1971 : Los Angeles Metropolitan Area Population: Hospitalized children (12 years or younger) at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute. -Time period: 1961-1970 -Total Sample: 148 patients -Cases: 74 patients diagnosed with autism -Control group: sex, age, and TOA matched 74 patients with other disorders
  • 15.
  • 16. Results: Lotter et al. According to the Registrar General Social Class Identification Nuclear Autistic Children: 61% social class I, II Non-nuclear Autistic children: 31% social class I, II Children with autistic behavior: 24% social class I, II Note: 24% of all active males in Middlesex were in the upper two social class levels. I Professional etc occupations II Managerial and technical occupations IIIN Skilled non-manual occupations IIIM Skilled manual occupations IV Partly-skilled occupations V Unskilled occupations VI Armed forces Registrar General Social Class Identification
  • 17. The distribution of the children with autism by social class: dev. Delay controls (Graffar class I: 18%:2% ; class II: 6.7%: 6%; class III: 24.8%:22% ; class IV: 41%:63%; class V: 9.5%:7%) Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in Portugal: prevalence, clinical characterization, and medical conditions (2007) Guiomar Oliveira* MD PhD, et al.
  • 18.  
  • 19.
  • 20. Copyright restrictions may apply. Croen, L. A. et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161:334-340. Parental Age Modeled as a Categorical Variable for Autism Spectrum Disorders
  • 21. Copyright restrictions may apply. Croen, L. A. et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161:334-340. Parental Age Modeled as a Continuous Variable for ASDs
  • 22.
  • 23.  
  • 25.