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U.S. Department of Commerce
                                                                              International Trade Administration




                                                                                         Clean Energy:
                                                                                         An Exporter’s Guide to China




The International Trade Administration’s mission is to create prosperity by
strengtheningthecompetitivenessofU.S.industry,promotingtradeandinvest-
ment, and ensuringfairtrade and compliance withtrade lawsand agreements.




                              Market Access and Compliance
                              1401 Constitution Ave., NW
                              Washington, DC 20230
                              T 202.482.3022
                              F 202.482.5444

                              www.trade.gov
Clean Energy:
An Exporter’s Guide to China




by
Energy and Security Group
Reston, VA 20190

for U.S. Department of Commerce,
International Trade Administration
http://trade.gov

under contract number DG1350-07-SE-4516 ESG104 ITA

Release Date: July 2008
Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China
Table of Contents
                            Abbreviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

                            Executive Summary	                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1

                            Introduction. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 1

                            Clean Energy Technology Defined. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 1

                            China: Energy Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                       2
                            Renewable Resources, Capacity, and Potential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                         2
                            Energy Efficiency, Co-Generation, and Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                                 3
                            Market Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                              3
                            Energy Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                            4
                            Opportunities for U.S. Clean Tech Firms in China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                           5
                            Barriers for U.S. Firms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                  5
                            Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                           6

                            Introduction	                                                                                                                                                                                                                               7

                            Section 1: China	                                                                                                                                                                                                                           9

                            Chapter 1: China’s Energy Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
                            Energy Supply and Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
                            Current Status of Chinese Clean Energy Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
                            Clean Transportation Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

                            Chapter 2: Market Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                        19
                            Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                  19
                            Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                               20
                            Co-Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                               22
                            Clean Transportation Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                22
                            Market Drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                             22
                            Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                           25

                             Chapter 3 Clean Energy Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                           27
                             Renewable Energy Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                      27
                             Energy Conservation Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                         29
                             Tax Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                           29
                             Government Procurement Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                                30
                             Standards and Quality System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                          30
                             Forthcoming Energy Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                                                        31

                             Chapter 4 Opportunities for U.S. Firms in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
                             Need for High-quality Equipment, Products, and Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
                             Energy Technology Development Opportunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

                             Chapter 5 Investment and Financing of Clean Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
                             Financing Sources for Clean Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
                             Venture Capital and Private Equity Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

                             Chapter 6 Barriers to Clean Energy Tech Trade and Investment for U.S. Firms. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 39
                             Legal and Regulatory Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
                             Lack of Government Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39


Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China	                                                                                                                                                                                                                              iii
Low Awareness of Intercultural Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
       Relative Higher Product Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
       Government Procurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
       Contract Enforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
       Payment Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
       	
       Conclusion . .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 43

       Annex 1. Major Market Players in China. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 45

       Annex 2. Chinese Policy-makers with Authority over Clean Energy Technologies. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 51

       Annex 3. Guidance Catalogue of the Renewable Energy Industry . .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 55

       Section 2: Clean Energy Technologies Defined	                                                                                                                                                                                             63

       Renewable Energy Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
       Biomass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
       Waste-to-Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
       Solar Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
       Wind Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
       Geothermal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
       Hydropower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
       Ocean Power Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

       Energy Efficiency. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 68

       Hybrids and Co-generation. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 70
       Hybrid Power System Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
       Co-generation System Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

       Clean Transportation Technologies. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 71

       Summary. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 71

       Appendix A. Resources for U.S. Firms	                                                                                                                                                                                                     73

       Appendix B. Sustainable Energy Finance Directory	                                                                                                                                                                                         80

       Chapter Notes	                                                                                                                                                                                                                        103




iv 	                                                              U.S. Department of Commerce | International Trade Administration
Abbreviations and Acronyms

Acronyms                                                   DOC U.S. Department of Commerce
                                                           DRCs provincial Development and Reform Commissions
ABS asset-backed securities                                DSM demand-side management
AC alternating current                                     EC energy conservation
ACEEE American Council for an Energy-efficient             ECB external commercial borrowing
Economy                                                    ECBC Energy Conservation Building Codes
ACORE	 American Council on Renewable Energy                ECO Energy Efficiency Commercialization Project
ADB Asian Development Bank                                 EE energy efficiency
AEE Association of Energy Engineers                        EEB Bureau of Economic, Energy and Business Affairs
AESP Association of Energy Services Professionals          (United States)
AFV alcohol fuel vehicle                                   EEI energy efficiency indicator
ALM asset liability management                             EERE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
APM administered pricing mechanism                         (United States)
APP Asia–Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and      EIB European Investment Bank
Climate                                                    EJ exajoule
AQSIQ Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection,   EMCO energy management contract
and Quarantine                                             EOU export-oriented unit
ASE Alliance to Save Energy                                EPC equipment procurement and construction
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations               ERI Energy Research Institute
ASTAE Asia Alternative and Sustainable Energy              ESCO energy service company
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials            ETC evacuated tube collectors
bcm billion cubic meters                                   EV electric vehicle
BIPV building-integrated photovoltaics                     EVA solid phase crystallization of evaporated silicon
BOO build, own, operate                                    Ex-Im Export–Import Bank of the United States
BOOT build, own, operate, and transfer                     FAS Foreign Agricultural Service (United States)
BOV battery-operated vehicle                               FDI foreign direct investment
BPL below poverty line                                     FI financial institution
BT billion tons                                            FPC flat plate collector
CATARC China Automotive Technology and Research            FYP Five-Year Plan
Center                                                     GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
CCC China Compulsory Certification Mark                    GB Guojia Biaozhun
CDM Clean Development Mechanism                            gce gram of coal equivalent
CE European Conformity (French acronym)                    GDP gross domestic product
CEC China Electricity Council                              GEF Global Environment Facility
CER credits for emission reductions                        Gg gigagram
CET clean energy technology                                GHG greenhouse gas
CFL compact fluorescent lighting                           GNP gross national product
CGC China General Certification Center                     GPV gas-powered vehicle
CHCP combined heat, cooling, and power                     GRP glass fiber–reinforced plastic
CH4 methane                                                GW gigawatt
CHP combined heat and power                                GWe gigawatt electric
CLASP Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards       GWp gigawatt peak
Program                                                    HFC hydrofluorocarbon
CNCA Certification and Accreditation Administration        HIT heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer
CNG compressed natural gas                                 HT high-tension
CO2 carbon dioxide                                         IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Devel-
CREIA Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association      opment
CSC China Standard Certification Center                    ICB international competitive bidding
CWEA Chinese Wind Energy Association                       ICBC Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
DC direct current                                          IEA International Energy Agency
DFI development financial institution                      IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
DME di-methyl ether                                        IFC International Finance Corporation


Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China	                                                                    v
IFI international financing institution                   NDRC National Development and Reform Commission
IGCC integrated gasification combined cycle               N2O nitrous oxide
IIFCL India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited        NOx nitrogen oxide
INR Indian National Rupees                                NPC National People’s Congress
IP intellectual property                                  NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the U.S.
IPA Indian Patent Act                                     Department of Energy
IPP independent power producer                            OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and
IPR intellectual property rights                          Development
IREDA Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency          OFAC Office of Foreign Assets Control (United States)
ITA U.S. International Trade Administration               OGL open general license
JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation             O&M operation and maintenance
JCF Japan Carbon Finance, Limited                         OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corporation (United
JV joint venture                                          States)
kgce kilogram of coal equivalent                          PCF Prototype Carbon Fund
kha kilohectare                                           PDD Project Design Documentation
KP Kyoto Protocol                                         PE private equity
kT kiloton                                                PECVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
kV kilovolt                                               PEMF Private Energy Market Fund LP
kW kilowatt                                               PEMFC proton exchange membrane fuel cell
kWe kilowatt electric                                     PHWR pressurized heavy water reactor
kWh kilowatt hour                                         PPA power purchase agreement
kWp kilowatt peak                                         PPP public–private partnership
LC letter of credit                                       PSU public–sector undertaking
LED light-emitting diode                                  PV photovoltaic
LNG liquefied natural gas                                 R&D research and development
LOLP loss of load probability                             RE renewable energy
LPG liquefied petroleum gas (Propane)                     REDP World Bank Renewable Energy Development
M&A mergers and acquisitions                              Program
mb/d millions of barrels per day                          REL Renewable Energy Law
MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency             REPS renewable energy portfolio standard
MJ megajoule                                              RMB Chinese Yuan Renmimbi
MMSCM million standard cubic meter                        RPS reserve energy portfolio standard
MOC Ministry of Construction                              RSPM respirable suspended particulate matter
MOF Ministry of Finance                                   SAC Standardization Administration of China
MOFCOM Ministry of Commerce                               SAFE State Administration of Foreign Exchange
MOFTEC Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Coop-       SBA Small Business Administration (United States)
eration                                                   SDDC Song Dian Dao Cun (China’s National Village Elec-
MOST Ministry of Science and Technology                   trification Program)
MSIHC Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous       SDDX Song Dian Dao Xiang (China’s National Township
Chemicals                                                 Electrification Program)
mt million tons                                           SEFI Sustainable Energy Finance Initiative
MT magnetotelluric                                        SEK Svensk Exportkredit
mToe million tons of oil equivalent                       SEPA State Environment Protection Administration
MU million units                                          S/F JV Sino-Foreign Joint Venture
MW megawatt                                               SHP small hydropower
MWe megawatt electric                                     SHS solar home system
MWeq megawatt equivalent                                  SI solar ingot
MWp megawatt peak                                         SICLIP Swedish International Climate Investment Pro-
NAESCO National Association of Energy Service Compa-      gram
nies                                                      SME small and medium enterprise
NB national competitive bidding                           SO2 sulphur dioxide
NBSC International Center of National Bureau of Statis-   SOE state-owned enterprise
tics of China                                             SPV solar PV
NCCCC National Coordination Committee on Climate          SWH solar water heating
Change                                                    TC-88 Technical Committee 88 of the IEC
NCE non-conventional energy                               tce tons of coal equivalent


vi 	                                         U.S. Department of Commerce | International Trade Administration
T&D transmission and distribution
TEDA Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (India)
TERI Tata Energy Research Institute
toe tons of oil equivalent
TPES total primary energy supply
TRIPS Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights
TüV Technische Überwachungsvereine (Germany stan-
dards/testing company)
TWh terrawatt hour
UCP Unified Customs and Practice
UL Underwriters Laboratories
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNICITRAL United Nations Commission on Interna-
tional Trade
UPS uninterruptible power supply
URIF Urban Reform Incentive Fund
USAID U.S. Agency for International Development
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USDOC U.S. Department of Commerce
USDOE U.S. Department of Energy
USTDA U.S. Trade and Development Agency
USTR U.S. Trade Representative
VAT value-added tax
VER Verified Emission Reduction
VSD variable-speed drive
W watt
WEEA World Energy Efficiency Association
WOFE wholly-owned foreign enterprise
Wp watt peak
WTG wind turbine generator
WTO World Trade Organization




Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China	            vii
Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China
Executive Summary

n 	 Introduction
This report is intended as a clean energy technology           technology converts energy from a waste source, such as a
market overview for China, with two primary objectives:        city’s municipal waste system, farms, and other agricultural
(1) to analyze the clean energy markets in China and (2)       operations, or waste from commercial and industrial opera-
to identify opportunities for trade and investment through     tions. Large-scale waste-to-energy systems can supply heat
2020. The report provides the following:                       or electricity in utility-based electric power plants or district
                                                               heating systems. Small-scale systems can provide heating
  analysis of the existing infrastructure of clean energy
4	                                                            or cooking fuel and electricity to individual farms, homes,
  technologies and market opportunities in China               and businesses.
  through 2020 including market forecasts, market driv-        	 Solar technologies convert light and heat from
  ers, cost data, and market segment analysis.                 the sun into useful energy. Photovoltaic (PV) systems
  review of government policies for clean energy devel-
4	                                                            convert sunlight into electricity, and thermal systems
  opment in China.                                             collect and store solar heat for air and water heating
  detailed analysis of barriers and obstacles to clean
4	                                                            applications. Wind power technology converts energy
  energy technologies trade and investment in China.           in the wind into useful power; the primary market for
  definition of clean energy technologies for China.
4	                                                            wind power technology is for wind turbines, which
  review of resources available to U.S. businesses that wish
4	                                                            convert wind energy into electricity. Geothermal power
  to enter Chinese clean energy markets.                       is generated using thermal energy from underground
                                                               sources, including steam, hot water, and heat stored in
	 After a short introduction, Section 1 addresses clean        rock formations; various technologies are used to gener-
energy technologies for China, including information on        ate electricity. Hydropower is the conversion of energy
China’s overall energy status, both current and projected;     embodied in moving water into useful power. Today,
a market overview; identification of clean energy policies;    hydropower supplies about 19 percent of the world’s
trade and investment opportunities for U.S. firms; and         electricity. Finally, ocean power – sometimes referred to
barriers to clean energy market entry, development, and        as tidal – technology makes use of energy in the ocean by
commercialization. This chapter also includes annexes on       converting it into electricity
Chinese policy-makers with authority over clean energy         	 Hybrid and co-generation power systems take advan-
technologies and information on the renewable energy           tage of the benefits of multiple technologies in a single,
industry in China. Section 2 provides definitions of the       integrated system for power generation. Renewable-based
clean energy technologies addressed in the report.             hybrid power systems use combinations of wind turbines,
                                                               PV panels, and small hydropower generators to generate
                                                               electricity. Hybrid power systems typically include a diesel
n 	 Clean Energy Technology Defined
                                                               or other fuel-based generator (including biofuels) and
Clean energy technologies include renewable energy,            may include batteries or other storage technology.
hybrid and co-generation, and energy efficiency technolo-      	 Co-generation systems, also called combined heat
gies for power generation; alternative fuels; and advanced     and power (CHP) systems, generate both electricity
technologies for transportation. They produce power            and useful heat. Conventional fossil-fuel-based electric
for a wide range of applications using no fuel or less fuel    power plants generate heat as a byproduct that is emit-
than fossil-fuel-based technologies, produce no or fewer       ted into the environment; co-generation power plants
pollutants than conventional technologies and can use          collect this heat for use in thermal applications, thereby
renewable energy sources, which, unlike fossil fuels, are      converting a higher percentage of the energy in the
not depleted over time. The renewable energy technolo-         fuel into useful energy. The most efficient conventional
gies considered in this report are biomass and biofuels,       power plants have a typical fuel-to-electricity conver-
waste-to-energy, solar power, wind power, geothermal,          sion factor of about 50 percent, while co-generation
hydropower, and ocean power.                                   plants can achieve efficiencies of over 75 percent.
	 Biomass consists of plant and plant-derived material.        Examples of thermal loads that can be served by a
Sources include agricultural residues such as rice hulls,      co-generation plant are: district heating systems that
straw, bagasse from sugarcane production, wood chips,          provide heat for towns and neighborhoods; industrial
and coconut shells and energy crops such as sugarcane          processes that require heat, such as paper mills; institu-
or switch grass. Biomass can be used directly for energy       tions such as prisons and hospitals; and wastewater
production or processed into fuels. Waste-to-energy            treatment plants.


Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China	                                                                                   1
Energy efficiency (EE) involves replacing existing             ambitious rural electrification program, which has helped
technologies and processes with new ones that provide            China’s renewable energy consumption increase to 7.5
equivalent or better service using less energy. EE results       percent of the country’s total primary energy consumption
in energy savings at the time that the energy service is         as of 2005. However, although the markets for hydropower
provided. Energy service providers can also use load             and solar water heating technologies are mature, the use
management to change the time that an energy service             and development of most other renewable energies has
is delivered in order to reduce peak loads on an energy          lagged because of high investment costs, specific primary
distribution system. Demand-side management uses both            resource shortages, dependence on foreign technology,
load management and EE to save the amount of primary             and small-scale production.
energy required to deliver the energy service.
	 Almost half a billion vehicles on the world’s roads            Renewable Resources, Capacity, and Potential
contribute to half of the global oil consumption and gen-        China has a large untapped potential for wind energy,
erate about 20 percent of the world’s greenhouse gases,          perhaps as high as 750 gigawatts (GW) of potentially
including carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, and particu-          utilizable onshore resources (250–300 GW of which are
lates. Transportation technologies can help address these        considered commercially feasible) and over 1,000 GW of
issues through the use of alternative fuels and advanced         offshore resources. In recent years, Chinese wind genera-
technologies. Alternative fuels for transportation include       tion technology has matured with the help of technology
biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and propane. Advanced           transfer from foreign countries and a national conces-
vehicle technologies include electric vehicles and hybrid        sion policy that stipulates 70 percent of wind turbines
electric vehicles, which offer air pollution improvements        in developer tenders must be sourced from domestic
over average fossil fuel vehicles. Finally, mobile idle reduc-   manufacturers—which has helped the domestic industry
tion systems and diesel engine retrofits can reduce the          substantially. Still, as of 2006, China’s total installed wind
emissions of heavy-duty vehicles.                                power generation capacity was only 2.6 GW, indicating
                                                                 substantial growth opportunities going forward.
                                                                 	 The resource potential for solar power in China is equal-
n 	 China: Energy Overview
                                                                 ly promising. China receives the equivalent energy potential
Since the start of the open-door and reform policies             of 1.7 trillion tons of coal in the form of solar radiation. By
in 1978, China has experienced consistent economic               the end of 2006, the cumulative installed capacity of solar
growth on the order of 9.5 percent per year. While on            cells in China had reached 80 megawatts peaks (MWp),
average energy demand grew at about 5 percent per year           with rural electrification, communications, and industry
prior to 2001, the past seven years have seen a tremen-          accounting for the majority of the market share. Currently,
dous surge in energy-intensive heavy industries, which           China is the third-largest PV panel manufacturing country
has dramatically accelerated energy demand. According            in the world behind Germany and Japan, developing 370
to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, China’s cur-      MWp of solar PV cell modules in 2006 – however, only 10
rent energy consumption increase stands at a rate of 9.3         MWp were consumed domestically. Consequently, solar
percent, and this rapid growth is expected to continue.          power production remains much lower than actual capac-
In fact, China is predicted to surpass the United States as      ity. While policy support and government subsidy programs
the largest energy consumer soon after 2010.                     can be credited with 46.2 percent of China’s developed
	 Although China’s energy resources are substantial,             capacity, high investment costs, undefined feed-in tariffs,
the country’s self-sufficiency is decreasing as the overall      and the lack of fiscal incentives means a significant on-grid
energy demand has grown much faster than its domestic            solar PV market has yet to materialize.
output. In 2005, foreign supply accounted for 7.7 percent        	 Solar thermal energy for water heating is one of the
of the total energy consumption in China, and in 2007            most advanced renewable energy technologies in China
the country became a net coal importer for the first time.       with a mature commercial domestic market. China has
China has become increasingly dependent on oil imports           a cumulative installed capacity of solar water heaters
and liquid natural gas imports, the latter of which were         (SWHs) that surpasses 90 million square meters (m2) of
seen for the first time in 2006. Coal is China’s predominant     collector area—roughly 60 percent of the world’s total. In
energy source; however, with the rapid increase in energy        fact, nearly one in ten Chinese households owns an SWH.
demand and the urgency of energy and environmental               Notably, China has over 1,000 solar water heating manu-
security issues, the shift away from conventional energy         facturers, and 95 percent of the intellectual property rights
toward clean energy has become an interesting strategic          for solar thermal technologies used in China are domesti-
option for China.                                                cally owned. In 2006, the domestic production capacity
	 Exploration for the use of renewable energy technolo-          stood at 6 million m2, but the domestic market lags behind
gies in China began in the 1980s, but government support         this capacity—the excess production is currently exported
for these options did not officially begin until the 8th Five-   to Europe and Southeast Asia. China has recently devel-
Year Plan in 1991. In the late 1990s, China launched its         oped national testing centers and a national certification


2	                                                U.S. Department of Commerce | International Trade Administration
center for SWH technologies based on international best           the lowest EE level. Operational efficiency for end-use
practices, and this has led to improved product quality           equipment in China is generally 20 percent lower than
and domestic consumer confidence. Building integrated             the international average for advanced countries, which is
SWHs is in the early stages. Low aesthetic quality and lack       mainly due to obsolete and poorly maintained production
of support from building developers remain challenges for         equipment. Nonetheless, the 11th Five-Year Plan includes
the industry.                                                     an ambitious target to decrease energy intensity by 20 per-
	 China has a vast bioenergy potential with recent aver-          cent through 2010, which is being pursued through 10 key
age biomass resource utilization above 500 million tons of        government programs. The challenges facing increased EE
coal equivalent (tce). The majority of the resource potential     include a lack of expertise in demand-side management
comes from wood (300 million tce), followed by straw and          and energy-auditing services and a lack of capacity for in-
stalk resources (150 million tce), waste water (57 million        novative high-efficiency technology development.
tce), and urban garbage (23 million tce). The key technolo-       	 Co-generation, or combined heat and power (CHP),
gies for biomass include combined heat and power com-             remained the major heat supply source in China until
bustion (CHP), biogas, landfill, and other waste gasification.    recently, covering 82 percent of total heat demand and
In 2006, power production from CHP amounted to 1.7 GW;            27 percent of the total water heating demand in 2004.
biogas amounted to 500 megawatts (MW) minus rural use;            Mixed political signals from the provincial and central
and 30 MW was produced from landfill and other gasifica-          government, as well as sustained growth of coal utiliza-
tion. Biogas development is backed by the central govern-         tion and inconsistent electricity tariff increases, have
ment through strong fiscal incentives as well as investment       caused 90 percent of China’s domestic CHP opera-
subsidies. By the end of 2006, 17 million household biogas        tors to take heavy losses over the last five years. The
digesters, 140,000 municipal waste treatment facilities, and      situation is similar for foreign operators. In fact, CHP
4,000 industry sewage biogas facilities providing 1.9 million     installations make up almost 50 percent of the power
cubic meters (m3) of biogas per year had been installed.          plants closed since the beginning of 2007. Nonetheless,
It is estimated that the current biogas potential in China        co-generation was identified as an important energy
from industry could be used to generate 3.8 GW of base            conservation technology for reducing coal consump-
load electricity with 23 terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity      tion in the 11th Five-Year Plan, with ambitious targets
potential by 2010. The estimate is considerably higher for        set for its development.
2020 projections.                                                 	 China has been actively involved in the demonstration
	 Compared to biogas, liquid biofuel technology de-               and development of large-scale clean transportation tech-
velopment is still in an early stage. China has important         nologies since the launch of the “Clean Vehicles Action”
bioethanol potential based on sugarcane, cassava, corn,           Program in 1999. Gas-powered vehicles (GPVs) are now in
and broomcorn cultures. The 10th Five-Year Plan saw the           operation, and those on the market are third-generation
beginning of a national program aimed at developing               products. As of end-2006, the GPV fleet numbered 265,000
technologies for making bioethanol from broomcorn and             vehicles. Compressed natural gas vehicles are rapidly
similar cellulose waste such as corn stalk. Biodiesel devel-      growing, with a fleet of 174,170 in 2006. Alcohol fuel
opment is also included in the 11th Five-Year Plan but is still   vehicles are found in the eastern portion of the country,
at the research stage. Its commercialization will depend on       and the planned production level for ethanol fuel was re-
production cost reductions and increased conversion rates.        cently set at about 1 million tons per year. There has been
	 The total potential for small hydropower (SHP) in               a considerable amount of government investment in fuel
China is estimated at 71.87 GW and is concentrated                cell technology research, and a demonstration program is
among more than 1,600 mountain counties in the middle             underway in Beijing for fuel cell bus commercialization.
and western regions. However, as of the end of 2004, only         Finally, electric vehicle technology is under development,
2.1 percent of the total potential had been developed in          but applications are still limited by low power capacity
western China, where the majority of the unelectrified            as well as high production costs. Nonetheless, there is a
poor are located. SHP is now one of the mature renewable          vibrant market for electric bicycles in China, with about 10
energy technologies in China, with a significant domestic         million units produced in 2005 alone.
manufacturing capacity and competitive export potential
in Asia. This is the result of strong fiscal support from the     Market Analysis
central government. By 2004, there were over 100 SHP              Projections for 2010 and 2020 from government planning
manufacturers in China, with an annual production ca-             documents indicate that the clean technology market
pacity of around 6.3 GW.                                          will increase to $186 billion (based on an exchange rate
                                                                  of $1 = 7.208 RMB) in 2010 and to $555 billion in 2020.
Energy Efficiency, Co-Generation, and Transportation              Policy objectives for the five key renewable energy (RE)
In general, production and operation energy efficiency            technologies are shown in Table A below. Market develop-
is low in China. Recently, energy efficiency (EE) has             ment for some renewable energy technologies has already
decreased due to the growing industry sector, which has           surpassed the targets established by the government,


Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China	                                                                                 3
such as wind; others like SWH, will easily reach the targets                   percent of the domestic manufacturers produce mono-
established if not overtake them. Although the domestic                        ingot. Two companies—Suntech and Ningbo Solar—
market for solar PV generation is not as developed as the                      dominated the market prior to 2006; in that year the size of
wind and SWH markets, plans have been made for the                             the market grew with new companies entering the scene.
construction of large-scale on-grid PV and concentrated                        In total, there are over 3,500 SWH system manufacturers
solar power plants in desert areas of Inner Mongolia,                          in China, the top ten of which are able to provide high-
Gansu, and Xinjiang provinces. Two government-led roof-                        quality products and good after-sales services. Small
top PV programs will also stimulate the PV market.                             hydropower technologies are mature in China, with over
	 The targets for co-generation are equally ambitious.                         100 manufacturers. Finally, as a result of energy efficiency
Based on the installed production capacity and the cur-                        policy and goals set forth in the 11th Five-Year Plan, the
rent 6.5 percent average annual growth for CHP genera-                         energy efficiency market is booming as numerous com-
tion in China, the total CHP generation capacity will                          panies and organizations have developed operations in
reach 47 GW in 2010 and 87.5 GW in 2020, corresponding                         various fields.
respectively to 37 percent and 68.5 percent of the total                       	 The largest market drivers for energy demand are
CHP potential.                                                                 urbanization and economic growth, the latter of which
	 The current cost of investment in wind energy is                             is a direct result of the country’s booming and energy-
in the range of $1,110–1,387/kW. It is expected that                           intensive industrial exports. In 2006, according to China’s
with increasing domestic manufacturing capacity and                            National Bureau of Statistics, China’s gross domestic prod-
technology transfer, the investment costs can be brought                       uct (GDP) increased by 10.7 percent, while the primary
down to the range of $832–971/kWh by 2010. Similarly,                          domestic energy consumption rose by 8.4 percent. Not
significant future cost reductions are expected for solar                      surprisingly, China is dependent increasingly on energy
PV. Other technologies, however, have less scope for cost                      imports to keep up with the demand.
reduction as these are already fairly mature in China and                      	 Dependence on costly imports, and the related issue
worldwide.                                                                     of energy security, represents another market driver. Oil
	 In China, there are currently over 80 wind turbine gen-                      imports alone reached 169 million tons in 2006, and the
erator manufacturers and 200 wind developers. Domestic                         dependence on exports accounted for 47 percent of the oil
companies occupy over 75 percent of the market. China’s                        balance. Environmental concerns are an additional market
solar industry has matured in recent years, with booming                       driver, specifically in response to the high polluting Chinese
investments providing an important opportunity. Over 80                        coal industry. The International Energy Agency (IEA)
                                                                               concluded that China overtook the United States as the
 Table A. Policy Objectives for Key RE Technologies.                           world’s biggest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitter in 2007. The
                                                                               World Bank estimates the total cost of air and water pollu-
                                         Objectives         Objectives         tion in China is roughly $50.22 billion, or about 2.68 percent
       RE           Utilization
                                          by 2010            by 2020           of GDP. Acid rain is estimated to cost $4.16 billion in crop
                                                                               damage and $138.73 million in material damage annually.
 Hydropower         Large scale          140 GW             225 GW
                                                                               Moreover, about 54 percent of surface water resources in
                    Small scale          50 GW              75 GW              China have been deemed unsafe for human consumption.
                                                                               The Chinese Government considers these issues to be very
 Bioenergy          Generation           5.5 GW             30 GW
                                                                               serious, and the ambitious targets, state investment, and
                    Solid biofuel        10 bil. tons       50 bil. tons       policy seen in recent years can be considered an important
                    Biogas               19 bil. m3         44 bil. m3
                                                                               result of the country’s high priority on sustainable (and
                                                                               sustained) development.
                    Bioethanol           2 mil. tons        10 mil. tons

                    Biodiesel            0.2 mil. tons      2 mil. tons        Energy Policy
                                                                               The development of a more robust clean energy policy
 Wind               Generation           5 GW               30 GW              is accelerating in response to China’s mounting energy
                    On-grid solar                                              pressures. The strategic position of renewable energy was
 Solar *                                 150 MW             1.5 GW
                    PV                                                         confirmed with the passage of the Renewable Energy
                    Off-grid solar                                             Law (REL), which was approved by the National People’s
                                         150 MW             0.3 GW
                    PV                                                         Congress in February 2005 and took effect on January 1,
                    Solar thermal        150 mil. m2        300 mil. m2        2006. The REL is a framework law that creates targets for
                                                                               renewable energy development and stipulates a number
 Geothermal                              4 mil. tce         12 mil. tce        of broadly defined instruments to reach these targets. The
 NDRC, 2006 Mid- and Long-term Renewable Energy Development Plan.              targets are shown above in Table A; the overall renewable
 * Total solar PV installation includes both on-grid and off-grid generation   energy target as a percentage of energy consumption is 10
 capacity.
                                                                               percent by 2010 and 15 percent by 2020. The REL mandates


4	                                                             U.S. Department of Commerce | International Trade Administration
the establishment of priority grid access for renewable elec-    Analysts anticipate that the Energy Law will be enacted in the
tricity generators, a feed-in tariff for renewable electricity   years to come. In the meantime, the National Energy Bureau
delivered to the grid, a national and regional cost-sharing      under the National Development and Reform Commission
mechanism for renewable energy subsidies, a special fund         will continue to administer energy policy.
for renewable energy, and favorable loan conditions and tax
treatment for renewable energy.                                  Opportunities for U.S. Clean Technology Firms in China
	 The successful implementation of the REL depends on            The opportunities for U.S firms entering the Chinese clean
its implementation regulations, which further elaborate          energy market have grown tremendously during recent
upon the policy instruments defined in the REL. Ten such         years. The development of a market economy, increasing
regulations have been issued so far, including the Mid-and       concerns about energy security, and the mounting envi-
Long-term Renewable Energy Development Plan, which               ronmental pressures have all incentivized clean technolo-
stipulates that renewable energy utilization should reach        gies and facilitated their entry into the market. Yet the
300 million tce by 2010 and 600 million tce by 2020. An-         rapidly growing government push and resulting market
other is the Guidance Catalogue of the Renewable Energy          pull for clean energy development presents special chal-
Industry, which was released by the National Develop-            lenges for China due to the technological requirements
ment and Reform Commission (NDRC) in November                    necessary to reach the aggressive government goals. The
2006 and aims to guide provincial decision-making on the         commercial market for clean energy technologies in China
direction for technological research and innovation and          at this time should be considered embryonic at best. As
renewable energy investment. Finally, a special fund for         the demand for clean energy technology increases, it can
renewable energy development supports the key fields of          be expected that there will be an increasing demand for
fossil fuel alternatives, building heating and cooling, and      proven, high-quality products and services—which pro-
renewable energy electricity generation through no-inter-        vides an opening in the market for qualified international
est and discount loans. An application guidebook for the         companies with sustainable business operations.
funds is drafted annually and published by the NDRC and          	 To fulfill the objective of a 20 percent decrease in en-
the financial department of the State Council.                   ergy intensity by 2010 (relative to 2000 levels), the Chinese
	 China’s new Energy Conservation (EC) Law was ap-               Government has recognized that major developments in
proved by the 10th State Congress on October 28, 2007,           technology and energy management must be achieved
and entered into effect on April 1, 2008. The Law identifies     across industrial, commercial, and residential sectors.
key policy instruments, which includes setting targets,          According to China’s Energy Research Institute, the
developing procedures for product standardization                investment potential for energy efficiency in China from
and efficiency labeling, and establishing incentives for         2007 to 2010 will be about $120–160 billion. In general,
EC technologies, as well as demand-side management               there is a lack of expertise in China in energy efficiency
including preferential tax policies and subsidy funds.           technologies and innovation, energy auditing, and energy
Indeed, many preferential tax policies have been imple-          management. Areas such as operation and maintenance
mented to support clean energy research, development,            for renewable energy (RE) generation, energy auditing
and production. For example, since 2001 waste-to-energy          and advisory services, consulting on energy management
projects have been value-added tax (VAT) exempt, and             and RE integration, and standard energy services are all
a 50 percent VAT discount applies for the use of energy-         potentially profitable business opportunities.
saving materials in buildings, for wind power projects, and      	 Technological needs in the clean energy industry
for coal bed methane projects.                                   include remote monitoring and control systems for wind
	 A draft of China’s integrated Energy Law was recently          farms, technology for large-scale wind turbines (over 2
published. The forthcoming law provides a framework law          MW), and software for resource assessment and grid in-
for overall national energy development and will include         tegration. In solar power, opportunities include aesthetic
guiding principles for legislation on energy structure, energy   building integration for SWHs, improved technology in
efficiency, energy security, energy development and utiliza-     thin film, interface technology for building-integrated PV
tion, and energy and environmental coordination. One of          and for power plants, and high-quality converters. In bio-
the most important changes in the new Energy Law is the          energy, needs include research and development (RD)
proposed establishment of an Energy Ministry directly under      on the production of ethanol from cellulosic feedstock,
the State Council. The Energy Ministry would be responsible      high-efficient fermentation technology for higher biogas
for overseeing energy management in China, including             yield, demonstration of new building material and tech-
monitoring energy-intensive exports, approving energy and        nology for digester construction and biogas storage, and
mining activities, promoting energy efficiency and inter-re-     biogas processing for feed-in to the natural gas grid.
gional energy infrastructure, and establishing market-driven
price mechanisms as well as incentive policies. The law also     Barriers for U.S. Firms
mandates that a 20–30 year energy strategy will be developed     Despite the significant opportunities that the Chinese
every five years, along with five-year energy plans. Industry    clean energy technology market presents, important


Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China	                                                                                  5
barriers need to be carefully considered in developing
business in China. These include lack of a transparent and
consistent body of laws and regulations, lack of a super-
visory mechanism for renewable energy implementation,
customs regulations and a phasing out of favorable tariffs
for foreign investment, and restrictions on foreign direct
investment that include biofuels manufacturing. Lack of
transparency in government procurement, including in-
stances of corruption, can also present challenges as well
as intellectual property rights and contract enforcement.
Finally, other considerations like understanding Chinese
business culture, identifying local partners, and building
good government relationships are also important non-
policy related barriers that must be considered.

Conclusion
In summary, China presents both unprecedented op-
portunities and challenges for clean energy technolo-
gies, due to the sheer scale of the market, the demand,
and the projected future energy scenario. Over the
last decade, China faced serious difficulties related to
energy shortages and heavy pollution, both of which
have been brought on by rapid economic development.
In response, the government of China has actively pro-
moted the development and deployment of renewable
energy with ambitious policies and targets.
	 China will likely be a major net exporter of renewable
energy equipment in the near term, as the country pro-
duces far more equipment than it can install domestically.
However, as the demand for higher product quality and
after-sales service increases, and as Chinese consumers
become more conscious of efficiency and environmental
concerns, this situation is likely to change. The Renew-
able Energy Law (REL) has already had a major impact
on accelerating China’s clean energy market and resulted
in an increase of new renewable energy projects, particu-
larly in the areas of wind, solar, and biomass. Ambitious
targets are included in the REL for the next 10–15 years,
which, when paired with the industry outlook, are likely
to be even higher. Therefore, U.S. firms should anticipate
a growing demand for proven, high-quality products and
services in key areas such as energy service companies,
energy efficiency auditing, wind farm operation and man-
agement, technological innovation of large-scale turbines,
aesthetic building integration of SWHs, and improved
thin-film PV technology.




6	                                             U.S. Department of Commerce | International Trade Administration
Introduction

n 	 Purpose                                                       International Institutions
                                                                  Asian Development Bank;
                                                                4	
The report’s objectives are twofold: (1) to analyze the clean     World Bank;
                                                                4	
energy markets in China and (2) to identify opportunities         International Energy Agency.
                                                                4	
for trade and investment through 2020.
                                                                  T
                                                                   rade, Industry, and Sector Associations;
                                                                  Business Counsels
n 	 Approach
                                                                  Interviews conducted with key trade associations,
                                                                4	
The report provides the following:                                including the Chinese Renewable Energy Industries As-
                                                                  sociation (CREIA)
4	 analysis of the existing infrastructure of clean
  An                                                              Documents from the American Council on Renewable
                                                                4	
  energy technologies and market opportunities in China           Energy (ACORE).
  through 2020. This includes market forecasts, market
  drivers, cost data, and market segment analysis.                T
                                                                   ransmission and Distribution Agencies,
4	review of government policies for clean energy devel-          Manufacturers, Generators
  opment in China.                                                Annual Reports from various industry leaders operating
                                                                4	
4	detailed analysis of barriers and obstacles to clean           in China;
  energy technologies trade and investment in China.              Annual Reports of major electricity generators in China.
                                                                4	
4	definition of clean energy technologies for China.
  review of resources available to U.S. businesses that wish
4	
                                                                n 	 Organization of the Report
  to engage in clean energy trade and investment in China.
                                                                The remainder of this report is organized as follows:
n 	 Methodology
                                                                  Section 1 provides a market overview for China.
                                                                4	
Both primary and secondary data sources were used in              This chapter includes information on China’s overall
the preparation of this report. These included:                   energy status, both current and projected; a market
                                                                  overview; identification of clean energy policies; trade
  China Resources                                                 and investment opportunities for U.S. firms; and barriers
  Annual reports from relevant ministries at the national
4	                                                               to clean energy market entry, development, and com-
  level and, where available, at the provincial levels;           mercialization. The chapter also includes annexes on
  List of relevant agencies, areas of operation, and
4	                                                               Chinese policy-makers with authority over clean energy
  contact details;                                                technologies and information on the renewable energy
  Policy documents (e.g., China’s Renewable Energy
4	                                                               industry in China.
  Promotion Law 2006 China’s Guidance Catalogue of Re-            Section 2 provides a definition of clean energy
                                                                4	
  newable Energy Industry) as well as documents stating           technologies addressed in the report. This chapter
  quotas, tax requirements, procurement requirements,             includes energy efficiency, distributed generation, com-
  foreign investment policy, and master plans for technol-        bined heat and power, wind, solar photovoltaics, solar
  ogy development in different sectors;                           thermal, small hydropower, biomass, biofuels, waste-to-
  Statistical documents containing installed capacity,
4	                                                               energy, geothermal, and ocean energy technologies.
  energy balance, consumption, etc.;                              Appendix A provides a compendium of trade and
                                                                4	
  Five-Year Plans and ministerial long-term development
4	                                                               investment resources for U.S. clean technology
  plans; Annual Reports of relevant corporations;                 firms. Contact information for individual organizations
  Data related to financial markets in China.
4	                                                               is also included.
                                                                  Appendix B provides a directory of sustainable energy-
                                                                4	
  U.S. Government Sources                                         financing sources. This directory is synthesized from the
  U.S. Department of Commerce;
4	                                                               on-line resource available at www.sef-directory.net/, which
4	 Department of Energy, including the National Re-
  U.S.                                                            is maintained by the Sustainable Energy Finance Initia-
  newable Energy Laboratory, Energy Information Agency,           tive, a joint initiative of the United Nations Environment
  and Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy;           Program and the Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy.
4	 Trade and Development Administration;
  U.S.
  Export–Import Bank of the United States;
4	
  Asia–Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate.
4	


Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China	                                                                                7
Lake
                                                                                 RUSSIA                                      Baikal




         KAZAKHSTAN
                                                                                                                                                                                    Hailar
                                 Lake                                                                                                                                                                               Heilongjiang
                               Balkhash                                                                                                                                                                   Qiqihar
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Harbin

                                                             Karamay                                         MONGOLIA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Changchun
                                            Kulja
                                                                                                                                                                          Nei Mongol                                 Jilin
                                                                       Urumqi
           KYRGYZSTAN                                                                                                                                                                                        Shenyang

                                                                                                                                                                                                       Liaoning
                                                                                                                                                                          Hebei                                       NORTH
                   Kashgar                     Xinjiang                                                                                                                                                               KOREA
                                                                                                                                                  Hohhot              Beijing
 AFG.                                                                                                                                                                                         Dalian
                                                                                                    Yumen
                                                                                                                                                                          Tianjin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   SOUTH
 PAK.                                                                                                                                                      Taiyuan      Shijiazhuang                                               KOREA
                                                                                                                                     Yinchuan                                                   Yantai
                                                                                                                           Ningxia                                                        Qingdao
                                                                                      Golmud                                                            Shanxi                   Jinan
                                                                                                                Xining
                                                                                                                         Lanzhou                                                Shandong                          Yellow
                                                                                          Qinghai
                                                                                                                                                                                             Jiangsu
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Sea
                                                                                                                         Gansu                                  Zhengzhou
                        Shiqunhe                                                                                                         Xi'an
                                                                                                                                                                Henan            Anhui
                                                                                                                                        Shaanxi                                       Nanjing
                                                    Xizang                                                                                                                                         Shanghai
                                                                                                                                                                                    Hefei
                                                                                                                         Sichuan                          Hubei                              Hangzhou
                                                                                                                                                                  Wuhan
                                                                         Lhasa                                   Chengdu
                                                                                                                                 Chongqing                                                             Zhejiang
                                                                                                                                                                                 Nanchang
                                 NEPAL                                                                                                                                                                                       East China
                                                                                                                                                         Changsha                                                               Sea
                                                                                                                                                                                Jiangxi
                                                               BHUTAN                                                                                      Hunan
                                                                                                                                       Guizhou                                                  Fuzhou
                        INDIA                                                                                                 Guiyang                                                         Fujian
                                                                                                                                                                                          Xiamen
                                                             BANGLADESH                                      Kunming
                                                                                                                                                                       Guangdong                                       Taiwan
                                                                                                                                             Guangxi                 Guangzhou
                                                                                                             Yunnan


                   China
                                                                                                                                             Nanning
                                                                                                                                                                                    Hong Kong

                                                                                   MYANMAR                                VIETNAM
                       National Capital
           Xi'an       City
                                                                                                                LAOS                                   Haikou
                       International Boundary                    Bay of                                                                            Hainan
                       Provincial Boundary
                                                                 Bengal                                                                                                 South China
            Hunan      Province Name
                                                                                                                                                                            Sea
                       Disputed Boundary

                             500 km                                                                         THAILAND
                                                                                                                                                                                                  PHILIPPINES
     0                                    500 Miles
                                                                                                                         CAMBODIA




8	                                                                                            U.S. Department of Commerce | International Trade Administration
Section 1: China

n 	 Chapter 1: China’s Energy Status
Since the start of China’s open-door and reform policies in          7.7 percent of the total energy consumption in China, as
1978, China has experienced consistent economic growth               shown in Figure 1.3.
on the order of 9.5 percent per year.1 During that time,             	 Coal is China’s predominant energy source. In 2005,
energy demand grew roughly 5 percent per year, but has               coal accounted for 69 percent of China’s total energy
grown significantly more than that in the last seven years.2         consumption, but domestic coal production is no longer
Historically, China’s industrial development was labor-              sufficient to meet China’s increasing demand. China be-
intensive and heavily dependent on manufacturing with                came a net coal importer for the first time in 2007. In 2030,
relatively low energy intensity, but since 2001, China has           net imports are expected to reach 3 percent of China’s coal
seen a surge in energy-intensive heavy industry.                     demand and 7 percent of global coal trade.8
                                                                     	 China’s oil balance deficit has been increasing rapidly for
Energy Supply and Demand                                             more than a decade. The country became a net importer of
At the beginning of the new millennium, both the Chinese             petroleum in 1993. In 2006, China imported 3.7 million bar-
Government and the International Energy Agency (IEA)                 rels of oil per day (mb/d); nearly half its domestic petroleum
predicted a 3–4 percent growth in energy demand for China            consumption (see Figure 1.4 below). Such a trend is likely
between 2000 and 2010. These scenarios were based on ex-
pectations of a structural shift away from heavy industry and        Figure 1.1: China Energy Consumption in the Future (mToe)
toward light industry, as well as a projected economic growth                                             4000
rate of 7–8 percent.3 These forecasts reflected trends in energy
                                                                   (millions of tons of oil equivalent)
                                                                                                          3500
consumption from around the year 2000 and were estab-                                                                                                                      CHINA

lished following the scaling back of the centrally orchestrated                                           3000
                                                                            Energy Demand


conglomerate-building ambitions in China that followed                                                    2500
the Asian financial crisis.4 They also reflected a continuous                                                                            US

increase in energy intensity efficiency since 1978.                                                       2000                                              EU

	 However, the shift away from heavy industry failed to                                                   1500
materialize and the trend toward greater energy efficiency
                                                                                                          1000
reversed around 2002. As a result, according to China’s                                                                                                            INDIA
                                                                                                                                                                               JAPAN
National Bureau of Statistics, the rate of increase for energy                                              500
consumption in China currently stands at 9.3 percent.5
                                                                                                               0
The most recent IEA forecast predicts that China’s average                                                                  1990              2005               2015               2030
increase in energy consumption will be up to 3.2 percent
per year from 2005 to 2030 with a 5.1 percent annual growth                                                                                            Year
rate from 2005 to 2015 (see Figure 1.1 below). In compari-           Source: World Energy Outlook 2007, IEA
son, the Chinese Government’s new forecast for the average
annual growth in energy consumption is 4 percent.6 These
new scenarios are based on the expectation that China’s            Figure 1.2: Primary Energy Demand by Region
heavy-industry sector will continue to expand and depend
on the stability of the national energy policy environment.                                               OECD Europe                                              0.5%
                                                                                  OECD North America                                                                                        1.0%
	 Currently, China is the world’s second-largest energy
                                                                                                           OECD Pacific                          0.9%
consumer after the United States. According to recent
                                                                               Transition economies                                                   1.1%
scenarios from the IEA, China will surpass the United
                                                                                                                   China                                                                    3.2%
States as the largest energy consumer soon after 2010.
                                                                                                                   India                             3.6%
China’s energy demand will rise from 1,742 million tons
                                                                     Rest of developing Asia                                                         2.3%
of oil equivalent (mToe) in 2005 to 2,851 mToe in 2015
                                                                                                          Latin America                   2.3%
and 3,819 mToe in 2030.7 Such an increase will signifi-
                                                                                                            Middle East                       2.9%
cantly affect international energy consumption patterns,
                                                                                                                   Africa                     1.8%
as shown in Figure 1.2.
	 Although China’s energy resources are substantial, the                                                                    0      500   1000    1500       2000    2500     3000    3500     4000

country’s self-sufficiency is decreasing. Since 2004, China’s                                                                   2005          2030      % annual average growth rate
overall energy demand has grown much faster than the               Source: International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2007: China
domestic output. In 2005, foreign supply accounted for             and India Insights (Paris, France: OCED/IEA, 2007).



Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China	                                                                                                                                         9
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Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China
Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China
Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China
Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China

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Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China

  • 1. U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China The International Trade Administration’s mission is to create prosperity by strengtheningthecompetitivenessofU.S.industry,promotingtradeandinvest- ment, and ensuringfairtrade and compliance withtrade lawsand agreements. Market Access and Compliance 1401 Constitution Ave., NW Washington, DC 20230 T 202.482.3022 F 202.482.5444 www.trade.gov
  • 2. Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China by Energy and Security Group Reston, VA 20190 for U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration http://trade.gov under contract number DG1350-07-SE-4516 ESG104 ITA Release Date: July 2008
  • 4. Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Executive Summary 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Clean Energy Technology Defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 China: Energy Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Renewable Resources, Capacity, and Potential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Energy Efficiency, Co-Generation, and Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Market Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Energy Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Opportunities for U.S. Clean Tech Firms in China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Barriers for U.S. Firms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Introduction 7 Section 1: China 9 Chapter 1: China’s Energy Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Energy Supply and Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Current Status of Chinese Clean Energy Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Clean Transportation Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Chapter 2: Market Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Co-Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Clean Transportation Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Market Drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Chapter 3 Clean Energy Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Renewable Energy Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Energy Conservation Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Tax Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Government Procurement Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Standards and Quality System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Forthcoming Energy Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Chapter 4 Opportunities for U.S. Firms in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Need for High-quality Equipment, Products, and Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Energy Technology Development Opportunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Chapter 5 Investment and Financing of Clean Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Financing Sources for Clean Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Venture Capital and Private Equity Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Chapter 6 Barriers to Clean Energy Tech Trade and Investment for U.S. Firms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Legal and Regulatory Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Lack of Government Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China iii
  • 5. Low Awareness of Intercultural Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Relative Higher Product Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Government Procurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Contract Enforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Payment Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Annex 1. Major Market Players in China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Annex 2. Chinese Policy-makers with Authority over Clean Energy Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . 51 Annex 3. Guidance Catalogue of the Renewable Energy Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Section 2: Clean Energy Technologies Defined 63 Renewable Energy Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Biomass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Waste-to-Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Solar Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Wind Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Geothermal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Hydropower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Ocean Power Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Energy Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Hybrids and Co-generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Hybrid Power System Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Co-generation System Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Clean Transportation Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Appendix A. Resources for U.S. Firms 73 Appendix B. Sustainable Energy Finance Directory 80 Chapter Notes 103 iv U.S. Department of Commerce | International Trade Administration
  • 6. Abbreviations and Acronyms Acronyms DOC U.S. Department of Commerce DRCs provincial Development and Reform Commissions ABS asset-backed securities DSM demand-side management AC alternating current EC energy conservation ACEEE American Council for an Energy-efficient ECB external commercial borrowing Economy ECBC Energy Conservation Building Codes ACORE American Council on Renewable Energy ECO Energy Efficiency Commercialization Project ADB Asian Development Bank EE energy efficiency AEE Association of Energy Engineers EEB Bureau of Economic, Energy and Business Affairs AESP Association of Energy Services Professionals (United States) AFV alcohol fuel vehicle EEI energy efficiency indicator ALM asset liability management EERE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy APM administered pricing mechanism (United States) APP Asia–Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and EIB European Investment Bank Climate EJ exajoule AQSIQ Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, EMCO energy management contract and Quarantine EOU export-oriented unit ASE Alliance to Save Energy EPC equipment procurement and construction ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ERI Energy Research Institute ASTAE Asia Alternative and Sustainable Energy ESCO energy service company ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ETC evacuated tube collectors bcm billion cubic meters EV electric vehicle BIPV building-integrated photovoltaics EVA solid phase crystallization of evaporated silicon BOO build, own, operate Ex-Im Export–Import Bank of the United States BOOT build, own, operate, and transfer FAS Foreign Agricultural Service (United States) BOV battery-operated vehicle FDI foreign direct investment BPL below poverty line FI financial institution BT billion tons FPC flat plate collector CATARC China Automotive Technology and Research FYP Five-Year Plan Center GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade CCC China Compulsory Certification Mark GB Guojia Biaozhun CDM Clean Development Mechanism gce gram of coal equivalent CE European Conformity (French acronym) GDP gross domestic product CEC China Electricity Council GEF Global Environment Facility CER credits for emission reductions Gg gigagram CET clean energy technology GHG greenhouse gas CFL compact fluorescent lighting GNP gross national product CGC China General Certification Center GPV gas-powered vehicle CHCP combined heat, cooling, and power GRP glass fiber–reinforced plastic CH4 methane GW gigawatt CHP combined heat and power GWe gigawatt electric CLASP Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards GWp gigawatt peak Program HFC hydrofluorocarbon CNCA Certification and Accreditation Administration HIT heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer CNG compressed natural gas HT high-tension CO2 carbon dioxide IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Devel- CREIA Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association opment CSC China Standard Certification Center ICB international competitive bidding CWEA Chinese Wind Energy Association ICBC Industrial and Commercial Bank of China DC direct current IEA International Energy Agency DFI development financial institution IEC International Electrotechnical Commission DME di-methyl ether IFC International Finance Corporation Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China v
  • 7. IFI international financing institution NDRC National Development and Reform Commission IGCC integrated gasification combined cycle N2O nitrous oxide IIFCL India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited NOx nitrogen oxide INR Indian National Rupees NPC National People’s Congress IP intellectual property NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the U.S. IPA Indian Patent Act Department of Energy IPP independent power producer OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and IPR intellectual property rights Development IREDA Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency OFAC Office of Foreign Assets Control (United States) ITA U.S. International Trade Administration OGL open general license JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation O&M operation and maintenance JCF Japan Carbon Finance, Limited OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corporation (United JV joint venture States) kgce kilogram of coal equivalent PCF Prototype Carbon Fund kha kilohectare PDD Project Design Documentation KP Kyoto Protocol PE private equity kT kiloton PECVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition kV kilovolt PEMF Private Energy Market Fund LP kW kilowatt PEMFC proton exchange membrane fuel cell kWe kilowatt electric PHWR pressurized heavy water reactor kWh kilowatt hour PPA power purchase agreement kWp kilowatt peak PPP public–private partnership LC letter of credit PSU public–sector undertaking LED light-emitting diode PV photovoltaic LNG liquefied natural gas R&D research and development LOLP loss of load probability RE renewable energy LPG liquefied petroleum gas (Propane) REDP World Bank Renewable Energy Development M&A mergers and acquisitions Program mb/d millions of barrels per day REL Renewable Energy Law MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency REPS renewable energy portfolio standard MJ megajoule RMB Chinese Yuan Renmimbi MMSCM million standard cubic meter RPS reserve energy portfolio standard MOC Ministry of Construction RSPM respirable suspended particulate matter MOF Ministry of Finance SAC Standardization Administration of China MOFCOM Ministry of Commerce SAFE State Administration of Foreign Exchange MOFTEC Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Coop- SBA Small Business Administration (United States) eration SDDC Song Dian Dao Cun (China’s National Village Elec- MOST Ministry of Science and Technology trification Program) MSIHC Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous SDDX Song Dian Dao Xiang (China’s National Township Chemicals Electrification Program) mt million tons SEFI Sustainable Energy Finance Initiative MT magnetotelluric SEK Svensk Exportkredit mToe million tons of oil equivalent SEPA State Environment Protection Administration MU million units S/F JV Sino-Foreign Joint Venture MW megawatt SHP small hydropower MWe megawatt electric SHS solar home system MWeq megawatt equivalent SI solar ingot MWp megawatt peak SICLIP Swedish International Climate Investment Pro- NAESCO National Association of Energy Service Compa- gram nies SME small and medium enterprise NB national competitive bidding SO2 sulphur dioxide NBSC International Center of National Bureau of Statis- SOE state-owned enterprise tics of China SPV solar PV NCCCC National Coordination Committee on Climate SWH solar water heating Change TC-88 Technical Committee 88 of the IEC NCE non-conventional energy tce tons of coal equivalent vi U.S. Department of Commerce | International Trade Administration
  • 8. T&D transmission and distribution TEDA Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (India) TERI Tata Energy Research Institute toe tons of oil equivalent TPES total primary energy supply TRIPS Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TüV Technische Überwachungsvereine (Germany stan- dards/testing company) TWh terrawatt hour UCP Unified Customs and Practice UL Underwriters Laboratories UNDP United Nations Development Program UNICITRAL United Nations Commission on Interna- tional Trade UPS uninterruptible power supply URIF Urban Reform Incentive Fund USAID U.S. Agency for International Development USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USDOC U.S. Department of Commerce USDOE U.S. Department of Energy USTDA U.S. Trade and Development Agency USTR U.S. Trade Representative VAT value-added tax VER Verified Emission Reduction VSD variable-speed drive W watt WEEA World Energy Efficiency Association WOFE wholly-owned foreign enterprise Wp watt peak WTG wind turbine generator WTO World Trade Organization Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China vii
  • 10. Executive Summary n Introduction This report is intended as a clean energy technology technology converts energy from a waste source, such as a market overview for China, with two primary objectives: city’s municipal waste system, farms, and other agricultural (1) to analyze the clean energy markets in China and (2) operations, or waste from commercial and industrial opera- to identify opportunities for trade and investment through tions. Large-scale waste-to-energy systems can supply heat 2020. The report provides the following: or electricity in utility-based electric power plants or district heating systems. Small-scale systems can provide heating analysis of the existing infrastructure of clean energy 4 or cooking fuel and electricity to individual farms, homes, technologies and market opportunities in China and businesses. through 2020 including market forecasts, market driv- Solar technologies convert light and heat from ers, cost data, and market segment analysis. the sun into useful energy. Photovoltaic (PV) systems review of government policies for clean energy devel- 4 convert sunlight into electricity, and thermal systems opment in China. collect and store solar heat for air and water heating detailed analysis of barriers and obstacles to clean 4 applications. Wind power technology converts energy energy technologies trade and investment in China. in the wind into useful power; the primary market for definition of clean energy technologies for China. 4 wind power technology is for wind turbines, which review of resources available to U.S. businesses that wish 4 convert wind energy into electricity. Geothermal power to enter Chinese clean energy markets. is generated using thermal energy from underground sources, including steam, hot water, and heat stored in After a short introduction, Section 1 addresses clean rock formations; various technologies are used to gener- energy technologies for China, including information on ate electricity. Hydropower is the conversion of energy China’s overall energy status, both current and projected; embodied in moving water into useful power. Today, a market overview; identification of clean energy policies; hydropower supplies about 19 percent of the world’s trade and investment opportunities for U.S. firms; and electricity. Finally, ocean power – sometimes referred to barriers to clean energy market entry, development, and as tidal – technology makes use of energy in the ocean by commercialization. This chapter also includes annexes on converting it into electricity Chinese policy-makers with authority over clean energy Hybrid and co-generation power systems take advan- technologies and information on the renewable energy tage of the benefits of multiple technologies in a single, industry in China. Section 2 provides definitions of the integrated system for power generation. Renewable-based clean energy technologies addressed in the report. hybrid power systems use combinations of wind turbines, PV panels, and small hydropower generators to generate electricity. Hybrid power systems typically include a diesel n Clean Energy Technology Defined or other fuel-based generator (including biofuels) and Clean energy technologies include renewable energy, may include batteries or other storage technology. hybrid and co-generation, and energy efficiency technolo- Co-generation systems, also called combined heat gies for power generation; alternative fuels; and advanced and power (CHP) systems, generate both electricity technologies for transportation. They produce power and useful heat. Conventional fossil-fuel-based electric for a wide range of applications using no fuel or less fuel power plants generate heat as a byproduct that is emit- than fossil-fuel-based technologies, produce no or fewer ted into the environment; co-generation power plants pollutants than conventional technologies and can use collect this heat for use in thermal applications, thereby renewable energy sources, which, unlike fossil fuels, are converting a higher percentage of the energy in the not depleted over time. The renewable energy technolo- fuel into useful energy. The most efficient conventional gies considered in this report are biomass and biofuels, power plants have a typical fuel-to-electricity conver- waste-to-energy, solar power, wind power, geothermal, sion factor of about 50 percent, while co-generation hydropower, and ocean power. plants can achieve efficiencies of over 75 percent. Biomass consists of plant and plant-derived material. Examples of thermal loads that can be served by a Sources include agricultural residues such as rice hulls, co-generation plant are: district heating systems that straw, bagasse from sugarcane production, wood chips, provide heat for towns and neighborhoods; industrial and coconut shells and energy crops such as sugarcane processes that require heat, such as paper mills; institu- or switch grass. Biomass can be used directly for energy tions such as prisons and hospitals; and wastewater production or processed into fuels. Waste-to-energy treatment plants. Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China 1
  • 11. Energy efficiency (EE) involves replacing existing ambitious rural electrification program, which has helped technologies and processes with new ones that provide China’s renewable energy consumption increase to 7.5 equivalent or better service using less energy. EE results percent of the country’s total primary energy consumption in energy savings at the time that the energy service is as of 2005. However, although the markets for hydropower provided. Energy service providers can also use load and solar water heating technologies are mature, the use management to change the time that an energy service and development of most other renewable energies has is delivered in order to reduce peak loads on an energy lagged because of high investment costs, specific primary distribution system. Demand-side management uses both resource shortages, dependence on foreign technology, load management and EE to save the amount of primary and small-scale production. energy required to deliver the energy service. Almost half a billion vehicles on the world’s roads Renewable Resources, Capacity, and Potential contribute to half of the global oil consumption and gen- China has a large untapped potential for wind energy, erate about 20 percent of the world’s greenhouse gases, perhaps as high as 750 gigawatts (GW) of potentially including carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, and particu- utilizable onshore resources (250–300 GW of which are lates. Transportation technologies can help address these considered commercially feasible) and over 1,000 GW of issues through the use of alternative fuels and advanced offshore resources. In recent years, Chinese wind genera- technologies. Alternative fuels for transportation include tion technology has matured with the help of technology biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and propane. Advanced transfer from foreign countries and a national conces- vehicle technologies include electric vehicles and hybrid sion policy that stipulates 70 percent of wind turbines electric vehicles, which offer air pollution improvements in developer tenders must be sourced from domestic over average fossil fuel vehicles. Finally, mobile idle reduc- manufacturers—which has helped the domestic industry tion systems and diesel engine retrofits can reduce the substantially. Still, as of 2006, China’s total installed wind emissions of heavy-duty vehicles. power generation capacity was only 2.6 GW, indicating substantial growth opportunities going forward. The resource potential for solar power in China is equal- n China: Energy Overview ly promising. China receives the equivalent energy potential Since the start of the open-door and reform policies of 1.7 trillion tons of coal in the form of solar radiation. By in 1978, China has experienced consistent economic the end of 2006, the cumulative installed capacity of solar growth on the order of 9.5 percent per year. While on cells in China had reached 80 megawatts peaks (MWp), average energy demand grew at about 5 percent per year with rural electrification, communications, and industry prior to 2001, the past seven years have seen a tremen- accounting for the majority of the market share. Currently, dous surge in energy-intensive heavy industries, which China is the third-largest PV panel manufacturing country has dramatically accelerated energy demand. According in the world behind Germany and Japan, developing 370 to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, China’s cur- MWp of solar PV cell modules in 2006 – however, only 10 rent energy consumption increase stands at a rate of 9.3 MWp were consumed domestically. Consequently, solar percent, and this rapid growth is expected to continue. power production remains much lower than actual capac- In fact, China is predicted to surpass the United States as ity. While policy support and government subsidy programs the largest energy consumer soon after 2010. can be credited with 46.2 percent of China’s developed Although China’s energy resources are substantial, capacity, high investment costs, undefined feed-in tariffs, the country’s self-sufficiency is decreasing as the overall and the lack of fiscal incentives means a significant on-grid energy demand has grown much faster than its domestic solar PV market has yet to materialize. output. In 2005, foreign supply accounted for 7.7 percent Solar thermal energy for water heating is one of the of the total energy consumption in China, and in 2007 most advanced renewable energy technologies in China the country became a net coal importer for the first time. with a mature commercial domestic market. China has China has become increasingly dependent on oil imports a cumulative installed capacity of solar water heaters and liquid natural gas imports, the latter of which were (SWHs) that surpasses 90 million square meters (m2) of seen for the first time in 2006. Coal is China’s predominant collector area—roughly 60 percent of the world’s total. In energy source; however, with the rapid increase in energy fact, nearly one in ten Chinese households owns an SWH. demand and the urgency of energy and environmental Notably, China has over 1,000 solar water heating manu- security issues, the shift away from conventional energy facturers, and 95 percent of the intellectual property rights toward clean energy has become an interesting strategic for solar thermal technologies used in China are domesti- option for China. cally owned. In 2006, the domestic production capacity Exploration for the use of renewable energy technolo- stood at 6 million m2, but the domestic market lags behind gies in China began in the 1980s, but government support this capacity—the excess production is currently exported for these options did not officially begin until the 8th Five- to Europe and Southeast Asia. China has recently devel- Year Plan in 1991. In the late 1990s, China launched its oped national testing centers and a national certification 2 U.S. Department of Commerce | International Trade Administration
  • 12. center for SWH technologies based on international best the lowest EE level. Operational efficiency for end-use practices, and this has led to improved product quality equipment in China is generally 20 percent lower than and domestic consumer confidence. Building integrated the international average for advanced countries, which is SWHs is in the early stages. Low aesthetic quality and lack mainly due to obsolete and poorly maintained production of support from building developers remain challenges for equipment. Nonetheless, the 11th Five-Year Plan includes the industry. an ambitious target to decrease energy intensity by 20 per- China has a vast bioenergy potential with recent aver- cent through 2010, which is being pursued through 10 key age biomass resource utilization above 500 million tons of government programs. The challenges facing increased EE coal equivalent (tce). The majority of the resource potential include a lack of expertise in demand-side management comes from wood (300 million tce), followed by straw and and energy-auditing services and a lack of capacity for in- stalk resources (150 million tce), waste water (57 million novative high-efficiency technology development. tce), and urban garbage (23 million tce). The key technolo- Co-generation, or combined heat and power (CHP), gies for biomass include combined heat and power com- remained the major heat supply source in China until bustion (CHP), biogas, landfill, and other waste gasification. recently, covering 82 percent of total heat demand and In 2006, power production from CHP amounted to 1.7 GW; 27 percent of the total water heating demand in 2004. biogas amounted to 500 megawatts (MW) minus rural use; Mixed political signals from the provincial and central and 30 MW was produced from landfill and other gasifica- government, as well as sustained growth of coal utiliza- tion. Biogas development is backed by the central govern- tion and inconsistent electricity tariff increases, have ment through strong fiscal incentives as well as investment caused 90 percent of China’s domestic CHP opera- subsidies. By the end of 2006, 17 million household biogas tors to take heavy losses over the last five years. The digesters, 140,000 municipal waste treatment facilities, and situation is similar for foreign operators. In fact, CHP 4,000 industry sewage biogas facilities providing 1.9 million installations make up almost 50 percent of the power cubic meters (m3) of biogas per year had been installed. plants closed since the beginning of 2007. Nonetheless, It is estimated that the current biogas potential in China co-generation was identified as an important energy from industry could be used to generate 3.8 GW of base conservation technology for reducing coal consump- load electricity with 23 terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity tion in the 11th Five-Year Plan, with ambitious targets potential by 2010. The estimate is considerably higher for set for its development. 2020 projections. China has been actively involved in the demonstration Compared to biogas, liquid biofuel technology de- and development of large-scale clean transportation tech- velopment is still in an early stage. China has important nologies since the launch of the “Clean Vehicles Action” bioethanol potential based on sugarcane, cassava, corn, Program in 1999. Gas-powered vehicles (GPVs) are now in and broomcorn cultures. The 10th Five-Year Plan saw the operation, and those on the market are third-generation beginning of a national program aimed at developing products. As of end-2006, the GPV fleet numbered 265,000 technologies for making bioethanol from broomcorn and vehicles. Compressed natural gas vehicles are rapidly similar cellulose waste such as corn stalk. Biodiesel devel- growing, with a fleet of 174,170 in 2006. Alcohol fuel opment is also included in the 11th Five-Year Plan but is still vehicles are found in the eastern portion of the country, at the research stage. Its commercialization will depend on and the planned production level for ethanol fuel was re- production cost reductions and increased conversion rates. cently set at about 1 million tons per year. There has been The total potential for small hydropower (SHP) in a considerable amount of government investment in fuel China is estimated at 71.87 GW and is concentrated cell technology research, and a demonstration program is among more than 1,600 mountain counties in the middle underway in Beijing for fuel cell bus commercialization. and western regions. However, as of the end of 2004, only Finally, electric vehicle technology is under development, 2.1 percent of the total potential had been developed in but applications are still limited by low power capacity western China, where the majority of the unelectrified as well as high production costs. Nonetheless, there is a poor are located. SHP is now one of the mature renewable vibrant market for electric bicycles in China, with about 10 energy technologies in China, with a significant domestic million units produced in 2005 alone. manufacturing capacity and competitive export potential in Asia. This is the result of strong fiscal support from the Market Analysis central government. By 2004, there were over 100 SHP Projections for 2010 and 2020 from government planning manufacturers in China, with an annual production ca- documents indicate that the clean technology market pacity of around 6.3 GW. will increase to $186 billion (based on an exchange rate of $1 = 7.208 RMB) in 2010 and to $555 billion in 2020. Energy Efficiency, Co-Generation, and Transportation Policy objectives for the five key renewable energy (RE) In general, production and operation energy efficiency technologies are shown in Table A below. Market develop- is low in China. Recently, energy efficiency (EE) has ment for some renewable energy technologies has already decreased due to the growing industry sector, which has surpassed the targets established by the government, Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China 3
  • 13. such as wind; others like SWH, will easily reach the targets percent of the domestic manufacturers produce mono- established if not overtake them. Although the domestic ingot. Two companies—Suntech and Ningbo Solar— market for solar PV generation is not as developed as the dominated the market prior to 2006; in that year the size of wind and SWH markets, plans have been made for the the market grew with new companies entering the scene. construction of large-scale on-grid PV and concentrated In total, there are over 3,500 SWH system manufacturers solar power plants in desert areas of Inner Mongolia, in China, the top ten of which are able to provide high- Gansu, and Xinjiang provinces. Two government-led roof- quality products and good after-sales services. Small top PV programs will also stimulate the PV market. hydropower technologies are mature in China, with over The targets for co-generation are equally ambitious. 100 manufacturers. Finally, as a result of energy efficiency Based on the installed production capacity and the cur- policy and goals set forth in the 11th Five-Year Plan, the rent 6.5 percent average annual growth for CHP genera- energy efficiency market is booming as numerous com- tion in China, the total CHP generation capacity will panies and organizations have developed operations in reach 47 GW in 2010 and 87.5 GW in 2020, corresponding various fields. respectively to 37 percent and 68.5 percent of the total The largest market drivers for energy demand are CHP potential. urbanization and economic growth, the latter of which The current cost of investment in wind energy is is a direct result of the country’s booming and energy- in the range of $1,110–1,387/kW. It is expected that intensive industrial exports. In 2006, according to China’s with increasing domestic manufacturing capacity and National Bureau of Statistics, China’s gross domestic prod- technology transfer, the investment costs can be brought uct (GDP) increased by 10.7 percent, while the primary down to the range of $832–971/kWh by 2010. Similarly, domestic energy consumption rose by 8.4 percent. Not significant future cost reductions are expected for solar surprisingly, China is dependent increasingly on energy PV. Other technologies, however, have less scope for cost imports to keep up with the demand. reduction as these are already fairly mature in China and Dependence on costly imports, and the related issue worldwide. of energy security, represents another market driver. Oil In China, there are currently over 80 wind turbine gen- imports alone reached 169 million tons in 2006, and the erator manufacturers and 200 wind developers. Domestic dependence on exports accounted for 47 percent of the oil companies occupy over 75 percent of the market. China’s balance. Environmental concerns are an additional market solar industry has matured in recent years, with booming driver, specifically in response to the high polluting Chinese investments providing an important opportunity. Over 80 coal industry. The International Energy Agency (IEA) concluded that China overtook the United States as the Table A. Policy Objectives for Key RE Technologies. world’s biggest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitter in 2007. The World Bank estimates the total cost of air and water pollu- Objectives Objectives tion in China is roughly $50.22 billion, or about 2.68 percent RE Utilization by 2010 by 2020 of GDP. Acid rain is estimated to cost $4.16 billion in crop damage and $138.73 million in material damage annually. Hydropower Large scale 140 GW 225 GW Moreover, about 54 percent of surface water resources in Small scale 50 GW 75 GW China have been deemed unsafe for human consumption. The Chinese Government considers these issues to be very Bioenergy Generation 5.5 GW 30 GW serious, and the ambitious targets, state investment, and Solid biofuel 10 bil. tons 50 bil. tons policy seen in recent years can be considered an important Biogas 19 bil. m3 44 bil. m3 result of the country’s high priority on sustainable (and sustained) development. Bioethanol 2 mil. tons 10 mil. tons Biodiesel 0.2 mil. tons 2 mil. tons Energy Policy The development of a more robust clean energy policy Wind Generation 5 GW 30 GW is accelerating in response to China’s mounting energy On-grid solar pressures. The strategic position of renewable energy was Solar * 150 MW 1.5 GW PV confirmed with the passage of the Renewable Energy Off-grid solar Law (REL), which was approved by the National People’s 150 MW 0.3 GW PV Congress in February 2005 and took effect on January 1, Solar thermal 150 mil. m2 300 mil. m2 2006. The REL is a framework law that creates targets for renewable energy development and stipulates a number Geothermal 4 mil. tce 12 mil. tce of broadly defined instruments to reach these targets. The NDRC, 2006 Mid- and Long-term Renewable Energy Development Plan. targets are shown above in Table A; the overall renewable * Total solar PV installation includes both on-grid and off-grid generation energy target as a percentage of energy consumption is 10 capacity. percent by 2010 and 15 percent by 2020. The REL mandates 4 U.S. Department of Commerce | International Trade Administration
  • 14. the establishment of priority grid access for renewable elec- Analysts anticipate that the Energy Law will be enacted in the tricity generators, a feed-in tariff for renewable electricity years to come. In the meantime, the National Energy Bureau delivered to the grid, a national and regional cost-sharing under the National Development and Reform Commission mechanism for renewable energy subsidies, a special fund will continue to administer energy policy. for renewable energy, and favorable loan conditions and tax treatment for renewable energy. Opportunities for U.S. Clean Technology Firms in China The successful implementation of the REL depends on The opportunities for U.S firms entering the Chinese clean its implementation regulations, which further elaborate energy market have grown tremendously during recent upon the policy instruments defined in the REL. Ten such years. The development of a market economy, increasing regulations have been issued so far, including the Mid-and concerns about energy security, and the mounting envi- Long-term Renewable Energy Development Plan, which ronmental pressures have all incentivized clean technolo- stipulates that renewable energy utilization should reach gies and facilitated their entry into the market. Yet the 300 million tce by 2010 and 600 million tce by 2020. An- rapidly growing government push and resulting market other is the Guidance Catalogue of the Renewable Energy pull for clean energy development presents special chal- Industry, which was released by the National Develop- lenges for China due to the technological requirements ment and Reform Commission (NDRC) in November necessary to reach the aggressive government goals. The 2006 and aims to guide provincial decision-making on the commercial market for clean energy technologies in China direction for technological research and innovation and at this time should be considered embryonic at best. As renewable energy investment. Finally, a special fund for the demand for clean energy technology increases, it can renewable energy development supports the key fields of be expected that there will be an increasing demand for fossil fuel alternatives, building heating and cooling, and proven, high-quality products and services—which pro- renewable energy electricity generation through no-inter- vides an opening in the market for qualified international est and discount loans. An application guidebook for the companies with sustainable business operations. funds is drafted annually and published by the NDRC and To fulfill the objective of a 20 percent decrease in en- the financial department of the State Council. ergy intensity by 2010 (relative to 2000 levels), the Chinese China’s new Energy Conservation (EC) Law was ap- Government has recognized that major developments in proved by the 10th State Congress on October 28, 2007, technology and energy management must be achieved and entered into effect on April 1, 2008. The Law identifies across industrial, commercial, and residential sectors. key policy instruments, which includes setting targets, According to China’s Energy Research Institute, the developing procedures for product standardization investment potential for energy efficiency in China from and efficiency labeling, and establishing incentives for 2007 to 2010 will be about $120–160 billion. In general, EC technologies, as well as demand-side management there is a lack of expertise in China in energy efficiency including preferential tax policies and subsidy funds. technologies and innovation, energy auditing, and energy Indeed, many preferential tax policies have been imple- management. Areas such as operation and maintenance mented to support clean energy research, development, for renewable energy (RE) generation, energy auditing and production. For example, since 2001 waste-to-energy and advisory services, consulting on energy management projects have been value-added tax (VAT) exempt, and and RE integration, and standard energy services are all a 50 percent VAT discount applies for the use of energy- potentially profitable business opportunities. saving materials in buildings, for wind power projects, and Technological needs in the clean energy industry for coal bed methane projects. include remote monitoring and control systems for wind A draft of China’s integrated Energy Law was recently farms, technology for large-scale wind turbines (over 2 published. The forthcoming law provides a framework law MW), and software for resource assessment and grid in- for overall national energy development and will include tegration. In solar power, opportunities include aesthetic guiding principles for legislation on energy structure, energy building integration for SWHs, improved technology in efficiency, energy security, energy development and utiliza- thin film, interface technology for building-integrated PV tion, and energy and environmental coordination. One of and for power plants, and high-quality converters. In bio- the most important changes in the new Energy Law is the energy, needs include research and development (RD) proposed establishment of an Energy Ministry directly under on the production of ethanol from cellulosic feedstock, the State Council. The Energy Ministry would be responsible high-efficient fermentation technology for higher biogas for overseeing energy management in China, including yield, demonstration of new building material and tech- monitoring energy-intensive exports, approving energy and nology for digester construction and biogas storage, and mining activities, promoting energy efficiency and inter-re- biogas processing for feed-in to the natural gas grid. gional energy infrastructure, and establishing market-driven price mechanisms as well as incentive policies. The law also Barriers for U.S. Firms mandates that a 20–30 year energy strategy will be developed Despite the significant opportunities that the Chinese every five years, along with five-year energy plans. Industry clean energy technology market presents, important Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China 5
  • 15. barriers need to be carefully considered in developing business in China. These include lack of a transparent and consistent body of laws and regulations, lack of a super- visory mechanism for renewable energy implementation, customs regulations and a phasing out of favorable tariffs for foreign investment, and restrictions on foreign direct investment that include biofuels manufacturing. Lack of transparency in government procurement, including in- stances of corruption, can also present challenges as well as intellectual property rights and contract enforcement. Finally, other considerations like understanding Chinese business culture, identifying local partners, and building good government relationships are also important non- policy related barriers that must be considered. Conclusion In summary, China presents both unprecedented op- portunities and challenges for clean energy technolo- gies, due to the sheer scale of the market, the demand, and the projected future energy scenario. Over the last decade, China faced serious difficulties related to energy shortages and heavy pollution, both of which have been brought on by rapid economic development. In response, the government of China has actively pro- moted the development and deployment of renewable energy with ambitious policies and targets. China will likely be a major net exporter of renewable energy equipment in the near term, as the country pro- duces far more equipment than it can install domestically. However, as the demand for higher product quality and after-sales service increases, and as Chinese consumers become more conscious of efficiency and environmental concerns, this situation is likely to change. The Renew- able Energy Law (REL) has already had a major impact on accelerating China’s clean energy market and resulted in an increase of new renewable energy projects, particu- larly in the areas of wind, solar, and biomass. Ambitious targets are included in the REL for the next 10–15 years, which, when paired with the industry outlook, are likely to be even higher. Therefore, U.S. firms should anticipate a growing demand for proven, high-quality products and services in key areas such as energy service companies, energy efficiency auditing, wind farm operation and man- agement, technological innovation of large-scale turbines, aesthetic building integration of SWHs, and improved thin-film PV technology. 6 U.S. Department of Commerce | International Trade Administration
  • 16. Introduction n Purpose International Institutions Asian Development Bank; 4 The report’s objectives are twofold: (1) to analyze the clean World Bank; 4 energy markets in China and (2) to identify opportunities International Energy Agency. 4 for trade and investment through 2020. T rade, Industry, and Sector Associations; Business Counsels n Approach Interviews conducted with key trade associations, 4 The report provides the following: including the Chinese Renewable Energy Industries As- sociation (CREIA) 4 analysis of the existing infrastructure of clean An Documents from the American Council on Renewable 4 energy technologies and market opportunities in China Energy (ACORE). through 2020. This includes market forecasts, market drivers, cost data, and market segment analysis. T ransmission and Distribution Agencies, 4 review of government policies for clean energy devel- Manufacturers, Generators opment in China. Annual Reports from various industry leaders operating 4 4 detailed analysis of barriers and obstacles to clean in China; energy technologies trade and investment in China. Annual Reports of major electricity generators in China. 4 4 definition of clean energy technologies for China. review of resources available to U.S. businesses that wish 4 n Organization of the Report to engage in clean energy trade and investment in China. The remainder of this report is organized as follows: n Methodology Section 1 provides a market overview for China. 4 Both primary and secondary data sources were used in This chapter includes information on China’s overall the preparation of this report. These included: energy status, both current and projected; a market overview; identification of clean energy policies; trade China Resources and investment opportunities for U.S. firms; and barriers Annual reports from relevant ministries at the national 4 to clean energy market entry, development, and com- level and, where available, at the provincial levels; mercialization. The chapter also includes annexes on List of relevant agencies, areas of operation, and 4 Chinese policy-makers with authority over clean energy contact details; technologies and information on the renewable energy Policy documents (e.g., China’s Renewable Energy 4 industry in China. Promotion Law 2006 China’s Guidance Catalogue of Re- Section 2 provides a definition of clean energy 4 newable Energy Industry) as well as documents stating technologies addressed in the report. This chapter quotas, tax requirements, procurement requirements, includes energy efficiency, distributed generation, com- foreign investment policy, and master plans for technol- bined heat and power, wind, solar photovoltaics, solar ogy development in different sectors; thermal, small hydropower, biomass, biofuels, waste-to- Statistical documents containing installed capacity, 4 energy, geothermal, and ocean energy technologies. energy balance, consumption, etc.; Appendix A provides a compendium of trade and 4 Five-Year Plans and ministerial long-term development 4 investment resources for U.S. clean technology plans; Annual Reports of relevant corporations; firms. Contact information for individual organizations Data related to financial markets in China. 4 is also included. Appendix B provides a directory of sustainable energy- 4 U.S. Government Sources financing sources. This directory is synthesized from the U.S. Department of Commerce; 4 on-line resource available at www.sef-directory.net/, which 4 Department of Energy, including the National Re- U.S. is maintained by the Sustainable Energy Finance Initia- newable Energy Laboratory, Energy Information Agency, tive, a joint initiative of the United Nations Environment and Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; Program and the Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy. 4 Trade and Development Administration; U.S. Export–Import Bank of the United States; 4 Asia–Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate. 4 Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China 7
  • 17. Lake RUSSIA Baikal KAZAKHSTAN Hailar Lake Heilongjiang Balkhash Qiqihar Harbin Karamay MONGOLIA Changchun Kulja Nei Mongol Jilin Urumqi KYRGYZSTAN Shenyang Liaoning Hebei NORTH Kashgar Xinjiang KOREA Hohhot Beijing AFG. Dalian Yumen Tianjin SOUTH PAK. Taiyuan Shijiazhuang KOREA Yinchuan Yantai Ningxia Qingdao Golmud Shanxi Jinan Xining Lanzhou Shandong Yellow Qinghai Jiangsu Sea Gansu Zhengzhou Shiqunhe Xi'an Henan Anhui Shaanxi Nanjing Xizang Shanghai Hefei Sichuan Hubei Hangzhou Wuhan Lhasa Chengdu Chongqing Zhejiang Nanchang NEPAL East China Changsha Sea Jiangxi BHUTAN Hunan Guizhou Fuzhou INDIA Guiyang Fujian Xiamen BANGLADESH Kunming Guangdong Taiwan Guangxi Guangzhou Yunnan China Nanning Hong Kong MYANMAR VIETNAM National Capital Xi'an City LAOS Haikou International Boundary Bay of Hainan Provincial Boundary Bengal South China Hunan Province Name Sea Disputed Boundary 500 km THAILAND PHILIPPINES 0 500 Miles CAMBODIA 8 U.S. Department of Commerce | International Trade Administration
  • 18. Section 1: China n Chapter 1: China’s Energy Status Since the start of China’s open-door and reform policies in 7.7 percent of the total energy consumption in China, as 1978, China has experienced consistent economic growth shown in Figure 1.3. on the order of 9.5 percent per year.1 During that time, Coal is China’s predominant energy source. In 2005, energy demand grew roughly 5 percent per year, but has coal accounted for 69 percent of China’s total energy grown significantly more than that in the last seven years.2 consumption, but domestic coal production is no longer Historically, China’s industrial development was labor- sufficient to meet China’s increasing demand. China be- intensive and heavily dependent on manufacturing with came a net coal importer for the first time in 2007. In 2030, relatively low energy intensity, but since 2001, China has net imports are expected to reach 3 percent of China’s coal seen a surge in energy-intensive heavy industry. demand and 7 percent of global coal trade.8 China’s oil balance deficit has been increasing rapidly for Energy Supply and Demand more than a decade. The country became a net importer of At the beginning of the new millennium, both the Chinese petroleum in 1993. In 2006, China imported 3.7 million bar- Government and the International Energy Agency (IEA) rels of oil per day (mb/d); nearly half its domestic petroleum predicted a 3–4 percent growth in energy demand for China consumption (see Figure 1.4 below). Such a trend is likely between 2000 and 2010. These scenarios were based on ex- pectations of a structural shift away from heavy industry and Figure 1.1: China Energy Consumption in the Future (mToe) toward light industry, as well as a projected economic growth 4000 rate of 7–8 percent.3 These forecasts reflected trends in energy (millions of tons of oil equivalent) 3500 consumption from around the year 2000 and were estab- CHINA lished following the scaling back of the centrally orchestrated 3000 Energy Demand conglomerate-building ambitions in China that followed 2500 the Asian financial crisis.4 They also reflected a continuous US increase in energy intensity efficiency since 1978. 2000 EU However, the shift away from heavy industry failed to 1500 materialize and the trend toward greater energy efficiency 1000 reversed around 2002. As a result, according to China’s INDIA JAPAN National Bureau of Statistics, the rate of increase for energy 500 consumption in China currently stands at 9.3 percent.5 0 The most recent IEA forecast predicts that China’s average 1990 2005 2015 2030 increase in energy consumption will be up to 3.2 percent per year from 2005 to 2030 with a 5.1 percent annual growth Year rate from 2005 to 2015 (see Figure 1.1 below). In compari- Source: World Energy Outlook 2007, IEA son, the Chinese Government’s new forecast for the average annual growth in energy consumption is 4 percent.6 These new scenarios are based on the expectation that China’s Figure 1.2: Primary Energy Demand by Region heavy-industry sector will continue to expand and depend on the stability of the national energy policy environment. OECD Europe 0.5% OECD North America 1.0% Currently, China is the world’s second-largest energy OECD Pacific 0.9% consumer after the United States. According to recent Transition economies 1.1% scenarios from the IEA, China will surpass the United China 3.2% States as the largest energy consumer soon after 2010. India 3.6% China’s energy demand will rise from 1,742 million tons Rest of developing Asia 2.3% of oil equivalent (mToe) in 2005 to 2,851 mToe in 2015 Latin America 2.3% and 3,819 mToe in 2030.7 Such an increase will signifi- Middle East 2.9% cantly affect international energy consumption patterns, Africa 1.8% as shown in Figure 1.2. Although China’s energy resources are substantial, the 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 country’s self-sufficiency is decreasing. Since 2004, China’s 2005 2030 % annual average growth rate overall energy demand has grown much faster than the Source: International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2007: China domestic output. In 2005, foreign supply accounted for and India Insights (Paris, France: OCED/IEA, 2007). Clean Energy: An Exporter’s Guide to China 9