1. 6/29/2015
SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT
REPORT
WORK WITH
Submitted By :
Aditya Pratap Singh(2014UGCE003)
Second Year Undergraduate Student
Department of Civil Engineering
National Insitute Of Technology
Jamshedpur
02/JULY/2016

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REPORT OF INTERNSHIP
ACTIVITIES
At
LUCKNOW METRO
LARSEN AND TOUBRO PVT. LTD.
Presented to
THE PROJECT MANAGER
LUCKNOW METRO
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of
B.Tech(Hons.) CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY
ADITYA PRATAP SINGH
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JAMSHEDPUR

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CONTENT
SNo. TOPIC Page no.
1. Acknowledgement 3
2. Objective 4
3 The LUCKNOW METRO 5
4 EHS Department 6
5 Site Execution 12
6 Structures 12
7 Reinforcement tying 14
8 Formwork 27
9 HDT System 31
10 Finishing 34
11 MEP Department 36
12 Plumbing 41
13 Quality Department 47
14 P&M Department 61
15 Planning Department 69
16 Time Office 71
17 Store 73
18 Accounts and Administration 74
19 Conclusion 75

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank The Deputy Engineer of
LUCKNOW METRO Mr. Arvind Singh ji , Mr.
Manoj sir, Mr. Satendra sir, Mr. Suraj sir and all
staff of LMRC and L&T for giving me such golden
opportunity to train at the site, and providing a chance
to get a more hands on approach for better
understanding.
This Summer Training wouldn’t have been possible
without the guidance and support of the Training In-
charge Mr. Bhimsen sir and the officers and staff of
LMRC.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my
Parents and relatives who made my works easier at
home so that I can concentrateon my internship.

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OBJECTIVE
The Summer Training Program has mainly two
objectives viz. ‘Learning New Things’ and ‘Gaining
Practical Experience’. It helps to get exposure to the
environment of the industry wherein we are to be
placed.
This 4 weeks of training also enhances our soft skills
and meeting so many engineers and learning from them
makes us a confident professional.
It also teaches us the sense of responsibility, taking
initiatives, projecting the innovative ideas and most
important management.
It is also needed for the completion of the bachelor’s
degree in the field of Civil Engineering.

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THE LUCKNOW METRO
The Lucknow Metro is a Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS)
being constructed to provide the city of Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh with an environment friendly atmosphere. The
commencement of civil works started on 27 September
2014.Lucknow Metro Rail Corporation Limited or LMRC is
working on this project which will be an alternative mode of
transport since approximately 94% of the city’s registered
vehicles are private.Growing population and huge traffic has
called for the transformation of private modes of conveyance
to public transport. The metro project will be the most
expensive public transport system in the state of Uttar
Pradesh, costing ₹6,928 crore (US$1 billion) in phase 1 of
construction, first lane of which is expected to be operational
by December 2016. Phase 2 will be started in 2018.
Lucknow Metro will be having two routes, from North to
South and East to West. The North-South corridor starts at
Amausi toMunshi Pulia, with a total length of 22.878

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kilometres (14.216 miles). The East-West corridor starts at
Charbagh Railway Station and ends at Vasant Kunj. Both
lines will intersect at Charbagh. An extension line from Indira
Nagar – Gomti Nagar – Polytechnic Crossing will extend it to
Patrakarpuram, Gomti Nagar The difference between arrival
time of trains at each station is expected to be 7 minutes. This
would be reduced to 5 minutes and then to 3 minutes in
phases. The work would be finished by 2017 of first phase
The Lucknow Metro system, when completed, will be the
fastest and most economical high speed rapid transit system
project in India.
.

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ENVIORNMENT HEALTH SAFETY
(EHS) DEPARTMENT
The EHS department of Larsen and Toubro is based on EHS
Management System and Procedures that follows the codes
ISO14001 and OHSAS 18001.
OHSAS stands for Occupational Health Safety Assessment
Series. Occupational safety means the safety norms to be
followed on a construction site or any other workplace for that
matter. The EHS Procedures can be divided into 3 parts:
1. System Procedures (S.P): It defines all the legislative
requirements that are to be followed on site and also defines
the roles and responsibilities of the staff and workmen
working in the direction of safety.
2. Control Procedures (C.P): It defines all the measures
required to control the no. of accidents on site thus ensures
a safer environment at the working site. It also defines the
use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) like Safety
Helmet, Gloves, Safety Jacket, Safety Shoes etc. while on
site.
3. General Procedures (G.P): It defines all the methods of
workmen welfare and safety materials used.
EHS department organises a training for the workmen so that
each of them can safely work at site. These are the few of the
many signaries you will see at a site.

9. Page8A sign board indicating the use of PERSONAL
PROTECTIV EQUIPMENTS at site for safety.
The construction site is filled with many such sign boards
indicating the safety measures that are to be taken while
working at the site.
EHS department also issues a safe to startcard on dialy basis
after observing that safety measures are taken at the site where
work has to be done.

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As the site consists of various engineers, sub-contractors,
electricians, supervisors and workmen, L&T follows a unique

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system of colour coding that helps in identification of people
working on the site.
The colour codes is the colour of helmet wore by the person.
The colour codes are as follows:
Also the EHS department maintains a log sheet which
indicates the location, activity, s/c, and no. of workmen
working at that location. This helps to ensure that no
workmen is anyway in danger of any fatality or danger.

12. Page11The “GOLDEN SAFETY RULE” says that for a work which
is above the height of 1.8m should be done with the help of a
life line is the site do not comprise anchorage.
EHS department also ensures that the no. of Near Miss cases
are maintained low as “A Near Miss could be Next
Accident”. And the lower the no. of near miss cases lower is
the chance of any fatality on site. It also organises a PDCA

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(Plan Do Check Act) cycle wherein the officers go for a safety
drive.
When any new employee or workmen or trainee join the site,
he undergoes a “safety induction process” in which he is
taught the various safety measures to be maintained at the site.
The induction process of a trainee is done by the safety officer
or safety in-charge of the site.
Before allowing a workmen to join the site he also undergoes
a medical check-up and then a screening test by the incharge
of the department he is to work in. On passing the screening
test he undergoes the induction process and then he is ready to

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work at site.
DO NOT COMPROMISE SAFETY

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SITEEXECUTION
When the drawing sent by the architect is observed and all the
planning work is done the main work of execution starts. The
site execution comprises of mainly 3 departments:
 Structures
 MEP( Mechanical Electrical Plumbing)
 Finishing

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LUCKNOW METRO CASTING AREA
1.CASTING YARD
The casting yard is the place where the girders (U
shaped and I shaped) and beams (I shaped and
rectangular shaped)are casted. The casting yard is
used to cast various parts of the metro frame work
1.1 U GIRDER
U girder is a u shaped girder which as a base
of the lucknow metro system .the metro train
runs in the girder.so it has to be precisely
and effectively done so that it gains a desired
strength and should be durable. Th casting
procedure is given below:
First of all the reinforcement caging is prepared
.the reinforcement is of high strength steel (Fe
500).the casing is done in three zones namely zone
a,b,c. the different zones have different spacing
and different diameter of bars are used .the
spacings are:
Zone a :85 mm
Zone b: 85 mm

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Zone c:170 mm
Second the reinforcements are tied together with
the help of steel wires. Each bar is tied to its
proximity bars so that the bars are not loose.
Third the sheathing pipe is introduced in the
between the reinforcement layers and the strands
are passed in them. A strand is a group of cables
twisted together to provide greater strength .each
strand consists of 6 cables twisted together .overall
in the total u girder in all the sheathing pipes
counted together there are 72 strands can be used.
All 72 strands are used in long girders of greater

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than 25 meter length and about 36 strands are used
in small girders.
After this process the strands are pre stressed so
that they get elongated to the maximum pressure
applied i.e.165n/mm2 the pressure is applied
increasingly in steps of 10 so that the stress is
maintained continuously.
Concreting is succeeded by pre stressing process
in which ready mix concrete is poured in the
reinforced cage which is fitted in the casing .The
concrete is made available from the nearby
batching plant which has two plants of 60 and 30
cubic meter capacity. The mixture is transferred

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from the transit mixture truck of 6 cubic meter
capacity to the u girder casting area.
After concreting the mixture is left for setting so
that the mixture can attain its desired strength in
the specified number of days. The mix is of m55
strength .also some admixtures are used in the mix
proportional (2% of the total weight of mix).
After the setting process is completed and desired
setting time is over the girders are transferred to
the desired place for placing.
Also the spaces for drainage and shaker key
attachment are left in the girder for efficient
working.
Process of U-GIRDER
1- Label Alignment
2- Cleaning of Bed
3- Shuttering oil
4- Reinforcement cage and Lowering
5- Threading
6- Slag Removal
7- Stressing

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8- Inner shutter fixing & Alignment
9- Track beam reinforcement fixing
10- Casting
1.2 I -GIRDER
The I girder is a I shaped girder which is used
where used in the placed where the u girders can
not be placed due to curve radius or the
unavailability to put the u girder in place. The I
girder can be upto 30 meters in length different
heights as desired .the height varies as 1 1.2 and 2
meters. Also the number of strands vary as per the
height .The number of strands vary from 14 in 1
meter ,29 in 1.2 meter and 45 in 2 meter height
girder. The casting procedure is given in he below
paragraphs: First of all the reinforcement caging is
prepared .the reinforcement is of high strength
steel (Fe 500).the casing is done in three zones
namely zone a,b,c. the different zones have
different spacing and different diameter of bars are
used .

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Second the reinforcements are tied together with
the help of steel wires..each bar is tied to its
proximity bars so that the bars are not loose.
Third the sheathing pipe is introduced in the
between the reinforcement layers and the strands
are passed in them. A strand is a group of cables
twisted together to provide greater strength .each
strand consists of 6 cables twisted together
Concreting process in which ready mix concrete is
poured in the reinforced cage which is fitted in the
casing.The concrete is made available from the
nearby batching plant which has two plants of 60
and 30 cubic meter capacity. The mixture is
transferred from the transit mixture truck of 6
cubic meter capacity to the u girder casting area.
After concreting the mixture is left for setting so
that the mixture can attain its desired strength in
the specified number of days. The mix is of m55
strength .also some admixtures are used in the mix
proportional (2% of the total weight of mix).

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After the setting process is completed and desired
setting time is over the girders are transferred to
the desired place for placing.
Process of I-Girder
1- Label Alignment
2- Cleaning of bed
3- Shuttering oil
4- Reinforcement cage & Lowering
5- Sithing pipe fixing (Cable duck profile
fixing)
6- Outer (vertical shuttering fixing)
7- Plumb and Alignment
1.3 BEAMS
There are two types of beams used in the
lucknow metro namely PIB beams and cross
beams. Both the beams are caste dthere and
are used at different locations in the metro
construction.PIB beams are used in the
construction of platforms while I beams are
used in the various places where required.

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STATIONS FOR PHASE 1 OF
LUCKNOW METRO
The lucknow metro plan for phase 1 is
divided into various stations and each station
is allotted to a set of engineers of LMRC
who supervise the L&T work
The various stations for the proposed phase
1 N-S corridor are as follows:
 Charbagh Railway station
 Mawaiya
 Alambagh ISBT
 Alambagh
 Shringar Nagar
 Krishna Nagar
 Transport Nagar
 Amousi
 Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport

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*Charbagh Railway Station
The Charbagh Station(LJN) combines with the
metro station. Both the stations are placed in the
same campus. This station marks the center of all
the corridors of the lucknow metro. This also
serves an important station as it helps in meeting
the railway station from all parts of the lucknow.
The station is beautifully made and is headed by

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Suraj sir who is the incharge of the station. The
station has
 ground floor level for entry
 concourse level
 Platform level
 Terrace level
The plans of the various stations are given
below:
1.Ground level plan

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2.Concourse level plan
3.Terrace level plan

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2.Mawaiya
This metro rail station is headed by LMRC.
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited
(DMRC) on behalf of Lucknow Metro Rail
Corporation (LMRC) Limited has invited an e-
tender for the construction of balanced
cantilever span of approx 255 m (Central Span
of 105 m and end Spans each of 75 m approx.)
at Mawaiya Railway Crossing on North South
corridor of Lucknow Metro at Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh. Estimated tender value is Rs.21.74
crores and the period of work is 18
months.There is a Construction of balanced
cantilever span of approx 255 m at Mawaiya
Railway Crossing on North South corridor of
Lucknow Metro .

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MawaiyaSpecial Span
Piercap

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QUALITY Department
This department is responsible for ensuring the quality of
work on site, also it conducts various tests on material used
for construction and ensures that no faulty material is being
used.
This department is also called QA/QC (QUALITY
ASSESSMENT/QUALITY CONTROL) DEPARTMENT.
QC- is responsible for controlling the assured quality and is a
site level work.
QA- is responsible for assurance of quality to client and is all
done at the tender level.
The department follows ISO9001, 2005 for defining the
quality of the material used in the project.
This department prepares a PQP(Project Quality Plan) and
also makes a method statement for smallest of the work to be
carried out at site.
The PQP contains Quality Management System,
Management Responsibility, Resource Management,
Product Realization and Measurement Analysis and
Improvements.
It contains the roles and responsibility of the different
engineers working at site. It follows various codes for various
works like IS 383: 1970 for aggregate testing and IS 2430
for aggregate sampling.

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L&T has a predefined process flow chart which is included in
the PQP, this enables a smooth functioning of the site and
ensures that the quality of work is maintained throughout the
construction.
Tests on cement
1) NORMAL CONSISTENCY: The consistency is measured
by the Vicat apparatus using a 10mm diameter plunger.
•A trial paste of cement and water is mixed and placed in
the mold having an inside diameter of 70mm at the base
and 60mm at the top, and a height of 40mm.

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•The plunger is then brought into contact with the top
surface of the paste and
released. Under the action of its weight the plunger will
penetrate the paste.
• The depth depending on the consistency. • When the
plunger penetrates the paste to a point 5 to 7mm from the
bottom of the mould. The paste is considered to be at
“normal consistency
• The water content of the paste is expressed as a
percentage by weight of dry cement. The usual range of
values being between 26% and 33%.
Vicat apparatus
2) COMPRESSIVE SRENGTH:Take 200 g of cement and
600 g of standard sand and mix them dry thoroughly.
• Add of water (where P is % of water required for
preparing paste of standard consistency) to the dry mix of
cement and sand and mix thoroughly for a minimum of 3
minutes and maximum of 4 minutes to obtain a mix of
uniform colour. If even in 4 minutes uniform colour of the

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mix is not obtained reject the mix and mix fresh quantities
of cement, sand and water to obtain a mix of uniform
colour.
• Place the thoroughly cleaned and oiled (on interior face)
mould on the vibrating machine and hold it in position by
clamps provided on the machine for the purpose.
• Fill the mould with entire quantity of mortar using a
suitable hopper attached to the top of the mould for facility
of filling and vibrate it for 2 minutes at a specified speed of
12000±400 per minute to achieve full compaction.
• Remove the mould from the machine and keep it in a
place with temp of 27±20C and relative humidity of 90%
for 24 hours.
• At the end of 24 hrs remove the cube from the mould and
immediately submerge in fresh clean water. The cube be
taken out of the water only at the time of testing.
• Prepare at least 6 cubes in the manner explained above.
• Place the test cube on the platform of a compressive
testing machine without any packing between the cube and
the plates of the testing machine.
• Apply the load steadily and uniformly, starting from zero
at a rate of 35 N/mm2/minute.

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The Vibrator machine
3) INITAIL SETTING TIME AND FINAL SETTING
TIME:
Test block preparation
• Before commencing setting time test, do the consistency
test to obtain the water required to give the paste normal
consistency (P).
• Take 400 g of cement and prepare a neat cement paste
with 0.85P of water by weight of cement.
• Gauge time is kept between 3 to 5 minutes. Start the stop
watch at the instant when the water is added to the cement.
Record this time (t1).
• Fill the Vicat mould, resting on a glass plate, with the
cement paste gauged as above. Fill the mould completely
and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with
the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared is
called test block.

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Initial setting time
• Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on
the non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle.
• Lower the needle gently until it comes in contact with the
surface of test block and quick release, allowing it to
penetrate into the test block.
• In the beginning the needle completely pierces the test
block. Repeat this procedure i.e. quickly releasing the
needle after every 2 minutes till the needle fails to pierce
the block for about 5 mm measured from the bottom of the
mould. Note this time (t2).
Final setting time
• For determining the final setting time, replace the needle
of the Vicat’s apparatus by the needle with an annular
attachment. • The cement is considered finally set when
upon applying the final setting needle gently to the surface
of the test block; the needle makes an impression thereon,
while the attachment fails to do so. Record this time (t3).

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The Vicat apparatus
AGGREGATE
These are used for the following reasons:
1. Reduces the Heat of Hydration of cement.
2.Reduces the Shrinkage effect of cement.
3.Its economical.
These are of 2 types:
1.Fine aggregate(less than 4.75mm particle size)
2.Coarse aggregate(more than 4.75mm )
TESTS ON AGGREGATE

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SIEVE ANALYSIS:
The sieve analysis, commonly known as the
gradation test
• Determines the gradation (the distribution of
aggregate particles, by size, within a given
sample)
• The test consists of dividing up and separating,
by means of series of sieves, a material into
several particle size classification of decreasing
sizes. The aperture sizes and the number of
sieves are selected in accordance with the nature
of the sample and the accuracy required.
• The mass of the particles retained on the
various sieves is related to the initial mass of the
material. • The cumulative percentages passing
each sieve are reported in numerical form.

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Sieves for coarse and fine aggregate testing
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST(PYCNOMETER)
 Weigh the pycnometer say w1
 Pour sand(FA) in it upto ¾ of the
pycnometer and weigh the pycnometer say
w2

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 Fill the pycnometer with water and roll it to
remove all air voids in it say w3.
 Empty the pycnometer and fill it with water
only and weigh it again say w4.
 The specific gravity is given by the formula:
W2 –w1/[(w4-w1)- (w3-w2)]
Pycnometer
SLUMP CONE TEST
A slump test is a method used to determine the
consistency of concrete. The consistency, or stiffness,
indicates how much water has been used in the mix.
The stiffness of the concrete mix should be matched to
the requirements for the finished productquality.

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 In a collapse slump the concrete collapses
completely. A collapse slump will generally mean
that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability
mix, for which slump test is not appropriate.
 In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shears
off and slips sideways. If a shear or collapse slump is
achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test
is repeated.
 If the shear slump persists, as may the case with harsh
mixes, this is an indication of lack of cohesion of the
mix.
 In a true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping
more or less to shape. This is the only slump which is
used in various tests.
 Mixes of stiff consistence have a Zero slump, so that
in the rather dry range no variation can be detected
between mixes of different workability.

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A SLUMP CONE APPARATUS
ADMIXTURES
A material other than water, aggregates, hydraulic cements,
and fibre reinforcement used as an ingredient of concrete or
mortar and added to the batch immediately before or during
its mixing to modify one or more of the properties of concrete
in the plastic or hardened state.
These are of 2 types:
1. Concrete penetrating corrosion inhibiting admixture
(EKCOKP-200)
2. High range water admixtures

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TESTS FOR ADMIXTURES
To test the quality of admixture various test are carried out.
The following are the desired results of the tests on the
aggregates:
1. Dry Material Content: +/- 3% of the value stated by
the manufacture.
2. Relativedensity:+/- 0.2 of the value stated by the
Manufacturer.
3. pH: Should not be less than 6.
4. Ash content: +/- 1 of the value stated by the
manufacturer.
FLY ASH
It is the by-product of the thermal power plant used as a
replacement of a small part of cement in concrete.
It is of two types:
1. Siliceous
2. Calcareous
The use of Fly Ash in PPC is governed by the code IS3812,
Part 1, 2003.
There are 3 grades of Fly Ash available:
1. GRADE 1: It is used as a replacement of cement in PPC
and is fine textured.
2. GRADE 2: It is used as a replacement of sand wherever
required and is coarse.

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3. GRADE 3: It is highly utilized in Cosmetic industries
and is the finest grade of Fly Ash.
PLANT AND MACHINERY
(P&M) DEPARTMENT
It is a department which mechanises the construction activities
to ensure good quality, better productivity & cost saving also
ensuring the safety at site.
It has following advantages:
1. Makes work less time consuming
2. Ensures better quality
3. Leads to better workmanship
4. Helps in cost controlling by reducing the amount of
labour required
5. Increases the productivity
6. As the amount of labour is less the chances of any
accidents reduces.
It is sub divided into 2 parts:
1. MECHANICAL: It consists of all the temporary
machines used at site like Batching Plant, Concrete
Pump, RSP, Needle Vibrator, Welding Machine,
MFH(Multi-FunctionHoist) etc.
2. SES(SITE ENABLING SERVICES): It
includes all the temporary electrical and water
supply that are temporary like the electricity and
water supply at site, in offices and labour
colonies.

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BATCHING PLANT:
It is a mechanical device used to produce concrete of the
required mix design. The Batching Plant of the LMRC
PROJECT is a CP-30 plant which implies “Compact Plant of
capacity of m3/hour.”
The Batching Plant at LMRC PROJECT

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A Batching Plant has following parts:
HOPPER: It is the place where all the materials required
for the mix design is dumped and it contains a net of iron
bars that filters the big pieces and stops them from entering
in the plant.

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BELT CONVEYOR: It carries the material required from
the hopper to the compartment bin.
COMPARTMENT BIN:A compartment where all the
material i.e. the coarse agg,, fine agg. Are segregated and
there are different compartments for each material so that
no mixing happens before the starting of plant.

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MAIN STRUCTURE: It is the part where all the
mixing happens. It comprises of following parts:
i) Aggregate gate: These are air pressure controlled
gates that open at the time of mixing and aggregate
from bin is sent to the bucket for further process.
ii)Skip wire Bucket: This carries the aggregates from
the gates to the pan mixer. It rests on load cells that
calculate the amount of aggregate in it and thus carries
only the required amount.
iii) Pan Mixer: It the part which does the mixing of the
various components required for the mix design. The
aggregates from the gates are filled in the sip bucket
and are carried to this pan mixer. The cement, Fly Ash
from the silos are sent to the cement weigher and are
sent to mixer. Similarly water from water weigher is
sent to the pan mixer. Here mixing is done for
30seconds and then the concrete of the required mix
design is ready.
iv) Control Unit: The whole process of mixing is
controlled from a computer called the control unit of
the plant. The weight and mix design of the concrete is
decided and fed in a computer which runs the plant
automatically to give us the required mix.

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Aggregate Gates and air compressor unit

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SKIP WIRE BUCKET
Pan Mixer

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SILOS are a storage unit that stores cement and fly ash and
supplies them to the batching plant when required. The Silos
at Sargam site have a capacity of 100tonn. They also consists
of a SAFETY VALVE to stop the silo from bursting while its
filling and when it gets emptied.
CONCRETE PUMP: A mechanical device which is used
to pump concrete from one place to another. The concrete
pump used at the Sargam project site is a SP-1400 model with
a capacity of 46m3/hour. These pumps can pump concrete to
a height of 60m. It consist of 2 cylinders viz. Pumping and
Differential Cylinders that acts alternately to pump concrete.

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Putzmeister SP-1400 Concrete pump used at LMRC PROJECT SITE
EARTHIING
Earthing is done to protect the building from the lightning. It
is dine using a Conducting Rod which is fixed at the corner of
the terrace floor so that it attracts any lightning in the area, the
lightning from these rod is carried to the ground with the help
of copper wires to the earthing pits.
These pits are constructed away from the boundary of the
building. An excavation of about 3m3 is made and charcoal
and salt is put in layers till 2.70m height. A brick cover is
made of 300x300mm it is ensured that pit is fully covered.

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Calibration of Batching Plant
Calibration of Cement
Sl.no. Loading Cement
Loading
Unloading
1. 20 20 21
2. 40 39 41
3. 60 59 61
4. 80 79 80
5. 100 99 100
6. 120 119 120
7. 140 139 140
8. 160 159 160
9. 180 178 180
10. 200 199 200
11. 220 220 219
12. 240 240 240
13. 260 260 260
14. 280 279 280
15. 300 299 299
16. 320 319 318

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*Piling:-
A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong
cylinder such as concrete that is pushed into the
ground to act as a steady support for structure built
on top of it.
Pile foundations are used in the following
situations:
When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface.
This layer cannot support the weight of the
building , so the loads of the building have to
bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of
stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.
When a building has very heavy, concentrated
loads, such as in a high rise structure, bridge , or
water tank.
Pile foundations are capable of taking higher
loads than spread footing
There are two types of pile foundations, eah of
which work in its own way.
*End bearing piles
In end bearing pile, the bottom end of the pile rests
on a layer of especially strong soil or rock.

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The load of the building is transferred through the
pile onto the strong layer in a sense, this pile acts
like a column the key rests on the surface which is
the intersection of a weak and strong layer. The
load therefore bypasses the weak layer and is
safely transferred to the strong layer.
*Friction piles
Friction pile work on a different principle. The pile
transfers the load of the building to the soil across
the full height of the pile, by friction. In other
words, the entire surface of the pile, which is
cylindrical in shape, works to the transfer the
forces to the soil

55. Page54
*PLANNING Department
When any tender is launched the EDRC issues a BOQ (Bill of
Quantities), a copy of this BOQ is sent to the Planning Dept.
that calculates the expenditure and rate estimation thus
prepares a quotation. This quotation is viewed by the client
and based on ACE (ACCEPTED COST ESTIMATION) and
QA he selects a contractor to work on his site.
The work is allotted in a Contract that consists of a LOI
(Letter of Intent) and all the T&Cs for the allotted work.
OCV- Original Contract Value is the value of the contract
when it was allotted.
RCV- Revised Contract Value is the value of the contract if
there are any revisions of the contact value.
There are 2 types of contract:
1. Item rate
2. Lump sum
*SELECTION OF SUB CONTRACTOR
In L&T the selection of s/c is done using a comparative
statement. Every s/c fill the comparative statement stating his
best price for the work. The company selects the most
profitable one and states him as L1. Then screening of s/c is
done if he is good then work is allotted to him else it is
allotted to next most profitable s/c.
The department is also responsible for resource planning i.e
P&M, Labour, Material and Capital etc.

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BILING
The planning department is responsible for all types of
billings be it s/c or employee. Billing is done using an EIP
(Enterprise Information Portal)
There are 2 types of billing:
 Client Billing
S/C billing
RETENTION MONEY: While making payment 5% of
the bill amount is kept as a precaution deposit by the client
and the contractor.
TAXES: A bill includes various taxes either of the Central
Govt. or the State Govt. Some of the taxes included are as
follows:
1. Service Tax – imposed by Central Govt.
2. VAT (Value Added Tax): differs from state to state.
3. WCT (Work Contract Tax)
4. CST (Commercial Service Tax): Is of 2 types’ viz. Inter
State and Intra state.
SCHEDULING:
It is the time wise schedule of various jobs that are to be done
on site. This can be done either Day Wise, Month wise or
Year wise.
MICRO SCHEDULING:
This includes a list of all the activities to be carried out till the
date of hand over of building to client. For Example:

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For Sargam project the time allotted to diff. works are as
follows:
STRUCTURES - 14 months, HANDOVER – 3 months
FINISHING - 6 months
The Planning Department also is responsible for all the stock
availability at site and monitors the physical stock and orders
the stock before time so that there is no delay in the project
and thus ensures the smooth working of the project.
It prepares a BMR (Bulk Material Reconciliation) that
contains a list of all the material stock available at site.
TIME OFFICE
The main work of the time office is cost control. This is done
by proper management and measurement. It also gives
payment to the workmen working at site.
The payments are done in accordance with the MINIMUM
WAGES ACT, 1948.
The labour working at site are as follows:
1. Unskilled (Helper)
2. Semiskilled (Ast. Mechanic)
3. Skilled (mechanic)
If a labour does overtime i.e over 8 hrs a day, he is given
twice of his per hour wage.
A Bonus is given to labours within 8 months, no matter the
project is in loss or profit the bonus has to be paid.

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Labour License: A labour license is taken by the contractor
before engaging them on site. This follows the CONTRACT
LABOUR REGULATION AND EVOLUTION ACT,
1970-71.
Documents required for issuing of Labour License:
1. Draft of security money
2. Memorandum
3. Copy of LOI
4. Power of attorney
5. No. of labours required.
Once the license is issued the labours get insurance, per head
Rs.300/- is deposited in the govt. account of the labour.as
security money.
COMPENSATION MONEY:
When there is a fatality at site the labours family is given
compensation money.
First the body is sent for post mortem and a compensation
amount is calculated as 50% of his yearly wage x Age
factor.
This compensation amount is sent to the labour commissioner
for check and he publishes a news in local newspaper
regarding the claim for the labour. The court then gives its
judgement and the compensation money is given to the family
member of the labour. The area surrounding the construction
site is divided into 2 categories:
1. GREEN FIELD AREA, 1996 act
2. FACTORY AREA, 1948 act
i) Big industries and factories, 1948
ii) Shops, malls, hotels etc. 1953

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iii) Construction industry, 1970-71
STORE
Store is the place where the stocks are kept and are issued on
the basis of an INDENT issued by the engineers.
Store maintains a DMR (Daily Material Report) which
contains the material issued and place where it is used and
also contains the available stock.

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CONCLUSION
Overall, I had a fantastic experience while training with the
engineers of Larsen and Toubro. I feel extremely fortunate to
be a part of the biggest construction company of India for a
month. This summer training helped me grow a lot and get a
deeper look into the construction field.
The summer training program in LMRC is unique because of
more exposure we get in the company.
Thanks L&T staff and LMRC staff for making my internship
an unforgettable journey.
!!! THANKYOU !!!