WATER AND SOLUTION FORM 2

1. WATER POLLUTION
Water & Solution
Teammates :
1. Amira Alya Binti Razali
2. Afifah Binti Ishak
Class : 2 Damar 2013
Teacher’s Name : Puan Norrehan

2. DEFINITION OF WATER POLLUTION
• Contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans
and groundwater caused by human activities which can be
harmful to organisms and plants which live in these water
bodies.
• Water pollution is any chemical, physical or biological change
in the quality of water that has a harmful effect on any living
things that drink, use or live (in) it. When humans drink
polluted water, it oftens has serious effects on their health.
Water pollution can also make water unsuited for desired use.

3. TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES
1. Nutrients pollution
Some waste water, fertilizers and sewage contain high
levels of nutrient. If they end up in water bodies, they
encourage algae and weed growth in the water which can
make the water undrinkable and even clog filters. Too
much algae will also use up all the oxygen in the water and
other water organisms in the water will die out of oxygen
from starvation.
2. Surface water pollution
Surface water includes natural water found on the earth’s
surface like rivers, lakes, lagoons and oceans. Hazardous
substances coming into contact with this surface water
dissolving or missing physically with the water can be
called surface water pollution.

4. TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES
3. Oxygen depleting
Water bodies have microorganisms. These include aerobic
and anaerobic organisms. When too much biodegradable
matter (things that easily decay) end up in water, it
encourages more microorganism growth and they use up
more oxygen in the water. If oxygen is depleted, aerobic
organisms die and anaerobic organism grow more to
produce harmful toxins such as ammonia and sulfides.
4. Ground water pollution
When humans apply pesticides and chemicals to soils,
they are washed up deep into the ground by rain water.
This gets to underground water, causing pollution
underground. This means when we dig wells and bore
holes to get water from underground, it needs to be
checked for ground water pollution.

5. TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES
5. Microbiological
In many communities in the world, people drink untreated
water (straight from a river or stream). Sometimes there is
natural pollution caused by microorganisms like viruses,
bacteria and protozoa. This natural pollution can cause
fishes and other water life to die. They can also cause
serious illness to humans who drink from such waters.
6. Suspended matter
Some pollutants (substances, particles and chemicals) do
not easily dissolve in water. This kind of material is called
particulate matter. Some suspended pollutants later settle
under the water body. This can harm and even kill aquatic
life that live at the floor of water bodies.

6. TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES
7. Chemical water pollution
Many industries and famers work with chemicals that end
up in water. These include chemicals that are used to
control weeds, insects and pests. Metals and solvents
from industries can pollute water bodies. These are
poisonous to many forms of aquatic life and may slow
their development to make them interfile and kill them.
6. Oil spillage
Oil spills usually have only a localized affect on wildlife but
can spread for miles. The oil can cause death of many fish
and stick to the feathers of seabirds causing them to lose
the ability to fly. Do you remember the BP Oil Spill in
2010? Over 1000 animals (birds, turtles, mammals) were
reported dead including many already on the endangered
species list. Of the animals affected by the spill that are
still alive only about 6% have been reported cleaned but
many biologists and other scientists predict they will die
too from the stress caused by pollution.

7. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION ON LIVING THINGS
 Death of aquatic (water) animals
The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life that depends on
these water bodies. Dead fish, crabs, birds and sea gulls, dolphins and many other
animals often wind up on beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat (living
environment.
 Disruption of food-chains
Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as well. Pollutants such as lead and
cadmium are eaten by tiny animals. Later, these animals are consumed by fish and
shellfish, and the food chain continues to be disrupted at all higher levels.
 Diseases
Eventually, humans are affected by this process as well. People can get diseases
such as hepatitis by eating seafood that has been poisoned. In many poor
nations, there is always outbreak of cholera and diseases as a result of poor
drinking water treatment from contaminated waters.
 Destruction of ecosystems
Ecosystems (the interaction of living things in a place depending on each other for
life) can be severely changed or destroyed by water pollution. Many areas are now
being affected by careless human pollution, and this pollution is coming back to
hurt humans in many ways.

8. WAYS TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION
1. STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY INDIVIDUALS
- Never throw rubbish away anyhow. Always look for the correct waste bins. If there
is none around, please take it home and put it in your trash can. This includes
places like the beach, riverside and water bodies.
- Use water wisely. Do not keep the tap running when not in use. Also, you can
reduce the amount of water you use in washing and bathing. If we all do this, we
can significantly prevent water shortages and reduces the amount of dirty water
that needs treatment.
- Do not throw chemicals, oils, paints and medicines down the sink drain or the
toilet. In many cities, your local environment office can help with the disposal of
medicines and chemicals.
- Buy more environmentally safe cleaning liquids for the use at home and other
public places.
- Be mindful not to overuse pesticides and fertilizers. This will reduce runoffs of the
material into nearby water sources.
- If you live close to a water body, try to plant lots of trees and flowers around you
home so that when it rains, chemicals form your home does not easily drain into
the water.

9. WAYS TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION
2. STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT
- Many governments have very strict laws that can help minimize water
pollution. These laws are usually directed to industries, hospitals, schools and
market areas on how to dispose, treat and manage sewage.
- In many developed cities, waste or sewage treatment is very efficient and
designed to minimize pollution of water bodies.
- There are also lots of organizations and groups that help educate people on
the dangers of water pollution. It is always great to join these groups because
they regularly encourage other members of their communities to have better
attitude towards water.

10. WAYS TO CONSERVE AND PRESERVE WATER AND ITS QUALITY
• Industries have policies and the technology to achieve their business
objectives. At the same time, these policies should also preserve the quality of
water.
• A factory that has caused water pollution must be responsible for its actions. It
must pay compensation for the damages brought about by its activities.
• Projects such as building hotels and rest houses along beach areas to attract
tourists may cause pollution of the seas and beaches. Therefore, a carefully
planned construction strategy should be followed.
• To control pests, biological control methods can be used. For example, owls
can be used to control rats which eat the oil palm fruit.
• In the agricultural sector, steps should be taken to reduce the use of
pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers. These chemicals pollute the water.

11. WAYS TO CONSERVE AND PRESERVE WATER AND ITS QUALITY
• In the education sector, environmental education should be incorporated into
the school curriculum. This will make students aware of the water pollution
problem. Students will know the effects and consequences of water pollution.
They will learn about ways to control this problem.
• Education programmes for the community should be carried out. This increase
the public awareness of conserving water, reducing dangerous wastes and
recycling to preserve water quality.
• As part of the efforts to preserve water quality, recycling should be carried out.
Wastes which can be recycled include old newspapers, glass, aluminium tins,
old tyres and plastics.
• Cleaning agents that are used in homes are mostly petrochemical-based. These
cleaning agents contain substances that can pollute the rivers and lakes. Today,
cleaning agents without petrochemicals are available. The public shoulf be
encouraged to use these new cleaning agents.

12. METHODS OF WATER PURIFICATION
1. FILTRATION
a. Filtration removes the suspended solid particles such as clay and sand in the
water
b. The filtration process can be carried out by using sand particles as the filter.
- This system uses layer of fine sand, coarse sand, small stones and pebbles.
- The liquid that goes through the filter is called the filtrate and solid material left
behind in the filter is called the residue.
c. This method of purification does not remove microorganisms and dissolved
substances.
d. Therefore, filtered water is unsafe for drinking.
2. DISTILLATION
a. Distillation of water produces pure water. This water is free from microorganisms,
dissolved substances and suspended particles.
b. Pure water that is produced through distillation is called distilled water.
c. Distilled water is used to prepare chemical solutions in laboratories and liquid
medicines in pharmacies. It is also used widely in food industries and as battery
water in car batteries.

13. METHODS OF WATER PURIFICATION
3. BOILING
a. Water from natural sources may contain microorganisms. These microorganisms
can cause diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea and typhoid.
b. Boiling can kill most of the microorganisms in the water.
c. This method can only supply a small amount of water safe for drinking at home.
d. However, boiling does not remove suspended particles and dissolved substances
in the water.
4. CHLORINATION
a. Adding chlorine to water also kills microorganisms in it.
b. This method is used to treat large quantities of water.
c. The chlorination process is usually used in water purification plants and
swimming pools.
d. However, too much chlorine in water gives the water an unpleasant smell and is
bad for our health.

14. WHY SHOULD WE SAVE WATER ?
• Water conservation is very important since it will ensure that water supply is
finite in the near future. It is also very essential because water is relied on by
millions of humans and creatures in the world.
• We should save and conserve our water. Water is essential to all living things.
No living person or thing can survive without it. We depend on water for so
many things in our lives.
• Saving water normally reduces energy use and cost of pumping and
distributing water. It also allows regions to plan for more efficient use of the
water resources and ensures availability of water in the future.
• We will never run out of water, but we will deplete the fresh water lakes and
rivers and underground aquifers. Then we will only be left with ocean water.
Ocean water is very expensive to desalinate. Also, when we use water
wisely, we save energy.

15. HOW DO WE WASTE WATER ?
Here’s a list of things people don’t normally pay attention to, but you should for a
more eco-friendly household.
• Dishwasher - Dishwashers can waste so much water if you run it when it is not
full. A way to prevent this is to wash your dishes without use of the
dishwasher. If you do need to use a dishwasher, make sure it is completely full
before you turn it on.
• Brushing Teeth / Washing Dishes WITH the Water Running - Do not keep
water running while brushing your teeth / doing the dishes. When you brush
your teeth, wet the toothbrush first and turn the water off immediately. Only
use the water to rinse. Same for dish washing. Scrub the dishes without the
water on, and then turn the water on to rinse off the soap.
• Hot Water - Only use hot water when absolutely necessary. Hot water uses a
lot more energy, and it isn’t always necessary.
• Leaky Toilets / Leaky Faucets - If you notice a leaky pipe, faucet, or toilet, get it
fixed immediately. A leaky toilet, for example, can waste up to 200 gallons of
water a day.

16. WHAT CAN WE DO TO SAVE WATER ?
• Buy recycled-paper products - Products made from 100 percent recycled paper
require much less water in their manufacturing than do those made from virgin
paper. If your family goes through four rolls of paper towels a week, choosing
recycled reduces waste significantly.
• Water your lawn early in the morning or evening - If you irrigate in the middle of
the day, evaporation prevents 14 percent of the water from reaching the plants’
roots. Watering the lawn in the early morning or evening can save the typical home
owner 87 gallons a week.
• Uses a lower setting on your dishwasher - Contrary to popular belief, it’s almost
never necessary to use the normal setting on a dishwasher or to rinse plates
beforehand. The light-wash setting cleans just as well while reducing water use up
to 55 percent.
• Install faucet aerators - Faucets account for 15 percent of indoor water use and
typically flow at twice the rate they should. Installing aerators in kitchen and
bathroom sinks fixes this problem for only a dollar or two per sink.
• Bring your water with you - Buying a daily bottle of water may quench your thirst,