1. Developing seed systems to maximize impact for
the poor in drought‐prone regions: TLII
TLII Seed Systems Group
November 17, 2009
ICRISAT, CIAT, IITA + 180 partners
8.1 J. Ndjeunga WCA . Groundnuts
8.2 E. Monyo ECA- CP, PP, Groundnuts
8.3 J.C. Rubyogo/L.Sperling ECA- Beans
8.4 A. Kamara Pan-Afr. Cowpea
8.5 S. Nigam India- CP, PP, Groundnuts
8.6 A. Kamara Pan-Afr Soybean

2. Tropical Legumes II (TLII)
Enhancing grain legumes’ producJvity and producJon,
and the incomes of poor farmers in drought‐prone
areas of sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia”
 15% increase in produc0on and produc0vity
 30% of total area to be covered with improved varie0es
 Some 57 million farmers
Funded by Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation

3. TLII SPECIFIC SEED SYSTEM THRUSTS
1. Give farmers’ access to drought‐tolerant varieJes
• Increase produc0on/ stabilize produc0on
• Valorize efforts of PUBLIC Breeding
• Decrease Food Aid/Seed Aid
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
2. SJmulate development of seed + commodity
agro‐enterprise

4. Our Clients
 Mostly small‐scale farmers
 Subsistence
 ‘Incipient‐commercial’
In Drought Zones
• Low harvest
• High incidence of ‘disaster’
Poor
 Farmers may lose seed, need
to restock
 Low purchasing power
 Need highly adapted varieJes

5. OVERVIEW OF SEED SYSTEMS
(Obj 8)

6. TLII SEED SYSTEMS: Country Focus‐ Phase I
ET KE TZ Malw Nigeria Niger Mali Moz India
Beans X X
Cowpea X X X X X
G-nuts X X X X X X
P-pea X X X
Ch-pea X X X
Soy X X X X X
bean

7. 5 Cross‐ Crop Thrusts
 Improve availability of foundaJon/cerJfied seed by NARS/other
Public Sector and Private Sector (iniJal supplies/ bulking)
 Design decentralized seed producJon modes‐‐ tailored to various
clients (decentralized producJon)
 Design diffusion‐ markeJng‐‐ tailored to various clients
(decentralized distribuJon/markeJng)
 Enhancing local capacity to produce delivery store and market
(capacity building)
 Enhance local‐level awareness of newly‐released varieJes
(awareness raising/demand creaJon)


8. SELECT KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS

9. TLII Models: FoundaJon seed producJon
1. NARS (at Research Center)
2. NARS‐ with contract farmers
3. Public sector with founda0on seed farm
4. Individual farmers and farmers groups
5. Agricultural Universi0es
6. IARCS producing founda0on seed directly
7. IARCS contrac0ng farmers
8. Private companies
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
 CerJfied seed: 7 models
 Other qualiJes seed‐ 10 models

10. TLII: Delivery models
1. Agro‐input dealers selling directly to clients
2. Private companies‐ selling direct to clients
3. CBSS (Community‐based seed produc0on)
4. NGOs give seed loans
5. FFS (Farmer Field Schools)
6. Schools
7. Via large farmer associa0ons/unions/coopera0ve
8. Farmer growers to grain exporters
9. Farmer growers‐ selling to traders (via local markets)
10. Farmer to farmer exchange
11. Soybean resource centers
12. Seed revolving fund
13. Seed banks
14. Seed revolved from payback system
15. Seed villages
16. Parastalals involved in direct delivery

11. M+E (Agreements Sept 25, 2009)
Seed producJon
per Mode of Seed Production
• ost of Seed Production
C (versus quality, yields and risks)
(disease/health analysis)
• uantity of Seed Produced
Q
• nalysis of Qualitative Costs and Benefits (and for whom)
A

12. M+E (Agreements September 25, 2009)
Seed DistribuJon and MarkeJng
• umber of different varieJes distributed per target region
N
• verall quanJty of seed distributed
O
• mount of seed distributed per farmer
A
• umber of farmers reached per region
N
• rofile of clients (gender, wealth and other key variables of
P
interest: casts? ethnic group?)
• eographic reach (zones covered), key zones not covered
G
• nowledge associated with specific modes of seed transfer
K
• nalysis of QualitaJve Costs and Benefits (and for whom)
A
• ncome to farmers/seed producers
I

13. RETHINKING IMPACT PATHS
20
.
10
Wider Impact
Conventional
2 6 1 14
0
Years

14. Links with PRIVATE SECTOR:
 Provision of iniJal seed for bulking up
 ProducJon for commercial farmers
 MarkeJng of seed, including in small packs (agro‐
dealers)
 Moving grain products on a large scale (export market)
 Catalyzing new private sector companies to enter into
commercial legume seed producJon

15. Pro-poor features
 Seed produced and available in zones of acJon
 Seed cost ‘accessible’, parJally via small packets, or seed loans,
or in retail markets
 Seed quality to meet end‐user needs
 VarieJes to enter local channels on large scale
(ISSUE: how to link PRIVATE SECTOR with PRO‐POOR interests)

16. SELECT RESULTS (as of Sept 2009)

17. TLII Seed Partnerships: > 180
Partnerships are a cornerstone of impact-oriented seed systems, Since its inception in September 2007, TLII ‘seed systems’ (Objective 8) has established
at least 187 organizational partnerships for seed production and delivery, with many of these formalized through contract or Memoranda of Understanding
(MoUs). Partners include inter alia; government research and extension systems, private sector companies, seed parastatals, farmer cooperatives,
unions and associations, universities, schools, faith-based and non-governmental organizations. Largely because of these partnerships, and focus on
organizations’ complementarities, the scale of seed production under TLII has been notable: as of September 2009, 2391 MT of foundation and certified
seed and 1111 MT of ‘other’, good quality seed.
Select TLII Seed System Partners
ObjecJve 8.1: Groundnuts, WCA: ICRISAT, Nigeria :Ins0tute of Agricultural Research ,
, State Agricultural and Rural Development Authori0es in Kano (KNARDA) in Katsina State (KTARDA) and
in Jigawa State (JARDA, Bayero , University of Kano Niger: Ins0tut Na0onal de Recherche Agronomique du Niger
(INRAN) ALHERI Seed Company, Direc0on Regionale du Developpement Agricole/Direc0on Departmentale de l’Agriculture
(DRD/DDA), Farmers’ Associa0ons/Farmers’ Organiza0on/Small‐Scale Seed Producers, Mali: Ins0tut d’Economie Rurale (IER),
EUCORD, FA/FO/SCSP. AOPP Associa0on of Cer0fied Seed Producers, FA/FP/SCSP, Farmers’ and Producer Organiza0ons, FASOKABA
ObjecJve 8.2: Groundnuts, chickpea, pigeonpea, ESA : ICRISAT Malawi: Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Na0onal Small‐
holder Farmers Associa0on Malawi (NASFAM), CARE Malawi, Ac0on Aid and Adven0st Development and Relief Agency (ADRA), Plan Interna0onal,
Rab Processors, Seed Co, Monsanto, Tanzania: Department of Research and Training (DRT), Naliendele Research Ins0tute‐ Department of Crop Development
(DCD ), Diocese of Central Tanzania (DCT), Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Concern Interna0onal, Mohamed Enterprises, OLAM Pvt Ltd., East African Seed,
Zonabia Seed, Ethiopia: Ethiopia Ins0tute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Regional Agricultural Research Centers, Ethiopian Seed Service,
Farmers’ Unions, Ethiopian Na0onal Extension Service.
ObjecJve 8.3: Beans, E. Africa. : CIAT. Ethiopia: Ethiopian Ins0tute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Melkassa Agricultural Research Center (MARC), Southern Agricultural
Research Ins0tute (SARI), Awassa Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Areka ARC, Debre Berhan ARC, Lume Adama Farmers Coopera0ve Union (FCU), Hetossa FCU, Bora
Dambal FCU, Uta Wayu FCU, Walta FCU, CARE West Hararghe, Haraghe Catholic Secretariat (HCS), Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Alem Tena Catholic Church (CC), Wonji CC,
Meki
C CC, Self Help Development Interna0onal (SHDI)‐Bora, Water Ac0on, Improving Produc0vity & Market Success (IPMS)‐Alaba, Interna0onal Development Enterprise (IDE), Zonal
Agriculture and Rural Development Office (ZARDO) in Shewa, Arsi, Silte and Guraghe, MAP Coop, ACOS‐Ethiopia, ELFORA, H. WAQO seed, Haramaya University. Kenya: Kenya
Agricultural Research Ins0tute (KARI), KARI‐ HQ, and Katumani, Kisii, Catholic Diocese (CD) of Nakuru, CD of Kisumu, CD of Homa Bay, CD of Muranga, Ministry of Agriculture
(MoA) Nyanza Province, MoA Kitui, MoA Yaoa, MoA Makuyu, MoA Samia, Leldet LTD, Drylands Seed LTD, Lambwe Seed Growers, Farm Inputs Promo0on Services (FIPS) Africa,
Nangina Social Work Project, Self Help Developmental Interna0onal World Vision (WV)‐ Makuyu, WV‐Mutonguni, Concern Universal, MAA AIDS Awareness Programme,
Excellent Development, INADES Forma0on Interna0onal, Busia Community Development Organiza0on (BUCODEV). Across both countries Pan Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA)
ObjecJve 8.4: Cowpea, pan‐Africa IITA. Nigeria : Borno State Agricultural Development Project (BOSADP), University of Maiduguri, Jirkur Seed Co‐opera0ve, Kano State
Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (KNARDA), Seed Project Ltd, Kano, Premier Seeds Ltd Zaria, Na0onal Agricultural Seed Council Kano, Niger: Ins0tut Na0onal
de Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN), Organisa0on Neerlandaise de Developpment (SNV)‐ Maradi, Advisor Fruits‐légume SNV Zinder, Alheri Seed Kouni. Mali:
Ins0tut d’Economie Rurale (IER) Segou, Millenium Village Project, AOPP Associa0on of Cer0fied Seed Producers, Mozambique: Ins0tuto de Inves0gacio Agraria de
Mocambique,
IIAM Empresa Comercial dos Productores Associados (IKURU) , Mozambique. Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Ins0tute, Iringa,Tanzania
Official Seed Cer0fica0on Ins0tute, Msimba, Founda0on Seed Farm, Agricultural Seed Agency.
ObjecJve 8.5: Groundnuts, chickpea, pigeonpea, India ICRISAT. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Department of Agriculture (DoA),
Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Government of Tamil Nadu, University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Bengaluru, UAS Dharwad, UAS Raichur, Doa/MoA,
Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Oilseeds Federa0on, Karnataka State Seeds Corpora0on (KSSC), Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (PDKV)
Akola, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Durgapur (PDKV), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Karda PDKV, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Adarsh
Rythu , Andhra Pradesh State Seeds Development Corpora0on (APSSDC).
ObjecJve 8.6: Soybean, IITA CIAT‐TSBF pan‐Africa. Nigeria Borno State Agricultural Development Project (BOSADP), Univ.
of Maiduguri, Jirkur Seed Co‐opera0ve, Biu, Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project (KADP), Seed Project
Ltd, Kano, Premier Seeds Ltd Zaria, Malawi, DARS, Kenya: Kenya Agriculture Research Council,
Leldet Seed Company, Mozambique Ins0tuto de Inves0gacio Agraria de Mocambique
(IIAM) , Tanzania , Agricultural Research Ins0tute, Iringa.,
For more informaJon see:
www.tropicallegumes.or Tanz. Official Seed Cer0fica0on Inst. Msimba.
g

18. Results: TLII 8.3 ProducJon of FoundaJon Seed
Aug 2007‐ June 09 (MT):
Program Foundation/Certified Other: ‘Good’
WCA-Gnut 65 100
ESA:CP,PP,GN 501 n/a
Beans 209 752
Cowpea 194
Soybean 290 23
India 1132 236
(CP.PP.GN)
TOTAL 2391 1111

19. Number of farmers reached (November 09)
1,286,540

20. Founda0on Seed‐ ECA Groundnut (ICRISAT)
(this season): 450 T
ICRISAT 6
2
Seed Stock NGOs
4
Contract
Farmers
Growers 10
3
Seed Revolving Fund 5 Seed Companies 7
11
1 8
Agrodealers
8
13 9
Government of Malawi
The Malawi Model of the Seed
Revolving Fund

21. Gross Margin Analysis (per ha) for CBSS
Seed Systems in Nigeria(Naira) (IITA)
Crop Gross Total Gross Margin
income Variable (Naira)
cost
Cowpea 38038 14559 23479 ($168)
Soybean 89145 53650 35294 ($252)
$1=N140

22. Marketing Small Packs
Cowpea : Nigeria , Mozambique Groundnuts; Niger
Soybean : Kenya Beans: Ethiopia and Kenya
 Get new varieties to farmers
(80g 250g 500g, 1 kg, 2 kg , 5 kg
 Uncover demand
 Varieties
 Seed
 Expand market for certified
FASO KABA-
Bamako , Mali
FASO KABA- Bamako

23. Sold in open markets, country stores, agro-dealers
Kenya- beans Nigeria- cowpea

24. Results‐ small packs seed experiments
High volume sales
 Niger - groundnut- 6,908 packs
 Kenya- beans 28,000 “
 Ethiopia- beans 11,750 “
 Nigeria- soybeans 7,980
 Mozam cowpea 12 Tons in packs
 Nigeria cowpea 15 “
Farmers purchase certified legume seed
> 75,000 farmers (2 seasons)

25. Market differentiation
 Beans- Kenya- 80 g, 250g
 Soybeans –Kenya- 1 kg
 Soybean- Nigeria- 2 kg

26. Seed outlet enhancement (CIAT)

23% farmers currently within 1 hr. seed outlet

27. Rural radios (Niger):
dissemination of
information on:
* prices,
* varieties
* location of selling points
Not covered by rural radios

28. SUMMARY: SELECT RESULTS
Impacts
 Impressive amount of seed produced
 Significant number of farmers reached
Innova0on results
 Demand crea0on: farmers pay for cer0fied seed
 Cost‐effec0ve CBSS seed produc0on models
 Promising Founda0on seed model
 Marke0ng model‐ poor/ women/ high impact

29. But…… continuing reflections
FoundaJon Seed‐ produced by NARS ( reflecJons 25/9/09)
Advantages Disadvantages
• Easy variety replacement  Supply can be hijacked ( oqen
for poli0cal reasons)
• Consistent supply
 Bureaucracy‐ not run as
‘business
• Broad range of varie0es
 Oqen ‘non‐sharing of varie0es’
• Poten0al to serve range of
partners
 Diverts efforts away from
research func0ons (where no
seed unit)

30. IARCS producing foundaJon seed
Advantages Disadvantages
• ncome genera0on (non‐profit)
I
 Compe00on with local actors
• ood quality seed
G
 Limited ability to distribute seed
• ider range of varie0es
W
• illing gap because of non‐
F  Conflict of interest for CGIAR
func0onal ins0tu0ons mandate
 Totally unsustainable

31. MOVING FORWARD

32. Future : within crops
Any model moved forward has to be:
 Impact-oriented (reached people)
 cost-effective
 Usable for drought-prone zones

33. Future : among crop synergies- TLII
Test case: marketing
 Single supplier- bagging multiple crops
 Promotion of multiple crops- through
agro-dealer, open market networks
Needs‐ cross‐crop milestones

34. Future : among crop synergies‐ TLII
Better targeting --within next year
(for high impact zones)
Map? : ‘high poverty’- /‘high drought’ hot spots
Map?: high population density - drought
(some commitment- across crops, for action)

35. Across BMGF projects
TLI and TLII TL II and DTMA TL II and N2fix
(not clear seed ..(Maps .. Variety choice?
development)
component)
‐ hould n2fix be
S
‐ Maize/legumes
( building on some of the
interacJons? TLII seed system s?
‐ ites
S
‐ artners
P
‐ essons
L

36. with WASA/ESASA
Seed Supply Exchange


37. MOVING FORWARD: TLII‐AGRA links
AGRA TLII
Specific Actions: Legume seed
1. ncentives for private seed companies– to pack smaller
I
2. ink with agro-dealer networks-
L
3. xpand agro-dealer networks- (trader agents-- remote areas)?
E
4. + E-- together- WHO is being reached? At what COST?
M

38. For more informaJon
 www.tropicallegumes.org
 Updates seed systems (syntheses Nov 2009)
 Seed Manuals (production, business, value chain
(19 languages, including 10 African languages)
 Videos!