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Chapter 8.pptx
- 1. Chapter 8 Deviance and Social Control
- 2. Deviance Deviance is a socially defined construct any action, belief, or human characteristic that members of a society or social group consider a violation of group norms Those deemed deviants likely to be censured, punished
- 3. Shifting Definitions of Deviance What is thought to be deviant will vary from one time period to another and will also vary geographically
- 4. Global Flows of Deviance Both people and definitions of deviance flow easily from one society to another There are clear and pronounced global trends toward normalizing what was defined at one time and place as deviant
- 5. Global Flows of Deviance
- 6. Deviance and Consumption Use of goods and services that are illegal or considered deviant Involves committing deviant or illegal acts in order to be able to afford consumption
- 7. Disputed Definitions of Dangerous Consumption Napster users did not consider downloading music from Internet to be illegal/deviant Those who consume the “wrong” drugs (e.g., marijuana) more likely to be seen as deviant than those who consume the “right” drugs (e.g., alcohol)
- 8. Dangerous Consumers Before 2008 recession, those who did not consume enough were considered deviant Consumerism was considered patriotic Those who consume illegal goods are considered to be dangerous
- 9. Overconsumption After 2008 recession, those who consumed too much were considered deviant While savings are considered deviant during economic booms, not saving is considered deviant during economic downturns
- 10. Theories of Deviance Explanatory Theories Try to explain why deviance occurs Assumes deviance is determined by many factors
- 11. Theories of Deviance Constructionist Theories Process by which people are classified as deviant Focus: Who is in power and how they create and apply deviant labels
- 12. Structural/Functional Theories Deviance and crime Common in all societies Are “normal” and serve positive functions for society and social structures Are functional because responses to them clarify collective beliefs, reaffirm norms and values, and create social solidarity
- 13. Structural/Functional Theories Strain—discrepancy between approved goals of society and the approved means to achieve them Adaptations to strain Conformity; Innovation, ritualism, retreating, and rebellion
- 14. Merton’s Adaptations to Strain Conformity Acceptance of cultural goals for success and wealth, legit means to achieve College students who seek to earn degree and gain more success; keep moving up
- 15. Merton’s Adaptations to Strain Innovation Acceptance of cultural goals for success and wealth, illegitimate means to achieve Robbers, thieves, drug dealers, embezzlers; keep moving up
- 16. Merton’s Adaptations to Strain Ritualism • Abandoned goals for success and wealth, legit means to make a living • Employees below management who will never strive for management positions
- 17. Merton’s Adaptations to Strain Retreatism • Abandoned goals for success and wealth, illegitimate means to make living • Chronically homeless, serious drug addicts
- 18. Merton’s Adaptations to Strain Rebellion • Don’t play by the rules, reject the cultural goal of success/wealth attainment and replace it with another primary goal, either legitimate or illegitimate means to achieve goals • Political deviants
- 19. Structural/Functional Theories Social Control Theory (Hirschi): Why people conform to norms (avoid deviance) Social control enforces conformity to demands and expectations Rule creators Rule enforcers
- 20. Structural/Functional Theories Broken windows (Wilson and Kelling): Authority doesn’t care about order (graffiti and broken windows), so crime is allowed to flourish Goal: Making an area more orderly through formal social control
- 21. Structural/Functional Theories
- 22. Conflict/Critical Theories Why inequality is a central factor in the ways societies deal with deviance and crime Inequality causes those with little power to engage in deviance/crime
- 23. Conflict/Critical Theories Deviance and the Poor Deviance fueled by capitalist economic systems and adversely affects the poor Deviance and the Elite Capitalists legitimize elite acts of deviance and have greater ability to commit deviant acts
- 24. Inter/Actionist Theories Interaction occurs between labelers (social control agents) and those being labelled A deviant is simply someone to whom a deviant label has been successfully applied
- 25. Inter/Actionist Theories Labeling Social control often exercised through creation and application of labels Rule creators (often elites) devise rules and norms Moral entrepreneurs: Individuals and/or groups who lead campaigns to apply deviance label Label used to make something illegal Moral Panics
- 26. Inter/Actionist Theories Primary and Secondary Deviance Primary deviance: Early, random acts of deviance Secondary deviance: Deviant acts that persist, become more common, and eventually cause people to organize their lives and personal identities around their deviant status
- 27. Inter/Actionist Theories Stigma (Goffman): A characteristic others define and label as deviant Discredited stigma: Differences readily visible or evident Discreditable stigma: Differences not immediately recognizable to the public
- 28. Differential/Association Theory People are not born criminals; they learn criminal behavior from others. Learn: Attitudes, knowledge, and rationalizations Sources: Family, friends, and media (Internet)
- 29. Crime A violation of criminal law Criminology: The study of crime Focus: Social context of the criminal act and the effect of those acts on society at large Many criminologists are sociologists
- 30. Criminal Justice System (CJS) A loosely connected group of government agencies involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and punishment of law violators Main components: Law enforcement, the courts, and the correctional system
- 31. Criminal Justice System
- 32. Crime: CJS Actions Parole Probation Specific deterrence Recidivism General deterrence Capital punishment
- 33. Types of Crime Violent Crimes: Threat or actual use of force Property Crimes: Taking or destroying of property Felonies: Punishable by more than one year in prison Misdemeanors: Punishable by a fine or imprisonment of less than a year
- 34. Types of Crime White collar crimes: Committed by a person in the course of their occupation Corporate crime: Legal organizations that break the law
- 35. Types of Crimes Hate crimes: Victims targeted because of race, religion, age, sexual orientation, national origin, or disability status Cybercrime targets computers or uses computers to commit traditional crimes
- 36. Globalization and Crime Led by growth in international policing and role of police in international relations Democracy and civil rights often threatened and eroded Many new issues: Death, crime, corruption, disease, and human rights violations
Notas do Editor
- Sociologically, no act, belief, or characteristic is inherently deviant because deviance is socially defined.
- Some behaviors were once not seen as deviant but now are while other behaviors were once seen as deviant but now are not. Ask for examples of deviant behaviors that have changed over time or geographically. Discuss Figure 7.1
- Figure 7.2
- Figure 7.2
- Examples include a drug addict stealing to be able to buy drugs and the “mall girls” of Poland.
- As with all sorts of deviance, definitions of what is deviant consumer behavior are sometimes in dispute.
- Recent changes in the economy demonstrate the relative nature of deviance.
- Constructionist example: The Boy Scouts of America constructed transgender boys and homosexual boys and adult leaders as deviant by banning them from becoming members of its organization for over a century. By accepting gay and transgender males, the Boy Scouts of American is signaling that they are now “normal” instead of “deviant.”
- Agnew: Focus on what happens to those who experience strain. Anger and frustration lead people to commit more deviant and even criminal acts. He focused on the strain associated with the failure to achieve positively valued goals such as economic success. Messner and Rosenfeld: Macroscopic approach to strain where the concern is with the relationship among large-scale structures. On the one side are cultural and social structural pressures to succeed; on the other are social institutions that are supposed to reduce these pressures. If the latter institutions are weak or exert weak controls, people are more likely to engage in deviant behavior to achieve succeed.
- Rule creators are typically elite members of society who have the power to create societal rules, norms, and laws. Rule enforcers enforce the rules. Suggests there are two important factors of social control: the degree of social control exercised over people and the stakes that people do or do not have in conforming.
- Those with low self-control, rather than being able to resist temptation, are unlikely to resist and unlikely to be able to foresee the negative consequences of action on temptation.
- Those with low self-control, rather than being able to resist temptation, are unlikely to resist and unlikely to be able to foresee the negative consequences of action on temptation.
- Structural/functionalists trace the source of deviance to the larger structures of society and the strains they produce or the fact that they do not exercise adequate control over people.
- Notable examples: Nixon, Martha Stewart, Anthony Weiner, and Aaron Hernandez.
- In the realm of deviance, a number of symbols (labels) exist.
- Rule creators (agents of social control) are usually distinct from rule enforcers. Moral panics: Widespread, disproportionate, and exaggerated reactions. Examples: Witch crazes of Renaissance Europe, concern about Muslim immigrants.
- Primary: An occasional bout of drinking to excess or an isolated act considered strange or out of the ordinary.
- Discredited stigma: Lost limb Discreditable stigma: Prison record
- Example: The impact of the Internet on Islamic State’s ability to recruit terrorists.
- Figure 7.5
- Capital punishment: The ultimate example of both specific and general deterrence. Considerable evidence that the death penalty fails as a deterrent to crime.
- Figures 7.7 and 7.8 Violent crime is a major issue in the United States, especially murder committed with widely available and readily obtainable guns.
- Corporate crimes: Antitrust violations and insider trading Political crime: Assassination attempt of a government official and spying
- Cybercrime: Identity theft, hacking, child pornography, and cyber-terrorism Consumer: Shoplifting, use of stolen credit cards
- The United States has taken the lead in countering forms of global crime other than drugs and in influencing other nations to work against them, particularly taking up the issues of human trafficking.