1. 1
GTF204

2. Mental illness-Crime Relationships
• Crime in specific mental illnesses
Criminal Responsibility
Defenses for mental illness
• Insanity defense & diminished
responsibility
Malaysian’s Law
• Criminal Procedure Code (CPC)
Lecture Outline

3. Prisoners in England and Wales (Gunn et al. 1991)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Mental
retardation
Psychosis Neurosis Personality
disorder
Alcohol dep drug dep
Psychiatric diagnosis
Psychiatric diagnosis
3

4. • All homicides and
attempted homicides in
West Germany 1955-64
• Mental disorder was
associated with 5% of these
• The rate of mental disorder
in the community was 3-
5%
• Homicidal violence ratescz =
5/10,000
• Schizophrenics were 100x
more likely to commit
suicide than homicide
• Homicidal violence
rateaffective = 6/100,000
• Affective disorders were
1000x more likely to commit
suicide than homicide
4

5. Mental Illness &
Violence (Swanson et al. 1990)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
schizophrenia
(SCZ)
Substance
abuse (SA)
SA + SCZ
Violence
Violence
5
Active psychotic symptoms are associated with an increased risk of violence

6. Possible Relationship Between Crime
And Mental Disorder
Causal
Coincidence
6

7. • There is an increased likelihood
of other psychiatric symptoms
and disorders
• Homicide risk is increased 10x
in someone with an antisocial
personality disorder
7
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UEkH15wjNc&t=333s

8. •Offences against
property are
associated with the
need to pay for drugs
•Rates of drug abuse
are increased among
prisoners
8

9. 9
ADNAN Mat Jusoh (kanan) dibawa ke Mahkamah
Majistret Kota Bharu semalam untuk
dihadapkan atas tuduhan membunuh dan
membakar teman wanitanya Januari lalu.
Artikel penuh
KOTA BHARU 23 Jan. - Seorang penganggur dihadapkan ke Mahkamah Majistret di sini hari ini atas tuduhan
membunuh dan membakar teman wanitanya, pada 6 Januari lepas.
Adnan Mat Jusoh, 35, dari Kampung Pasir Jelatang, Pasir Hor, Kubang Kerian, didakwa membunuh Mastura
Kamarul Jamal di sebuah rumah tanpa nombor di kampung itu kira-kira pukul 11.30 malam.
Dia dituduh melakukan kesalahan mengikut Seksyen 302 Kanun Keseksaan iaitu membunuh dengan niat
dan jika sabit kesalahan boleh dikenakan hukuman mati mandatori.
Ketika jurubahasa mahkamah membacakan kertas pertuduhan kes, Adnan mengangguk-anggukkan kepala
sebagai tanda memahami pertuduhan ke atasnya.
Timbalan Pendakwa Raya, Azman Abdullah, memohon kepada mahkamah untuk menangguhkan kes ini
selama satu bulan setengah bagi mendapatkan laporan ujian DNA daripada Jabatan Kimia.
Majistret Khairul Anuar Wahab menetapkan 8 Mac depan sebagai tarikh sebutan semula kes ini.
Mengikut laporan akhbar, Mastura yang berasal dari Jalan Pantai Irama, Bachok, dipercayai ditikam
menggunakan senjata tajam sebanyak enam kali di bahagian tengkuk, dada dan perut sebelum dibakar.
Adnan yang dikatakan bersenjatakan golok panjang mengamuk dan cuba menghalang pasukan bomba dan
penyelamat daripada mengawal kebakaran dua buah rumah yang dibakar.
Dia yang bersembunyi selama tiga jam di dalam Sungai Pasir Hor tidak jauh dari tempat kejadian ditahan
polis pukul 3.40 pagi keesokannya.
http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/judgment/file/adnan%20mat%20jusoh%20d-05-41-04.pdf

10. Alcohol and crime are related in 3
important ways:
1. Alcohol intoxication may lead to
charges related to public
drunkenness or to driving offences
2. Intoxication reduces
and is strongly associated with
crimes of violence, including
murder
3. The neuropsychiatric
complications of alcoholism may
also be linked with crime
10
Seberang Jaya: Seorang lelaki warga asing berusia 25 tahun maut ditikam dengan pisau oleh
rakannya di Taman Sembilang, di sini, jam 11.50 malam tadi. Dalam kejadian itu, mangsa dari
Vietnam ditikam di dada kiri oleh rakannya selepas berlaku pertengkaran antara mereka. Sumber
polis berkata, sebelum kejadian mangsa dan beberapa rakannya mabuk sebelum berlaku
pergaduhan antara mereka. Beliau berkata, mangsa ditikam rakannya di dada kiri dengan pisau
pemotong sayur sebelum disahkan meninggal dunia di Hospital Seberang Jaya (HSJ). Polis
menahan suspek yang juga rakannya dari Vietnam berusia 35 tahun dan lelaki itu mengaku
menikam mangsa

11. • Most offences committed by those in
the borderline to mild ranges of
learning disability
• The mentally retarded are more likely
to be caught
• They may commit offences because
they do not understand the
implications of their behavior, or they
are susceptible to exploitation by
others
• Association with indecent exposure
and arson
11

12. Ted Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber (University
and Airline Bomber), had an IQ of 167, and is probably the
ultimate serial killer genius. A math prodigy, he was accepted
into Harvard at just 16 and later became a mathematics
professor. In 1969, he abandon his academic career to pursue
a primitive lifestyle. To take a stand against modern
technology he mailed bombs, mostly to professors, and
between 1978 and 1995, these killed 3 and injured 23.
He would leave messages encrypted with mathematical
codes that not even the FBI could crack. He managed to
escape capture for 17 years, a feat showing genuine
intelligence. What finally did him in? When his manifesto was
released, his brother and sister-in-law recognized the writing
style and tipped off the FBI.
12
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMUI6qdN0uY

13. • Severe illness may lead to
homicide
• The depressed person is usually
acting on delusions
• Family member is usually the
victim in altruistic homicides
• The killer often commits suicide
afterwards
• Sometimes associated with
shoplifting
13
KUALA LUMPUR 27 Sept. – Kakak diberi racun atau dadah sementara adiknya pula
dihentak di kepala. Itu kemungkinan yang sedang disiasat polis berhubung punca
kematian dua beradik yang ditemukan maut bersama bapa mereka di sebuah rumah di
tingkat dua Apartmen Nova, Sri Sinar Segambut, di sini semalam. Difahamkan, Cheah Kai
Sze, 3, yang dipercayai telah diberi racun atau dadah, mati seminggu sebelum mayatnya
ditemukan sementara adiknya, Cheah Kai Wen yang berusia tujuh bulan dipercayai maut
akibat kepalanya dihentak dengan benda tumpul dua hari selepas kakaknya meninggal
dunia. Bapa kedua-dua beradik itu pula, Cheah Hing Soon, 34, dipercayai mati akibat
memakan racun atau dadah pada Sabtu lalu iaitu dua hari sebelum mayatnya ditemukan
oleh isterinya.
http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/jenayah/adik-dihentak-kakak-8232-diracun-atau-diberi-dadah-1.388053#ixzz5TbfbHYnM

14. 14

15. • Offending is more common than
in depression
• Manic patients may spend
excessively, hire cars and fail to
return them, or steal cars
• May be charged with fraud or
false pretenses
• Prone to irritability and
aggression, though any resulting
violence is seldom severe
15

16. https://youtu.be/9WAsrRzgKK0

18. • more likely to commit non-violent as
well as violent crimes
• minor offences more likely than
serious offences
• most criminal behavior followed the
onset of schizophrenia, although
crime is frequently a result of
personality difficulties and social
incompetence
• risk of homicide is moderately
increased in schizophrenia
compared to the general population

19. 19

20. • Violence in schizophrenics may be associated
with any of:
• great fear and loss of self control associated with
non-systematized delusions
• systematized paranoid delusions of persecution
• irresistible urges
• instructions from hallucinatory voices
• unaccountable frenzy
• Risk of violence is greatest where delusions are
accompanied by strong affect, and when the
person has made efforts to try to confirm the
truth of the delusions
http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/07/12/khalils-brother-fears-for-safety/
http://www.sinarharian.com.my/semasa/pengakuan-suami-isteri-saya-terjerat-dalam-fantasi-khalil-1.66517
http://www.sinarharian.com.my/semasa/amuk-pengakuan-suami-muhdalina-bahagian-ii-1.66562
http://www.sinarharian.com.my/semasa/muhdalena-percaya-lelaki-amuk-itu-imam-mahadi-1.250667 20

21. Blog video
Muhdalena kongsi delusi dengan 'Imam Mahadi' 21

22. PUTRAJAYA - Tiada apa yang mampu diucapkan oleh Muhdalena Ahmad selain
rasa syukur apabila Mahkamah Sesyen di sini semalam melepaskannya daripada
tuduhan mengamuk menggunakan pedang samurai di pekarangan Kompleks
Jabatan Perdana Menteri (JPM) di sini dua tahun lalu.
Bagaimanapun, Hakim Mohamed Kamil Nizam memerintahkan bekas penuntut
jurusan Ilmu Wahyu di Universiti Islam Antarabangsa berusia 29 tahun itu ditahan
dengan selamat di Hospital Permai, Tampoi, Johor sehingga mendapat perkenan
Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Ketika ditemui, Muhdalena yang sedang mengandung lima bulan turut mengakui
yang dia tidak pernah terfikir untuk melakukan perkara pelik apatah lagi
mengamuk menggunakan pedang samurai bersama blogger, Khalil Afendi Abdul
Hamid, 47.
"Semua itu berlaku tanpa disusuli dengan fikiran waras. Saya bersyukur dengan
keputusan itu kerana sebelum ini memang saya terpengaruh dengan Khalil Afendi
yang mendakwa sebagai Imam Mahdi," kata ibu kepada dua anak itu ketika
ditemui selepas selesai prosiding di Mahkamah Sesyen di sini semalam.
Terdahulu, Hakim Mohamed Kamil Nizam ketika membacakan keputusan kes
berkata, pihak pembelaan berjaya membuktikan tertuduh mengalami kemurungan
psikotik yang menyebabkannya tidak dapat mengetahui bahawa tindakannya itu
menyalahi undang-undang mengikut Seksyen 84 Kanun Keseksaan pada
imbangan kebarangkalian.
Katanya, di peringkat membela diri, tertuduh bukan sahaja tidak menafikan
kesemua tuduhan yang dihadapinya, malah mengaku berada di tempat kejadian
selain turut memegang senjata.
http://ww1.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2014&dt=0620&pub=Kosmo&sec=Negara&pg=ne_04.htm

23. https://youtu.be/4RJf6ckrtcA
Nicholas Godejohn Gypsy Rose Blanchard
Dee Dee Blanchard
https://youtu.be/ecbis7tDEZYhttps://youtu.be/R7U-78A8Jdk

24. • Arson is a criminal act in which
one willfully and maliciously
sets fire to or aids in setting fire
to a structure, dwelling, or
property of another.
• The likelihood that arson
offenders have a diagnosis of
schizophrenia has been
estimated to be more than 20
times greater than that in the
general population.
Parit Buntar: “Dia pernah membakar rumah sehingga menyebabkan bahagian dapur
mengalami kerosakan selain membakar rumah penduduk berhampiran sekitar lapan tahun
lalu namun api berjaya dipadamkan,” kata keluarga terdekat lelaki berusia 37 tahun yang
dipercayai mengalami masalah mental sehingga bertindak membakar rumahnya sendiri.
Dalam kejadian 9.30 malam kelmarin itu, lelaki berkenaan membakar kediamannya di
Kampung Parit Haji Tahir, Jalan Bahru, Kuala Kurau, dekat sini sehingga terbakar 80 peratus
serta memusnahkan sebuah motosikal jenis Yamaha SS.
Pyromania

25. • Exhibitionism (a type of paraphilia) involves
the deliberate and unsolicited exposure of the
genitals to an unwilling audience. It is the
most common of all sexual offenses,
accounting for over one-third of all
convictions for sexual crimes
• The reaction of the female is often important,
and an exhibitionist may go on exposing until
he produces the desired response.
• The commonest age of the victim is at, or
around, puberty.
Voyeuristic disorder

26. Evil
intent
mens rhea
Evil deed
actus
rheus
CRIME
26

27. Children below 10
27

28. McNaughten Determines whether the person
understand the nature and quality
of his actions, and if so, whether
he knows that the action was
wrong
The strictest test, and
the standard criterion in
most jurisdiction
American Law
Institute (ALI)
Model Penal
Code
•Cognitive prong – determines
whether the person appreciate the
wrongfulness of his behavior
•Volitional prong – determines
whether the person is able to
conform his conduct to the
requirements of the law
After the Hinckley case,
most jurisdiction that
used this test dropped
the volitional prong
Durham Evaluates whether the person’s
criminal behavior is the “product”
of a mental illness
The most lenient test, it
has been abandoned in
almost all jurisdictions
Reference: High-yield psychiatry, pg:146 28
https://youtu.be/unC3_PLR85k

30. 1. Every man is to be presumed to be sane and to possess a
sufficient degree of reason to be responsible for his crimes, until
the contrary be proved.
2. An insane person is punishable "if he knows" at the time of crime.
3. To establish a defense on insanity, the accused, by defect of
reason or disease of mind, is not in a position to know the nature
and consequences.
4. The insane person must be considered in the same situation as to
responsibility as if the facts with respect to which the delusion
exists were real.
5. It was the jury's role to decide whether the defendant was insane.
30

31. SANE
Everyman is to be presumed to be sane
INSANE
Defect of reason because disease of mind
“TEST OF KNOWING”
Not knowing nature or consequence of the act
RESPONSIBILITY
Is as if the delusions were real
JURY’S ROLE
Decide whether the defendant was insane
31

32. 32

34. • Charge of murder → manslaughter
• Abnormality of mind as substantially impaired his mental
responsibility for his action
34

35. 35

36. 36

37. • If a person has no control over an act, he
cannot be held responsible for it – the
concept is like being ‘briefly insane’
• It is a legal term, and has no connection
with epileptic automatisms
• Verdicts of not guilty have been returned
when acts of violence were judged to have
been committed as ‘sane automatisms’
37

38. •Leads to a full acquittal
•Seen to be due to an
‘external cause’
•Includes:
• absent-mindedness (in
association with depression)
38

39. • Automatism thought to arise from a
‘disease of the mind’ – the appropriate
defence is then insanity and the
McNaghten rules apply
• Are due to an ‘internal cause’ because
the conditions may reoccur
• Includes:
• epileptic automatism
• hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia
• sleep-walking
• arteriosclerosis
39

40. 1. Understand the nature of
charge
2. Understand the difference
between a plea of guilty and
not guilty
3. Instruct counsel
4. Follow evidence in
presented in court
5. Challenge jurors
40

41. • In prisons
• 1/3 of sentenced prisoners have a psychiatric disorder and 2% have a
psychosis (Gunn et al 1991)
• In hospitals
• For indeterminate length of stay or under ruler’s pleasure
• In the community
• When a non-custodial sentence is passed
41

42. Criminal Procedure Code
Detention of offenders in psychiatric hospital
Section 342
Section 344
Section 348
42

43. 43

44. 44

45. 45

46. HospitalBahagia
HospitalPermaiHospitalSentosa
HospitalMesra
46