3. Cancer – a large group of diseases
characterized by the uncontrolled growth and
spread of abnormal cells
Neoplasm – new growth of tissue that serves
no physiological function
Tumor – clumping of neo-plasmic cells
Malignant - cancerous
Benign - noncancerous
Biopsy – microscopic examination of cell
development
4. Metastasis – malignant tumors that are not
enclosed in a protective capsule have the
ability to spread to other organs
Mutant cells – disruption of RNA and DNA
within normal cells may produce cells that
differ in form, quality and function from the
normal cell
5.
6.
7.
8. Carcinomas (cells
that cover internal and
external body surfaces)
Lung
Breast
Colon
Bladder
Prostate
(Men)
Leukemia
(Blood Cells)
Lymphomas
(Lymph nodes &tissues)
Sarcomas
Cells in supportive
tissues – bones &
muscles
9.
10. In this section you will get to
know the signs and symptoms
of cancer…
11. Change in bowel habits or bladder functions
Sores that do not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Lumps or thickening of parts of the body
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Recent change in wart or mole
Persistent coughing or hoarseness
12.
13.
14. In this section you will learn
the factors that cause cancer…
16. Cancer arises from the mutation of a normal
gene.
Mutated genes that cause cancer are called
oncogenes.
It is thought that several mutations need to
occur to give rise to cancer
Cells that are old or not functioning properly
normally self destruct and are replaced by new
cells.
However, cancerous cells do not self destruct
and continue to divide rapidly producing
millions of new cancerous cells.
17.
18.
19. Smoking
Diet high fat and low
infruits and
vegetables
Lack of exercise
Unprotected
exposure to the sun,
(UV) rays
Obesity
20. Less than 15% of
cancers are inherited
Gene mutations are
linked to some
inherited cancers
Cancers that may be
caused by inherited
gene mutations are:
◦ Colon cancer
◦ Breast cancer
◦ Ovarian
◦ Prostate cancer
◦ Skin cancer
21. Second hand smoke
Air pollution
Industrial pollution
Chemical exposures
22. The ABCD’s of melanoma (skin
cancer):
◦ Asymmetry: one half is not like the
other
◦ Border: the edges are jagged or
irregular
◦ Color: the color is varied, tan, red,
black etc.
◦ Diameter: the diameter is larger than
8mm (the top of a pencil eraser)
A
B
C
D
23. Ionising radiation – X Rays, UV light
Chemicals – Tar from cigarettes
Virus infection – Papilloma virus can be responsible
for cervical cancer.
Hereditary predisposition – Some families are more
susceptible to getting certain cancers. Remember
you can’t inherit cancer its just that you maybe
more susceptible to getting it.
24. Being overweight or obese increases risk of several
cancers including colon and breast
Two – thirds of men and half of women in Britain are
overweight
An estimated 13,000 cases of cancer could be
prevented each year in the UK if no one had BMI
greater than 25
25. Sodium nitrate when ingested forms a
potential carcinogen, nitrosamine
Sodium nitrate is still used because it is
effective in preventing botulism
Pesticide and herbicide residues
26.
27.
28. Incidence Mortality
Total Cancer 12 Million 7.6 Million
Developed Countries 5.4 Million 2.9 Million
Developing
Countries
6.7 Million 4.7 Million
29. Males Females
Developed Developing Developed Developing
Prostate Lung Breast Breast
Lung Stomach * Colorectal Cervix *
Colorectal Liver * Lung Stomach *
* Related to Infection
All the three common cancers above ( both developed & Developing)
are also leading causes of cancer death.
15 % of all cancers – infection related ( 3 times more in developing
countries)
30. Deaths from infectious diseases
Childhood mortality
Longevity
Adoption of Western Life style
◦ Cigarette Smoking
◦ Higher consumption of saturated fat
◦ Consumption of Calorie dense foods
◦ Physical activity
Survival rates poorer in developing countries (lack
of availability of early detection and treatment
services)
31. Estimated Population : 1,048 million
Estimated New Cancer Cases : 9.50 lakhs
4.3 Males
5.2 Females
Estimated Tobacco Related
Cancer : 2,66,000
Estimated Breast Cancer : 1,15,251
Estimated Cervix Cancer : 1,34,420
(27% of world
burden)
33. Cigarette smoking is the
leading cause of preventable
death in the US
Second hand smoke affects
everyone
34. Cancer rates could
decline by up to
20% if everyone
consumed 5 fruits
and vegetables a
day!*
Cancer fighting
substances:
◦ Antioxidants
◦ Dietary fiber
◦ Arytenoids
◦ Flavanoids*American Institute for Cancer Research, 1998.
35. Men – 2 drinks per
day
Women - 1 drink
per day
36. Limit time outside,
between 10 a.m. & 4 p.m.
Wear protective clothing.
Use wide-brimmed hats
and sunglasses.
Prevent sunburns,
especially for children
under 18. Use waterproof
sunscreen of SPF 15 or
higher. Reapply as
directed.
Avoid tanning beds.
37. Exercise for 30 minutes
or more at least 4 days a
week.
38.
39. 186,550
The number of lives that could be
saved each year if we ate a healthy
diet and exercised regularly
186,550
The number of lives that could be
saved each year with no tobacco