SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 40
Baixar para ler offline
L9 opamp
2
INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
3
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
•Describe the basic op-amp and its
characteristics.
•Discuss the differential amplifier and its
operation.
•Discuss several op-amp parameters.
4
SYMBOL AND TERMINALS
•The Operational Amplifier (op-amp) has 2
input terminals (+) and (-).
•The (+) terminal is called the “non-
inverting” pin.
•The (-) terminal is called the “inverting”
pin.
•The typical op-amp operates with 2 dc
power supplies, 1 positive and 1 negative.
5
FIGURE 6-1 Op-amp symbols and packages.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
6
THE IDEAL OP-AMP
Basic attributes of the Ideal Op-Amp
include the following:
•The IC has infinite voltage gain and input
impedance.
•These characteristics helps in not loading
the driving source applied to the IC.
•The IC has zero output impedance.
7
FIGURE 6-2 Ideal op-amp representation.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
BASIC OP-AMP ATTRIBUTES
8
THE PRACTICAL OP-AMP
•Although modern IC op-amps approach
parameter values that can be treated as
ideal in many cases, no practical op-amp can
be ideal.
•Op-amps have both voltage and current
limitations.
•Peak to peak output voltage is usually
limited to slightly less than the difference
between the 2 supply voltages.
9
THE PRACTICAL OP-AMP. . .
Characteristics of a practical op-amp are
high voltage gain, high input impedance, and
low output impedance, and wide bandwidth.
10
FIGURE 6-3 Practical op-amp representation.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
11
FIGURE 6-10 Basic internal arrangement of an op-amp.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
12
THE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
•The basic Differential Amplifier (diff-
amp) circuit that makes up part of an op-
amp provides high voltage gain and common
mode rejection.
•Its fundamental to the Op-Amp’s internal
operation.
•Its assumed that the transistors Q1 and
Q2 are identically matched by careful
control processes during manufacturing so
that their dc emitter currents are the
same when there is no input signal.
13
FIGURE 6-4 Basic differential amplifier.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
14
FIGURE 6-5 Basic operation of a differential amplifier (ground is zero volts) showing relative changes in currents and voltages.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
15
MODES OF SIGNAL OPERATION
There are 4 typical modes for Signal
Operation of an Op-Amp.
•Single-Ended Input (Single Ended Mode)
•Differential Input (Differential Mode)
•Common Mode Input
•Common Mode Rejection Ratio
16
SINGLE ENDED INPUT
(SINGLE-ENDED MODE)
In the Single-Ended Mode, 1 input is
grounded and the signal voltage is applied
only to the other input.
17
FIGURE 6-6 Single-ended operation of a differential amplifier.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
18
DIFFERENTIAL INPUT
(DIFFERENTIAL MODE)
•In the Differential Mode, 2 opposite-
polarity (out of phase) signals are applied
to the inputs.
•This type of operation is also referred to
as double ended.
•Unwanted signals (noise) appearing with
the same polarity on both input lines are
essentially cancelled by the diff-amp and
do not appear on the outputs.
19
FIGURE 6-7 Differential operation of a differential amplifier.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
20
COMMON MODE INPUT
One of the most important aspects of the
operation of a differential amplifier can be
seen by considering the common-mode
condition where signal voltages of the same
phase, frequency, and amplitude are applied
to the 2 inputs.
21
FIGURE 6-8 Common-mode operation of a differential amplifier.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
22
COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO
•The measure of an amplifiers ability to
reject common-mode signals is a parameter
called the common mode rejection ratio
(CMRR).
•The Ideal Differential Amplifier provides
a very high gain for desired signals (single
ended or differential) and zero gain for
common mode signals.
•Practical Diff Amps, however, do exhibit a
very small common-mode gain (usually much
less than 1), while providing a high
differential voltage gain (usually several
thousand).
23
COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO. . .
•Mathematically, CMRR can express as:
EQ 1) CMRR = Av(d) / Acm
•The higher the CMRR, the better.
• A very high value of CMRR means that
the differential gain Av(d) is high and
common-mode gain Acm is low.
•The CMRR is often expressed in decibels
(dB) as
EQ 2) CMRR’ = 20log(Av(d) / Acm )
24
INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN OP-AMP
A typical op-amp is made up of 3 amplifier
circuits.
•The differential amplifier (The input
stage for the op-amp).
•A voltage amplifier (Usually a class A
amplifier that provides additional op-amp
gain).
•Push-pull amplifier (A Class B amplifier
used for the output stage).
25
OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS
• Input Offset Voltage (VOS) is the
differential dc voltage required between
the inputs to force the differential output
to zero volts.
•Typically values of input offset voltage
are in the range of 2mV or less.
•In the ideal case, it is 0V.
26
FIGURE 6-11 Illustration of input offset voltage, VOS.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
27
OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . .
• Input Offset Voltage drift is the
parameter related to VOS that specifies
how much change occurs in the input offset
voltage for each degree change in
temperature.
•Typical values range anywhere from about
5µV per degree Celsius to about 50µV per
degree Celsius.
•Usually, an op-amp with a higher value of
input offset voltage exhibits a higher
drift.
28
OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . .
• Input Bias Current is the dc current
required by the inputs of the amplifier to
properly operate the first stage.
•By definition, the input bias current is the
average of the both input currents and is
calculated as.
EQ 3) IBIAS = I1 + I2 / 2
29
FIGURE 6-12 Input bias current is the average of the two op-amp input currents.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
30
OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . .
•The 2 basic ways of specifying the input
impedance of an op-amp are the
differential and common mode.
•The differential input impedance is the
total resistance between the inverting and
non-inverting inputs.
•Differential input impedance is measured
by determining the change in bias current
for given change in differential input
voltage.
31
OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . .
•The Common –mode input impedance is the
resistance between each input and ground
and is measured by determining the change
in bias current for a given change in
common-mode input voltage.
•Input Offset Current (IOS) is the
difference of the input bias currents,
expressed as an absolute value
EQ 4) IOS = ABS(I1 – I2)
32
FIGURE 6-13 Op-amp input impedance.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
33
FIGURE 6-14 Effect of input offset current.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
34
OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . .
•Output impedance is the resistance viewed
from the output terminal of the op-amp.
•Common-mode input voltage is the range
of input voltages which, when applied to
both inputs, will not cause clipping or other
output distortion.
•Many op-amps have common-mode ranges
of no more than +/- 10V with dc supply
voltages of +/- 15V.
•Other op-amps outputs can go as high as
the supply voltages (known as rail to rail)
35
FIGURE 6-15 Op-amp output impedance.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
36
OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . .
•The open loop voltage gain, (AOL), of an op-
amp is the internal voltage gain of the
device and represents the ratio of output
voltage to input voltage when there are no
external components.
•The open loop voltage gain is set entirely
by the internal design.
•Open – loop voltage gain can range up to
200,000 and is not a well-controlled
parameters.
•Also known as the large-signal voltage
gain.
37
OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . .
•CMRR is the measure of an op-amp’s
ability to reject common-mode signals.
•An infinite value of CMRR means that the
output is zero when the same signal is
applied to both inputs (common-mode).
•An infinite CMRR is never achieved in
practice, but a good op-amp does have very
high CMRR.
•A high CMRR enables the op-amp to
virtually eliminate 60Hz power supply ripple
an noise voltage interference signals from
the output.
38
OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . .
•The maximum rate of change of the
output voltage in response to a step input
voltage is the slew rate.
•The slew rate is dependent upon the high
frequency response of the amplifier stages
within the op-amp.
•The slew rate is expressed mathematically
as
EQ 5) Slew rate =∆VOUT / ∆t
where ∆VOUT = +Vmax – (-Vmax)
•The unit of slew rate is V/µs.
39
FIGURE 6-16 Slew rate measurement.
Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla
Fundamentals of Analog Circuits
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
40
OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . .
•Frequency Response; The internal
amplifier stages that make up an op-amp
have voltage gains limited by junction
capacitances.
•The op-amp has no internal coupling
capacitor, therefore the low frequency
response extends down to dc (0Hz).

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Mais procurados (20)

Op amp
Op ampOp amp
Op amp
 
The operational amplifier (part 2)
The operational amplifier (part 2)The operational amplifier (part 2)
The operational amplifier (part 2)
 
Op amp
Op ampOp amp
Op amp
 
operational amplifiers
operational amplifiersoperational amplifiers
operational amplifiers
 
Operational Amplifier Basics
Operational Amplifier BasicsOperational Amplifier Basics
Operational Amplifier Basics
 
Integrated Circuit Applications
Integrated Circuit ApplicationsIntegrated Circuit Applications
Integrated Circuit Applications
 
Operational amplifier
Operational amplifierOperational amplifier
Operational amplifier
 
Operation amplifier
Operation amplifierOperation amplifier
Operation amplifier
 
Op-Amp 1
Op-Amp 1Op-Amp 1
Op-Amp 1
 
Electronic devices-and-circuit-theory-10th-ed-boylestad-chapter-11
Electronic devices-and-circuit-theory-10th-ed-boylestad-chapter-11Electronic devices-and-circuit-theory-10th-ed-boylestad-chapter-11
Electronic devices-and-circuit-theory-10th-ed-boylestad-chapter-11
 
Operational amplifier
Operational amplifierOperational amplifier
Operational amplifier
 
Op amps
Op ampsOp amps
Op amps
 
Report
ReportReport
Report
 
2.Opamp parameters
2.Opamp parameters2.Opamp parameters
2.Opamp parameters
 
Lesson 8 op amps
Lesson 8 op ampsLesson 8 op amps
Lesson 8 op amps
 
Presentation on Op-amp by Sourabh kumar
Presentation on Op-amp by Sourabh kumarPresentation on Op-amp by Sourabh kumar
Presentation on Op-amp by Sourabh kumar
 
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP-AMP)****
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP-AMP)**** OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP-AMP)****
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP-AMP)****
 
An operational amplifier for merge
An operational amplifier   for mergeAn operational amplifier   for merge
An operational amplifier for merge
 
B sc iv sem unit 1
B sc iv sem unit 1B sc iv sem unit 1
B sc iv sem unit 1
 
OP AMP
OP AMPOP AMP
OP AMP
 

Destaque

Class 2: The Fundamentals of Designing with Semiconductors
Class 2: The Fundamentals of Designing with SemiconductorsClass 2: The Fundamentals of Designing with Semiconductors
Class 2: The Fundamentals of Designing with SemiconductorsAnalog Devices, Inc.
 
Fundamentals of Designing with Sensors
Fundamentals of Designing with SensorsFundamentals of Designing with Sensors
Fundamentals of Designing with SensorsAnalog Devices, Inc.
 
Operational Amplifiers
Operational AmplifiersOperational Amplifiers
Operational AmplifiersMahesh_Naidu
 
Integrated Software-Defined Radio (SDR) - VE2013
Integrated Software-Defined Radio (SDR) - VE2013Integrated Software-Defined Radio (SDR) - VE2013
Integrated Software-Defined Radio (SDR) - VE2013Analog Devices, Inc.
 
Operational Amplifier
Operational AmplifierOperational Amplifier
Operational AmplifierYong Heui Cho
 
Operational Amplifier (OpAmp)
Operational Amplifier (OpAmp)Operational Amplifier (OpAmp)
Operational Amplifier (OpAmp)Mohammed Bamatraf
 
Operational Amplifier Part 1
Operational Amplifier Part 1Operational Amplifier Part 1
Operational Amplifier Part 1Mukesh Tekwani
 
Op amp(operational amplifier)
Op amp(operational amplifier)Op amp(operational amplifier)
Op amp(operational amplifier)Kausik das
 

Destaque (10)

Class 2: The Fundamentals of Designing with Semiconductors
Class 2: The Fundamentals of Designing with SemiconductorsClass 2: The Fundamentals of Designing with Semiconductors
Class 2: The Fundamentals of Designing with Semiconductors
 
Stress Management - Presentation by IrfanAnsari.com
Stress Management - Presentation by IrfanAnsari.comStress Management - Presentation by IrfanAnsari.com
Stress Management - Presentation by IrfanAnsari.com
 
Fundamentals of Designing with Sensors
Fundamentals of Designing with SensorsFundamentals of Designing with Sensors
Fundamentals of Designing with Sensors
 
Op amp
Op ampOp amp
Op amp
 
Operational Amplifiers
Operational AmplifiersOperational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
 
Integrated Software-Defined Radio (SDR) - VE2013
Integrated Software-Defined Radio (SDR) - VE2013Integrated Software-Defined Radio (SDR) - VE2013
Integrated Software-Defined Radio (SDR) - VE2013
 
Operational Amplifier
Operational AmplifierOperational Amplifier
Operational Amplifier
 
Operational Amplifier (OpAmp)
Operational Amplifier (OpAmp)Operational Amplifier (OpAmp)
Operational Amplifier (OpAmp)
 
Operational Amplifier Part 1
Operational Amplifier Part 1Operational Amplifier Part 1
Operational Amplifier Part 1
 
Op amp(operational amplifier)
Op amp(operational amplifier)Op amp(operational amplifier)
Op amp(operational amplifier)
 

Semelhante a L9 opamp

ET191012(GENERAL VIVA presentatfvfvfvdfvfdvfio).pdf
ET191012(GENERAL VIVA presentatfvfvfvdfvfdvfio).pdfET191012(GENERAL VIVA presentatfvfvfvdfvfdvfio).pdf
ET191012(GENERAL VIVA presentatfvfvfvdfvfdvfio).pdfgffddffv vfdfvfvf
 
Slide_the-operational-amplifier.pdf
Slide_the-operational-amplifier.pdfSlide_the-operational-amplifier.pdf
Slide_the-operational-amplifier.pdfKoayFT
 
OP amp parameters
OP amp parametersOP amp parameters
OP amp parametersOmkar Rane
 
Unit-I Characteristics of opamp
Unit-I Characteristics of opampUnit-I Characteristics of opamp
Unit-I Characteristics of opampDr.Raja R
 
Pin Connection of OP-AMP, Paramerters..pptx
Pin Connection of OP-AMP, Paramerters..pptxPin Connection of OP-AMP, Paramerters..pptx
Pin Connection of OP-AMP, Paramerters..pptxProfVilasShamraoPati
 
Operational Amplifier, Differential Amplifier, Summing Amplifier
Operational Amplifier, Differential Amplifier, Summing Amplifier Operational Amplifier, Differential Amplifier, Summing Amplifier
Operational Amplifier, Differential Amplifier, Summing Amplifier OsamaMunawar1
 
OP AMP Applications
OP AMP ApplicationsOP AMP Applications
OP AMP Applicationsaroosa khan
 
Analog circuit Unit 2.ppt
Analog circuit Unit 2.pptAnalog circuit Unit 2.ppt
Analog circuit Unit 2.pptranash01
 
SESD_Lect8_OpAmp_limitations.pdf
SESD_Lect8_OpAmp_limitations.pdfSESD_Lect8_OpAmp_limitations.pdf
SESD_Lect8_OpAmp_limitations.pdfCarlosGamio5
 

Semelhante a L9 opamp (20)

Op amp basics
Op amp basicsOp amp basics
Op amp basics
 
34900721068.pptx
34900721068.pptx34900721068.pptx
34900721068.pptx
 
Operational Amplifier
Operational Amplifier Operational Amplifier
Operational Amplifier
 
ET191012(GENERAL VIVA presentatfvfvfvdfvfdvfio).pdf
ET191012(GENERAL VIVA presentatfvfvfvdfvfdvfio).pdfET191012(GENERAL VIVA presentatfvfvfvdfvfdvfio).pdf
ET191012(GENERAL VIVA presentatfvfvfvdfvfdvfio).pdf
 
Slide_the-operational-amplifier.pdf
Slide_the-operational-amplifier.pdfSlide_the-operational-amplifier.pdf
Slide_the-operational-amplifier.pdf
 
LICA- DIFFERENTIAL APLIFIERS
LICA- DIFFERENTIAL APLIFIERSLICA- DIFFERENTIAL APLIFIERS
LICA- DIFFERENTIAL APLIFIERS
 
LIC UNIT I.pptx
LIC UNIT I.pptxLIC UNIT I.pptx
LIC UNIT I.pptx
 
B sc ii sem unit 1
B sc ii sem unit 1B sc ii sem unit 1
B sc ii sem unit 1
 
Electronics
ElectronicsElectronics
Electronics
 
OP amp parameters
OP amp parametersOP amp parameters
OP amp parameters
 
chapter 3_bem.pptx
chapter 3_bem.pptxchapter 3_bem.pptx
chapter 3_bem.pptx
 
Unit-I Characteristics of opamp
Unit-I Characteristics of opampUnit-I Characteristics of opamp
Unit-I Characteristics of opamp
 
Analog Electronics.pptx
Analog Electronics.pptxAnalog Electronics.pptx
Analog Electronics.pptx
 
opamps
opampsopamps
opamps
 
Pin Connection of OP-AMP, Paramerters..pptx
Pin Connection of OP-AMP, Paramerters..pptxPin Connection of OP-AMP, Paramerters..pptx
Pin Connection of OP-AMP, Paramerters..pptx
 
Operational Amplifier, Differential Amplifier, Summing Amplifier
Operational Amplifier, Differential Amplifier, Summing Amplifier Operational Amplifier, Differential Amplifier, Summing Amplifier
Operational Amplifier, Differential Amplifier, Summing Amplifier
 
battery charging circuits
battery charging circuitsbattery charging circuits
battery charging circuits
 
OP AMP Applications
OP AMP ApplicationsOP AMP Applications
OP AMP Applications
 
Analog circuit Unit 2.ppt
Analog circuit Unit 2.pptAnalog circuit Unit 2.ppt
Analog circuit Unit 2.ppt
 
SESD_Lect8_OpAmp_limitations.pdf
SESD_Lect8_OpAmp_limitations.pdfSESD_Lect8_OpAmp_limitations.pdf
SESD_Lect8_OpAmp_limitations.pdf
 

Mais de LearnInUrdu.com & Ustaadjee.com (9)

Electronic Payment Systems by IrfanAnsari.com
Electronic Payment Systems by IrfanAnsari.comElectronic Payment Systems by IrfanAnsari.com
Electronic Payment Systems by IrfanAnsari.com
 
Electronic payment systems - Presentation by IrfanAnsari.com
Electronic payment systems - Presentation by IrfanAnsari.comElectronic payment systems - Presentation by IrfanAnsari.com
Electronic payment systems - Presentation by IrfanAnsari.com
 
L7 bjt amplifier
L7 bjt amplifierL7 bjt amplifier
L7 bjt amplifier
 
L6 bjt
L6 bjtL6 bjt
L6 bjt
 
L5 special purpose diodes
L5 special purpose diodesL5 special purpose diodes
L5 special purpose diodes
 
L3 electronics pn junction
L3 electronics   pn junctionL3 electronics   pn junction
L3 electronics pn junction
 
L2 electronics basics
L2 electronics basicsL2 electronics basics
L2 electronics basics
 
L1 semi materials
L1 semi materialsL1 semi materials
L1 semi materials
 
Electronics Rectifier by IrfanAnsari.com
Electronics Rectifier by IrfanAnsari.comElectronics Rectifier by IrfanAnsari.com
Electronics Rectifier by IrfanAnsari.com
 

Último

TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...
TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...
TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...TalentView
 
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor PresentationMoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentationbaron83
 
PDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdf
PDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdfPDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdf
PDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdfHajeJanKamps
 
MC Heights construction company in Jhang
MC Heights construction company in JhangMC Heights construction company in Jhang
MC Heights construction company in Jhangmcgroupjeya
 
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdfGraham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdfAnhNguyen97152
 
Project Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture ReportProject Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture Reportamberjiles31
 
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...AustraliaChapterIIBA
 
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for BusinessQ2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for BusinessAPCO
 
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsEntrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsP&CO
 
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking ApplicationsUpgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking ApplicationsIntellect Design Arena Ltd
 
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZMihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZKanakChauhan5
 
Plano de marketing- inglês em formato ppt
Plano de marketing- inglês  em formato pptPlano de marketing- inglês  em formato ppt
Plano de marketing- inglês em formato pptElizangelaSoaresdaCo
 
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdfChicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdfSourav Sikder
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Lviv Startup Club
 
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfTalent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfCharles Cotter, PhD
 
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023Steve Rader
 

Último (20)

TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...
TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...
TalentView Webinar: Empowering the Modern Workforce_ Redefininig Success from...
 
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor PresentationMoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
 
PDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdf
PDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdfPDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdf
PDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdf
 
MC Heights construction company in Jhang
MC Heights construction company in JhangMC Heights construction company in Jhang
MC Heights construction company in Jhang
 
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdfGraham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
 
Project Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture ReportProject Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture Report
 
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
 
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
 
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for BusinessQ2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
 
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsEntrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
 
Investment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV Industries
Investment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV IndustriesInvestment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV Industries
Investment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV Industries
 
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking ApplicationsUpgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
 
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZMihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
 
Plano de marketing- inglês em formato ppt
Plano de marketing- inglês  em formato pptPlano de marketing- inglês  em formato ppt
Plano de marketing- inglês em formato ppt
 
WAM Corporate Presentation Mar 25 2024.pdf
WAM Corporate Presentation Mar 25 2024.pdfWAM Corporate Presentation Mar 25 2024.pdf
WAM Corporate Presentation Mar 25 2024.pdf
 
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdfChicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer Chicago Medical Malpractice Lawyer.pdf
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
 
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdfTalent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
Talent Management research intelligence_13 paradigm shifts_20 March 2024.pdf
 
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
 

L9 opamp

  • 3. 3 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES •Describe the basic op-amp and its characteristics. •Discuss the differential amplifier and its operation. •Discuss several op-amp parameters.
  • 4. 4 SYMBOL AND TERMINALS •The Operational Amplifier (op-amp) has 2 input terminals (+) and (-). •The (+) terminal is called the “non- inverting” pin. •The (-) terminal is called the “inverting” pin. •The typical op-amp operates with 2 dc power supplies, 1 positive and 1 negative.
  • 5. 5 FIGURE 6-1 Op-amp symbols and packages. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 6. 6 THE IDEAL OP-AMP Basic attributes of the Ideal Op-Amp include the following: •The IC has infinite voltage gain and input impedance. •These characteristics helps in not loading the driving source applied to the IC. •The IC has zero output impedance.
  • 7. 7 FIGURE 6-2 Ideal op-amp representation. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. BASIC OP-AMP ATTRIBUTES
  • 8. 8 THE PRACTICAL OP-AMP •Although modern IC op-amps approach parameter values that can be treated as ideal in many cases, no practical op-amp can be ideal. •Op-amps have both voltage and current limitations. •Peak to peak output voltage is usually limited to slightly less than the difference between the 2 supply voltages.
  • 9. 9 THE PRACTICAL OP-AMP. . . Characteristics of a practical op-amp are high voltage gain, high input impedance, and low output impedance, and wide bandwidth.
  • 10. 10 FIGURE 6-3 Practical op-amp representation. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 11. 11 FIGURE 6-10 Basic internal arrangement of an op-amp. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 12. 12 THE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER •The basic Differential Amplifier (diff- amp) circuit that makes up part of an op- amp provides high voltage gain and common mode rejection. •Its fundamental to the Op-Amp’s internal operation. •Its assumed that the transistors Q1 and Q2 are identically matched by careful control processes during manufacturing so that their dc emitter currents are the same when there is no input signal.
  • 13. 13 FIGURE 6-4 Basic differential amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 14. 14 FIGURE 6-5 Basic operation of a differential amplifier (ground is zero volts) showing relative changes in currents and voltages. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 15. 15 MODES OF SIGNAL OPERATION There are 4 typical modes for Signal Operation of an Op-Amp. •Single-Ended Input (Single Ended Mode) •Differential Input (Differential Mode) •Common Mode Input •Common Mode Rejection Ratio
  • 16. 16 SINGLE ENDED INPUT (SINGLE-ENDED MODE) In the Single-Ended Mode, 1 input is grounded and the signal voltage is applied only to the other input.
  • 17. 17 FIGURE 6-6 Single-ended operation of a differential amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 18. 18 DIFFERENTIAL INPUT (DIFFERENTIAL MODE) •In the Differential Mode, 2 opposite- polarity (out of phase) signals are applied to the inputs. •This type of operation is also referred to as double ended. •Unwanted signals (noise) appearing with the same polarity on both input lines are essentially cancelled by the diff-amp and do not appear on the outputs.
  • 19. 19 FIGURE 6-7 Differential operation of a differential amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 20. 20 COMMON MODE INPUT One of the most important aspects of the operation of a differential amplifier can be seen by considering the common-mode condition where signal voltages of the same phase, frequency, and amplitude are applied to the 2 inputs.
  • 21. 21 FIGURE 6-8 Common-mode operation of a differential amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 22. 22 COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO •The measure of an amplifiers ability to reject common-mode signals is a parameter called the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). •The Ideal Differential Amplifier provides a very high gain for desired signals (single ended or differential) and zero gain for common mode signals. •Practical Diff Amps, however, do exhibit a very small common-mode gain (usually much less than 1), while providing a high differential voltage gain (usually several thousand).
  • 23. 23 COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO. . . •Mathematically, CMRR can express as: EQ 1) CMRR = Av(d) / Acm •The higher the CMRR, the better. • A very high value of CMRR means that the differential gain Av(d) is high and common-mode gain Acm is low. •The CMRR is often expressed in decibels (dB) as EQ 2) CMRR’ = 20log(Av(d) / Acm )
  • 24. 24 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN OP-AMP A typical op-amp is made up of 3 amplifier circuits. •The differential amplifier (The input stage for the op-amp). •A voltage amplifier (Usually a class A amplifier that provides additional op-amp gain). •Push-pull amplifier (A Class B amplifier used for the output stage).
  • 25. 25 OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS • Input Offset Voltage (VOS) is the differential dc voltage required between the inputs to force the differential output to zero volts. •Typically values of input offset voltage are in the range of 2mV or less. •In the ideal case, it is 0V.
  • 26. 26 FIGURE 6-11 Illustration of input offset voltage, VOS. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 27. 27 OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . . • Input Offset Voltage drift is the parameter related to VOS that specifies how much change occurs in the input offset voltage for each degree change in temperature. •Typical values range anywhere from about 5µV per degree Celsius to about 50µV per degree Celsius. •Usually, an op-amp with a higher value of input offset voltage exhibits a higher drift.
  • 28. 28 OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . . • Input Bias Current is the dc current required by the inputs of the amplifier to properly operate the first stage. •By definition, the input bias current is the average of the both input currents and is calculated as. EQ 3) IBIAS = I1 + I2 / 2
  • 29. 29 FIGURE 6-12 Input bias current is the average of the two op-amp input currents. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 30. 30 OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . . •The 2 basic ways of specifying the input impedance of an op-amp are the differential and common mode. •The differential input impedance is the total resistance between the inverting and non-inverting inputs. •Differential input impedance is measured by determining the change in bias current for given change in differential input voltage.
  • 31. 31 OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . . •The Common –mode input impedance is the resistance between each input and ground and is measured by determining the change in bias current for a given change in common-mode input voltage. •Input Offset Current (IOS) is the difference of the input bias currents, expressed as an absolute value EQ 4) IOS = ABS(I1 – I2)
  • 32. 32 FIGURE 6-13 Op-amp input impedance. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 33. 33 FIGURE 6-14 Effect of input offset current. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 34. 34 OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . . •Output impedance is the resistance viewed from the output terminal of the op-amp. •Common-mode input voltage is the range of input voltages which, when applied to both inputs, will not cause clipping or other output distortion. •Many op-amps have common-mode ranges of no more than +/- 10V with dc supply voltages of +/- 15V. •Other op-amps outputs can go as high as the supply voltages (known as rail to rail)
  • 35. 35 FIGURE 6-15 Op-amp output impedance. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 36. 36 OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . . •The open loop voltage gain, (AOL), of an op- amp is the internal voltage gain of the device and represents the ratio of output voltage to input voltage when there are no external components. •The open loop voltage gain is set entirely by the internal design. •Open – loop voltage gain can range up to 200,000 and is not a well-controlled parameters. •Also known as the large-signal voltage gain.
  • 37. 37 OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . . •CMRR is the measure of an op-amp’s ability to reject common-mode signals. •An infinite value of CMRR means that the output is zero when the same signal is applied to both inputs (common-mode). •An infinite CMRR is never achieved in practice, but a good op-amp does have very high CMRR. •A high CMRR enables the op-amp to virtually eliminate 60Hz power supply ripple an noise voltage interference signals from the output.
  • 38. 38 OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . . •The maximum rate of change of the output voltage in response to a step input voltage is the slew rate. •The slew rate is dependent upon the high frequency response of the amplifier stages within the op-amp. •The slew rate is expressed mathematically as EQ 5) Slew rate =∆VOUT / ∆t where ∆VOUT = +Vmax – (-Vmax) •The unit of slew rate is V/µs.
  • 39. 39 FIGURE 6-16 Slew rate measurement. Thomas L. Floyd and David Buchla Fundamentals of Analog Circuits Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
  • 40. 40 OP-AMP DATA SHEET PARAMETERS. . . •Frequency Response; The internal amplifier stages that make up an op-amp have voltage gains limited by junction capacitances. •The op-amp has no internal coupling capacitor, therefore the low frequency response extends down to dc (0Hz).