Use n purpose of transformer in x ray equipment for the production of x rays in the department of radiology.

1. TRANSFORMER
PRESENTED BY:-
YOGITA JANGHU
M.SC RIT {1ST SEM}
220513005

2. CONTENTS
 HISTORY
 INTRODUCTION
 CONSTRUCTION
 WORKING AND PRINCIPLE
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
 USES OF TRANSFORMER

3. HISTORY
 The first electrical power
distribution system developed
by Edison in 1880’s was
transmitting DC. It was
designed for low voltage.
 The second generation of
power distribution system was
proposed by Tesla few years
later. His idea was to generate
AC power of any convenient
voltage.

4. INTRODUCTION
Transformer, device that
transfers electric energy
from one alternating-
current circuit to one or
more other circuits,
either increasing
(stepping up) or
reducing (stepping
down) the voltage.

5. PRINCIPLE
It is the phenomenon of mutual induction between two windings linked by
common magnetic flux .Basically a transformer consists of two inductive coils;
primary winding and secondary winding. The coils are electrically separated but
magnetically linked to each other. When, primary winding is connected to a source
of alternating voltage, alternating magnetic flux is produced around the winding.
The core provides magnetic path for the flux, to get linked with the secondary
winding. Most of the flux gets linked with the secondary winding which is called as
'useful flux' or main 'flux', and the flux which does not get linked with secondary
winding is called as 'leakage flux'. As the flux produced is alternating (the direction
of it is continuously changing), EMF gets induced in the secondary winding
according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This emf is called
'mutually induced emf', and the frequency of mutually induced emf is same as
that of supplied emf. If the secondary winding is closed circuit, then mutually
induced current flows through it, and hence the electrical energy is transferred
from one circuit (primary) to another circuit (secondary).

6. CONSTRUCTION
Transformer consists of two inductive windings and a
laminated steel core. The coils are insulated from each other
as well as from the steel core. A transformer may also consist
of a container for winding and core assembly (called as tank),
suitable bushings to take our the terminals, oil conservator to
provide oil in the transformer tank for cooling purposes etc.
In all types of transformers, core is constructed by
assembling (stacking) laminated sheets of steel, with
minimum air-gap between them (to achieve continuous
magnetic path). The steel used is having high silicon content
and sometimes heat treated, to provide high permeability
and low hysteresis loss. Laminated sheets of steel are used to
reduce eddy current loss .

8.  The transformer has three main parts:
1. Transformer Primary Winding
2. Transformer Magnetic Core.
3. Transformer Secondary Winding.
Transformer Primary Winding: When it is connected to an electrical pole, it
produces electric flux.
Transformer Magnetic Core: A close circuit will be formed when the reductant
path will be linked with the secondary winding. The magnetic flux produced
by the primary winding that will flow through this reductant path creates a
magnetic circuit.
Transformer Secondary Winding: The flux passes through the core that is
linked with the secondary winding. The flux is produced by the primary
winding. On the core, the wind is done with the same flux and gives the
output of the transformer.

9. TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
Transformers are used in various fields like power generation
grid, distribution sector, transmission and electric energy
consumption. There are various types of transformers which
are classified based on the following factors :-
• Working voltage range.
• The medium used in the core.
• Winding arrangement.
• Installation location.

10. • TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE LEVEL
WINDING
ARRANGE
MENT
BASED
ON
PHASE
CORE
DESIGN
CORE TYPE
STEP - UP
STEP - DOWN
AUTO -
TRANSFORMER
SINGLE
PHASE
TRIPLE
PHASE
CORE TYPE
SHELL TYPE
AIR CORE
IRON CORE

11. .
transformers based on different parameters, such as the construction or usage for the
input requirements.
Transformer based on the Phase Requirements:
Depending upon the phase, there are two types of transformers: Single-phase
transformer and three-phase transformer.
Transformers based on the Core Design:
Based on the design of the core, there are three types of transformers: shell-type
transformer, core type transformer, and berry type transformer.
Transformers based on the Core Type:
Based on the type of the core, there are two types of transformers: air-core
transformer and ferromagnetic or iron core transformer.

12. Based on Voltage Levels
Commonly used transformer type, depending upon voltage they are
classified as:
Step-up Transformer: They are used between the power generator and
the power grid. The secondary output voltage is higher than the input
voltage.
Step down Transformer: These transformers are used to convert high
voltage primary supply to low voltage secondary output.

13. Based on the Medium of Core Used
In a transformer, we will find different types of cores that are used.
Air core Transformer: The flux linkage between primary and secondary
winding is through the air. The coil or windings wound on the non-
magnetic strip.
Iron core Transformer: Windings are wound on multiple iron plates
stacked together, which provides a perfect linkage path to generate flux.
.

14. Based on the Winding Arrangement
Autotransformer: It will have only one winding wound over a laminated core.
The primary and secondary share the same coil. Auto also means “self” in
language Greek

15. SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
• A single-phase transformer is a type of power transformer
that uses single-phase alternating current, which means it
relies on a voltage cycle that operates in an integrated time
phase. These are basically works based on the principle of
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
• At constant variation of frequency and voltage level, the
transformer transfers AC power from one circuit to another. It
has two types of windings, the primary winding to which the
AC supply is given and the secondary winding to which the
load is connected. These are used for domestic inverters and
for power supply in non-urban areas.

17. Parts of a Single-phase Transformer
The major parts of a single-phase transformer
consist of;
1. Core
The core acts as a support to the winding in the
transformer. It also provides a low reluctance
path to the flow of magnetic flux. The winding is
wound on the core as shown in the picture. It is
made up of a laminated soft iron core in order to
reduce the losses in a transformer. The factors
such as operating voltage, current, power etc
decide core composition. The core diameter is
directly proportional to copper losses and
inversely proportional to iron losses.

18. 2. Windings
Windings are the set of copper wires wound over the transformer core.
Copper wires are used due to:
•The high conductivity of copper minimizes the loss in a transformer because
when the conductivity increases, resistance to current flow decreases.
•The high ductility of copper is the property of metals that allows it to be
made into very thin wires.
•There are mainly two types of windings. Primary windings and secondary
windings.
•Primary winding: The set of turns of windings to which supply current is fed.
•Secondary winding: The set of turns of winding from which output is taken.
•The primary and secondary windings are insulated from each other using
insulation coating agents.

19. 3. Insulation Agents
Insulation is necessary for transformers to separate windings
from each other and to avoid short circuit. This facilitates
mutual induction. Insulation agents have an influence on the
durability and the stability of a transformer.
Following are used as an insulation medium in a transformer
Insulating oil
•Insulating tape
•Insulating paper
•Wood-based lamination

20. 3 PHASE TRANSFORMER
• These transformers are used to convert the voltage of
electronic systems with three-phase. They are available in
various configurations, such as star-star, delta-delta, star-
delta, and delta-star. Three-phase transformers are used to
generate electricity and distribute it according to the power
usage.
• It is a transformer composed of three sets of primary and
secondary windings, each set wound around an iron core
assembly. Since they have three sets of windings, the primary
and secondary windings will be combined to form a complete
unit in either a star or delta configuration.

22. Three-phase Transformer over Single-phase Transformer
Transformers are used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another. The mechanism
behind the working of transformers is electromagnetic induction. However, depending upon the
phase, there are two types of transformers: single-phase transformer and three-phase transformer.
Advantages of three-phase transformer over single-phase transformer are:
Comparatively lesser cost
Lighter in weight
Delivers more power
Is highly efficient
List space is required
Easy installation
Less maintenance required
Transportation is comparatively easy
Easy to assemble and repair
A single-phase power can be derived from a three-phase power, whereas the reverse cannot be
done.
There are various advantages of using a three-phase transformer. But there are also some
limitations that might be caused by using a 3 phase transformer over a single-phase transformer,
which are as follows:
The costs are higher as construction is more.
Repair and maintenance take up a large amount of money.
If an emergency occurs at any particular site, then the entire area gets shut down.
If the system is shut down, then immediate maintenance cannot be done.
If there is any error, then the entire unit needs to be replaced, but in a single-phase transformer,
only the particular ones can be replaced

24. IDEAL TRANSFORMER
An ideal transformer is an
lossless device with an input
winding and an output winding.
It has the following properties:-
 No iron and copper losses.
 No leakage fluxes
 A core of infinite magnetic
permeability and infinite
electrical resistivity.
 Flux is combined to the core and
winding resistance and
negligible.

25. APPLICATION AND USES OF
TRANSFORMER
• Power Transformers:
The transformers which are used for high voltage power transfer applications (more than 33 Kilovolt) are
called Power Transformers. They are usually very big. They can occupy a wide area of space.
• Distribution Transformers:
The transformers which are used to distribute the generated power to distant locations are called
distribution transformers. At a low voltage, it is used for distributing electricity that is less than 33 Kilovolt
in industry. It also distributes 220-440 V for household purposes.
• Measurement Transformers:
The transformer which helps in measuring voltage, current, power, etc. is called a
Measurement Transformer.
Transformers are classified according to the place of use, and are as follows:
• Indoor Transformers:
The transformer that is covered with roofs and shelters, just like the industry types, is
called an indoor transformer.
• Outdoor Transformers:
The transformer that is mainly kept outside and is used as distribution type transformers
is called an outdoor transformer.

26. QUESTIONS
Q1. The transformer ratings are given in?
a) kVA
b) Hp
c) kVAR
d) kW
Q2. Transformer core is generally made of?
Q3. What is the thickness of laminations used in a transformer?
Q4. Which type of winding is used in 3- phase shell – type transformer?

27. REFERRENCES
• PHYSICS OF RADIOLOGY – K THAYALAN.
• SANFOUNDRY.COM
• OBJECTIVEBOOKS.COM
• SLIDESHARE.COM