20. “お金”の力 [4]
• Money isn’t a material reality – it is a
psychological construct.
• Money is a system of mutual trust, and not
just any system of mutual trust: money is the
most universal and most efficient system of
mutual trust ever devised.
• What created this trust was a very complex
and long-term network of political, social and
economic relations.
2018年5月 20安田洋祐|大阪大学
21. • Whereas religion asks us to believe in
something, money asks us to believe that
other people believe in something.
• Money is the only trust system created by
humans that can bridge almost any cultural
gap, and that does not discriminate on the
basis of religion, gender, race, age or sexual
orientation.
• Thanks to money, even people who don’t
know each other and don’t trust each other
can nevertheless cooperate effectively.
2018年5月 21安田洋祐|大阪大学
24. “お金”のダークサイド [4]
• When everything is convertible (with money),
and when trust depends on anonymous coins
and cowry shells, it corrodes local traditions,
intimate relations and human values,
replacing them with the cold laws of supply
and demand.
• Money has always tried to break through
these barriers, like water seeping through
cracks in a dam.
2018年5月 24安田洋祐|大阪大学
25. • For although money builds universal trust
between strangers, this trust is invested not
in humans, communities or sacred values, but
in money itself.
• As money brings down the dams of
community, religion and state, the world is in
danger of becoming one big and rather
heartless marketplaces.
• People rely on money to facilitate
cooperation with strangers, but they’re
afraid it will corrupt human values and
intimate relations.
2018年5月 25安田洋祐|大阪大学
31. 信用と成長のジレンマ [4]
• If the global pie stayed the same size, there
was no margin for credit. Credit is the
difference between today’s pie and
tomorrow’s pie. If the pie stays the same,
why extend credit?
• People seldom wanted to extend much credit
because they didn’t trust that the future
would be better than the present.
• Business looked like a zero-sum game.
2018年5月 31安田洋祐|大阪大学
32. • You could cut the pie in many different ways,
but it never got bigger.
• That’s why many cultures concluded that
making bundles of money was sinful.
• It was lose-lose.
– Because credit was limited, people had troubled
financing new businesses.
– Because there were few new businesses, the
economy did not grow.
– Because it did not grow, people assumed it never
would…
• The expectation of stagnation fulfilled itself.
2018年5月 32安田洋祐|大阪大学
34. アダム・スミス革命 [4]
• Smith’s claim that the selfish human urge to
increase private profits is the basis for
collective wealth is one of the most
revolutionary ideas in human history.
• What Smith says is, in fact, that greed is
good, and that by becoming richer I benefit
everybody, not just myself.
• Smith taught people to think about the
economy as a win-win situation.
2018年5月 34安田洋祐|大阪大学
35. 再投資と資本主義 [4]
• All this depends, however, on the rich using
their profits to open new factories and hire
new employees, rather than wasting them on
non-productive activities.
• A crucial part of the modern capitalist
economy was the emergence of a new ethic,
according to which profits ought to be
reinvested in production.
• That’s why capitalism is called “capitalism”.
2018年5月 35安田洋祐|大阪大学
36. 富と資本の違い [4]
• Capitalism distinguishes “capital” from mere
“wealth”.
– Capital consists of money, goods and resources
that are invested in production.
– Wealth, on the other hand, is buried in the
ground or wasted on unproductive activities.
• In the modern era, the nobility has been
overtaken by new elite whose members are
true believers in the capitalist creed.
2018年5月 36安田洋祐|大阪大学
37. 科学と資本主義 [4]
• The history of capitalism is unintelligible
without taking science into account.
• The human economy has nevertheless
managed to keep on growing throughout the
modern era, thanks only to the fact that
scientists come up with another discovery.
• Banks and governments print money, but
ultimately, it is the scientists who foot the
bill.
2018年5月 37安田洋祐|大阪大学