3. GROUP MEMBERSGROUP MEMBERS
ASIF HANIF 06-CE-141
NAVEED BHATTI 06-CE-143
HASAN IBRAHIM 06-CE-147
ALI MURAD 06-CE-149
SHOAIB ASHRAF 06-CE-151
MUHAMMAD MUSA 06-CE-153
LIBAN ABDULLAH 06-CE-155
MUFIZULLAH 06-CE-157
3
8. DRAINAGE:
Drainage means the removal of water from the soil it
have two main goals prevention of seepage, improvement
of soil properties.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM:
Drainage system means the different methods to be
used for dewatering the foundation and to keep the
foundation safe.
DEFINITIONS TO BE REMEMBER:DEFINITIONS TO BE REMEMBER:
8
9. FOUNDATION DEWATERING:
Foundation dewatering is the way by which the
water table kept lower beneath the foundation.
FILTER:
A type of membrane than only allows water to pass
through it. “Good filter is key of success for drainage
system.”
CONT………CONT………
9
10. CONDUIT:
It collects water from filter and carries it away. Simplest
is a ditch or pipe designed like any other hydraulic
conduit.
DISPOSAL:
The removal of water from the area to the drains or
sewer. If possible gravity is used because it is permanent.
CONT……..CONT……..
10
11. DRAINAGE SYSTEM:DRAINAGE SYSTEM:
The drainage system depend on drainage characteristic of
soil, the length of time of system must operate, and
position of ground water.
For temporary drains installed during construction,
minimum interference with work and maximum
effectiveness in a short time are essential.
For permanent drains long term effectiveness and
minimum maintenance is required.
11
12. Two main goals of drainage are,
prevention of seepage
improvement of soil properties
Requirement related to coefficient of permeability of soil.
Coefficient of
permeability
Requirement
10-3
to 10-5
cm/sec Drainage Required
10-7
cm/sec Drainage not required
(due to cohesion)
12
15. A drain may be a pipe, box culverts, swales, channels, kerbs
and gutters.
The purpose of drain is to collect the carry the surface runoff
and excess water from the soil.
WHAT IS DRAIN?WHAT IS DRAIN?
15
18. Open drain is oldest method of drainage, carried out by
ditches and sump
Open drains are used to lead the water clear of the work
to natural drainage depressions, culverts, or pits
connected to underground drainage systems.
Very effective in sand and gravelsVery effective in sand and gravels
OPEN DRAINS:OPEN DRAINS:
18
20. REQUIREMENTS FOR OPEN DRAIN:REQUIREMENTS FOR OPEN DRAIN:
Drains shall be v shaped or of trapezoidal cross section
shall not have a grade of less than 1 percent.
avoid recharging groundwater encouraging a shallow
water table and creating or worsening salinity degradation
of adjacent land.
20
24. CATCH DRAIN:CATCH DRAIN:
Catch drains shall be
provided above the tops
of cuttings or along the
toes of embankments
before construction of the
adjacent roadway.
The edges of catch
drains shall be positioned
not be less than 2m from
the tops of cuttings or the
toes of embankments nor
more than is necessary to
maintain the fall of the
drains. 24
25. OPEN CHANNEL DRAINOPEN CHANNEL DRAIN
Open channel flow
is the flow of water in
a conduit with a free
surface at atmospheric
pressure.
The flow in an open
channel is mainly
governed by gravity
(i.e. channel bed
slope)
25
26. OPEN CHANNEL CALSSIFICATION:
ARTIFICIAL OR MAN-MADE CHANNELS:
Swales are simply shallow, low depressions in
the ground designed to encourage the accumulation of rain
during storms and hold it for a few hours or days to let it
infiltrate into the soil.
Swales can be installed separately or as part of
a larger water rain catchments system with rain gardens,
cisterns and other water conservation measure.
26
32. Lined open drains include concrete gutters/channels and
kerb and gutter.
Before placing any lining material, the foundation
material shall be shaped and compacted to form a firm
base for the lining.
Stone Pitching shall consist of sound durable rock not less
than 100mm thick.
Spaces between adjacent stones or blocks shall not exceed
20mm in width .
LINED OPEN DRAIN:LINED OPEN DRAIN:
32
34. LINED OPEN DRAIN TYPES:LINED OPEN DRAIN TYPES:
KERB AND GUTTER DRAIN:
All roads in urban areas shall generally be provided
with an integral kerb and gutter. The current practice
of providing a kerb only on roads is generally not
acceptable as there is no defined gutter to carry
stormwater flows, and the road pavement will suffer
damage.
34
40. COMPOSITE DRAIN:COMPOSITE DRAIN:
Provided in locations subject to dry-weather base flows
which would otherwise damage the invert of a grassed swale,
or in areas with highly erodible soils.
The lined drain section is provided at the drain invert to carry
dry-weather base flows and minor flows up to a recommended
limit.
40
42. A well used to remove ground water for construction of
footings, sewer lines, building foundations, elevator shafts, etc
TYPES:
Deep wells
Horizontal wells
Well points
WELLS:WELLS:
42
43. DEEP WELLS:DEEP WELLS:
Used for water supply are sometime used for drainage.
Diameter of 12 to 24 in.
Spacing of 25 to 100 ft or more, depend on area
Used in coarse soils and pours rock where the quantity of
drainage water is large.
The pump is in the bottom of the well so height of water is
lifted is not limited to 25 to 28 ft, as with suction pump.
43
44. HORIZANTAL WELLS:HORIZANTAL WELLS:
About 3 in diameter and over 100ft long have found
handful in draining on hillside.
The wells are installed by drilling into the hill at a slight
upward angle to intercept water bearing strata.
The hole is then lined with a slotted or perforated pipe to
keep it open and carry water out.
Combination of horizontal and vertical wells are very
useful, the vertical well intercept the strata, draining them
to horizontal well at the bottom the later act as a drain ,
collectors and disposal pipe.
44
46. WELL POINTS:WELL POINTS:
The well point is perforated pipe about 3.28ft long and
1.58in.in diameter
It covered by cylindrical screen which act as a filter at
bottom.
At the top it is connected to the bottom of the riser pipe.
The constant pumping of water keeps the water table
depressed.
When the depth increase from 16.5ft the multi stage setup
is needed.
46
47. In soil with very low permeability the well point can be
operated on the vacuum principle by placing seal of highly
impervious layer of clay duly tamped in.
47
50. DRAIN AWAY:DRAIN AWAY:
A DRAIN AWAY Panel foundation drainage system
utilized on foundations establishes effective drainage
and waterproofing of walls eliminating hydrostatic
pressure buildup that would eventually penetrate the
foundation walls and create a moisture-laden
environment.
50
51. They are use in;
Foundations, Tunnels
Curtain & Trench Drains
slopes
Landfills
Under Floor Slabs
Cellar Walls
Retainer Walls
Bridge Abutments
51
53. ADVERSE EFFECT OF DRAINAGEADVERSE EFFECT OF DRAINAGE
SYSTEM:SYSTEM:
While reducing neutral stress increases the effective stress
and the strength of the soil, the increase effective stress
produces the consolidation. If compressible strata are present,
severe settlement can cause in the structures that are within
the zone of drawdown.
Drainage of sand temporarily enhances their strength by
producing capillary tension and increase effective stress. As a
result small excavation can be made with steep slopes without
bracing. If the work is so prolonged that the sand dries, the
capillary tension will be lost and steep excavation slopes will
collapse with loss of property or life.
53
54. Drainage without proper filters can produce piping, and even
the formation of cavities in the soil. The cavities soon
collapse, causing the destruction of anything above. Seepage
erosion (piping) into drains and leaky sewers causes
occasional drop-out of pavements and basement floors,
particularly in sandy and silty soil.
54
57. MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS
1.Clay drain tiles ASTM C 4
2. Clay drain tile, perforated ASTM C 498
3. Clay pipe, perforated, standard,
and extra-strength
ASTM C 700
4. Clay pipe, testing ASTM C 301
5. Concrete drain tiles ASTM C 412
6. Concrete pipe for irrigation or drainage ASTM C 118
7. Reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain,
and sewer pipe
ASTM C 76
8. Perforated concrete pipe ASTM C 444
9. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sewer pipe and
Fittings
ASTM D 2729 57
58. Materials ….. Specifications….
10. Corrugated polyethylene tubing and
fittings
ASTM F 405
11. Corrugated polyethylene tubing and
fittings, 8 to 15 inches
ASTM F 667
12. Pipe, corrugated (aluminum alloy) ASTM B 745
13.Pipe, corrugated (steel, metallic coated) ASTM A 760
14.Pipe, bituminized fiber (and fittings) ASTM D 3356
58
59. Clay drain tiles are orange or red clay pipe sections,
usually 2 feet in length with an interior diameter of
approximately 3 to 3 1/2 inches. The 2 foot clay
drain tiles are laid in a gravel bed.
59
60. 18” through 48” solid-wall PVC sewer pipe in accordance with
ASTM F679, Standard Specification for Poly Vinyl Chloride
(PVC) Large-Diameter Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe and
Fittings.
60
61. Concrete footings which measure 20”-22” in width x 12” in
thickness are placed under all outside walls on top of a leveled,
excavated ground surface. Rigid plastic 4” diameter pipe with
perforations is placed both on the outside and inside of all
footings. The purpose of this footer drain tile is to collect any
groundwater arriving either from above or below the basement
floor slab.
61
62. A rigid product like pipe needs fittings to make it flexible,
adaptable and capable of changing directions.
62
63. Detailed Aluminum Alloy Pipe Description
Features: a) Air exchange systems b) Material: aluminum alloy
c) Size O. D(): 50 - 300mm
63
64. Advantages of concrete box culverts:
•
Minimum traffic delay
• Ease in installation
• Quality control and quality assurance
• Long life span
• Economical
• Locally manufactured
• Readily available
• Proven "concrete solution"
• Ease for designer
V-bottom shown.
Ideal for fish migration.
64
65. PERFORATED CONCRETE PIPE
Perforated concrete pipe is a means of
transporting and distributing storm
water run-off into a rock filled trench
and eventually into the surrounding
soil.
65
67. When plans call for storm drains or
a low head irrigation system, Cast-
in-Place Concrete Pipe offers
savings of both time and money.
Cast-in-Place is made of portland
cement concrete, cast
monolithically in a property
prepared trench using specifically
designed equipment.
Pre-stressed concrete pipe are used
in the water, sewage and drainage
industries in the world.
67
70. Sr.# OPEN DRAIN CLOSED DRAIN BLANKET DRAIN SAND DRAIN
1 Effective in Sand
and Gravel.
Effective in all type of
soil.
Effective in all type
of soil
Effective in fine
grained soil with low
shearing resistance.
2 Suitable for low
water table region.
Suitable for high water
table region.
Suitable for high
water table region.
Suitable for high water
table region.
3 Drainage is by
gravity flow.
Drainage is by gravity
flow.
Drainage is by gravity
flow.
Drainage is by gravity
flow
4 Flow is by the open
drains
(atmospheric
pressure is acting
on it).
Flow is by the help of
perforated conduit.
Flow is by the help of
drainage blanket.
Water is squeezes by
the weight of structure
and gone into drains
and escape by drainage
blanket.
5 Easy to construct
and special labor is
not required.
Easy to construct but
skilled labor is
required.
Difficult to construct.
And special labor
required.
Difficult to construct.
And special labor
required.
6 Less costly. Little bit costly Very costly Depend on nature on
work.
7 Filter not required. Filter required. Filter required. Filter required. 70
71. Sr.
#
DEEP WELLS HORIZANTAL WELLS WELL POINTS
1 SIZE:
Diameter 12” TO 24”
Depth > 100ft
SIZE:
Diameter 3”
Length > 100ft
SIZE:
Diameter 1.50”
Length 3ft
2 Used in coarse soil and
porous rocks,
Used to drainage in hillside Effective in sand
3 Permanent method to lower
the water table.
Permanent method to lower the
water table.
Temporary method to lower the
water table.
4 Pump required Pump required in some cases
and in some cases not.
Pump required.
5 Required filter Required filter Required filter
6 Costly method Costly method Costly method
7 Skilled labor required Skilled labor required Skilled labor required
71
72. RECEMONDATIONS:RECEMONDATIONS:
Drains shall be provided around all concrete and
masonry foundations that retain earth and enclose
habitable or usable spaces located below grade.
Drainage tiles, gravel, or crushed stone drains, perforated
pipe or other approved systems or materials shall be
installed at or below the area to be protected and shall
discharge by gravity or mechanical means into an approve
drainage system.
Gravel or crushed stone drains shall extend at least 1 foot
beyond the outside edge of the footing and 6 inches above
the top of the footing and be covered with an approved
filter membrane material.
72
73. The top of open joints of drain tiles shall be protected
with strips of building paper, and the drainage tiles or
perforated pipe shall be placed on a minimum of 2 inches
of washed gravel or crushed rock at least one sieve size
larger than the tile joint openings or perforation and
covered with not less than 6 inches of the same material.
A drainage system is not required when the foundation is
installed on well-drained ground or sand-gravel mixture
soils according to the Unified Soil Classification System,
Group I Soils.
73
74. In areas where a high water table or other severe soil-
water conditions are known to exist, exterior foundation
walls that retain earth and enclose habitable or usable
spaces located below grade shall be waterproofed with a
membrane extending from the top of the footing to the
finished grade. The membrane shall consist of 2-ply hot-
mopped felts, 55 pound roll roofing, 6-mil polyvinyl
chloride, 6-mil polyethylene, or 40-mil polymer-modified
asphalt.
Masonry walls shall have not less than 3/8-inch Portland
cement parging applied to the exterior of the wall.
74
75. The parging shall be damp proofed with a bituminous
coating, 3 pounds per square yard of acrylic modified
cement, 1/8-inch coat of surface-bonding mortar
complying with ASTM C 887 or any material permitted
for waterproofing above.
75
