What is Differential Signaling? Give an example, On a two wire transmission Circuit, the instantaneous voltages of a = 151/and b = 10V, find the: differential voltage, common mode voltage, odd-mode signal, and even mode signal. Solution Most electrical signals are single-ended, comprised of a single wire and ground. Differential signals use two wires which are the inverse of each other -- when one swings positive, the other swings negative in equal magnitude. The receiving circuit looks only at the difference between the two, ignoring any common-mode voltage. This \"push-pull\" arrangement reduces the impact of electrical interference because external noise will affect both wires equally and the common- mode rejection will ignore the noise. Examples: RS-422, RS-485, professional audio signal standards (especially for microphones), the signal lines employed by Ethernet, and the standard twisted-pair analog telephone (POTS) line.

1. What is Financial leverage and What Are Its Effects?
Solution
1./
EXPECTED RETURN ON EQUITY = (NET INCOME AFTER TAX / NUMBER OF
COMMON STOCK) * 100
AS HERE THERE IS NO TAX SO THE BEFORE TAX CASH FLOW IS THE NET INCOME
AFTER TAX.
SO EXPECTED RETURN ON EQUITY = [$2100000 / ($490000 * $50)] * 100
= ($2100000 / $24500000) * 100
= 8.57%
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
NET INCOME BEFORE TAX = $2100000
LESS INTEREST (12250000 * 6%) = ($735000)
NET INCOME AFTER INTEREST = $1365000
AS THERE IS NO TAX SO THE INCOME AFTER INTEREST IS THE INCOME AFTER
TAX.
REMAINNING NUMBER OF COMMON STOCK (490000 - 245000) = 245000
EXPECTED RETURN ON EQUITY = [($1365000 / (245000 * $50)] * 100
= ($1365000 / $12250000) * 100
= 11.14%