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The Wind Energy Operations and




                                                       F
                                                       le i n
                                                    In

                                                         ct g S
                                                            ed
                                                     sI
Maintenance Report




                                                       de
 UpdaTEd fOR 2011


Maximize wind power production,
minimize turbine downtime and plan
for cost effective on and offshore wind
O+M Image - land based wind turbine
n Updated to include three new exclusive chapters
 - offshore O+M, Gearboxes, Blades




www.wIndenerGyupdate.cOM/OperatIOns-MaIntenance-repOrt
     Open nOw fOr yOur selected findings frOm this
   grOund breaking repOrt – nOw with 3 new chapters!
the wind energy Operations and Maintenance report
     Maximize wind power production, minimize turbine downtime
     and plan for cost effective on and offshore wind O+M


                    the impacts of the post warranty market including new health and safety
                    processes, operational requirements and enforcement has massive
                    implications on those responsible for wind farm O&M. there are now
                    utility companies who have more than 50% of their wind turbine outside
                    warranty. this is an industry first and a crucial tipping point. Business
                     planning has never been more imperative to wind farm owner/operators.


   purchase this report today and you’ll get the best
   available information on O+M so that you can plan and
   predict component breakdown, mitigate costs and drive
   efficiencies…
   n■Discover how leading operators and investors plan and budget for O+M
   n■Understand how and why turbines fail and mitigate the cost of repairs
   n■Find out about real life creative solutions to wind energy O+M challenges
   n■Learn how to plan O+M operations for maximum efficiency at minimum costs
   n■Understand the challenges of Offshore Wind O+M
   n■Gain access to detailed information on gearbox and blade failures


     who should buy this report?
     developers – as the owners of the wind turbine it is you who will pay the bill once your warranty period
     expires. Do you have appropriate cover? Are you aware of the costs? Do you consider your O+M strategy to be
     best practice? Purchase this report today to ensure you have a strong O+M strategy that boosts output and
     minimizes costs.

     Investors – the costs of O+M can dramatically impact your profit forecasts. The costs of O+M can vary wildly and
     you need to understand the true costs and the risks that could significantly impact your ROI.

     past buyers of this incredibly successful report include developers, prospective developers, engineering
     consulting firms, investors, academics, non-for profits, OEMs. Secure your copy today to ensure you do not miss
     out on this vital information.

     report methodology
     The data in this report was collected through surveys and in-depth interviews with over 100 wind energy industry
     senior executives throughout 2010 and 2011. The data was analyzed by independent experts and complemented
     with information from the most relevant secondary sources available.
     To collate this information independently would take considerable resources in terms of time, manpower and
     costs. Wind Energy Update do the hard work for you and provide you with previously unknown intelligence on
     this critical area.
     For the 2011 edition, three new chapters have been introduced focusing exclusively on offshore O+M, Gearboxes
     and Blades.


   Turn the page now for the ground breaking selected findings from this report!

www.wIndenerGyupdate.cOM/OperatIOns-MaIntenance-repOrt
f O r m O r e i n f O r m at i O n cO n ta c t – r e p O rt s @ w i n d e n e r gy u p d at e . cO m
the wind energy Operations and Maintenance report
     Maximize wind power production, minimize turbine downtime
     and plan for cost effective on and offshore wind O+M

   New selected findings from this groundbreaking report…

      “Engineers are still scratching their heads                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   the percentage of offshore
      when it comes to gearboxes. Even though                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       O+M costs that are
      gearboxes are certified to operate for 20                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     caused by unscheduled
      years, none of them on today’s market                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         corrective maintenance
      lasts more than 8 years.”

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           2-6 times higher – how much amount
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           offshore wind turbines O+M costs are
      Offshore Wind Construction & Installation Report

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           than on-shore wind turbine costs
                                                                                                                                                                         Offshore Wind Technology




      2.6	 Electrical	transmission	




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   - the loss in revenue due
      The Transmission system
      With the increasing size of wind farms and their distance offshore, the
      electrical system is becoming more complex. The main elements are
      indicated in the illustration.

      The illustration indicates collection of power for two distinct systems of
      shoreward (export) transmission namely:




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   to the effect of spattered
      ■■                      AC transmission for distances up to 70 km
      ■■                      HVDC transmission for distances beyond 70 km




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       29 tables of new
      The losses in AC transmission become excessive beyond these limits
      and High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) provides an efficient solution
      for long distance transmission, with cable losses typically being 20% of
      AC levels.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       data and findings                           debris accumulation on
      This technology has been in use around the world since 1950 for major
      long distance transmission lines, and for submarine lines since the
      early 1970’s. Variable source conversion (VSC) technology overcomes
      the need for a strong AC current at either end of the cable, which is
      clearly an advantage for the offshore end avoiding the need for an AC
      supply at start up.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   the blade’s leading edge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Over 181 pages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       of analysis,
      Figure 2-14 Schematic arrangement of major elements of OWF electrical transmission system
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       technologies and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       methods
      Source: Siemens


                                                                                                                                                               76




      Offshore Wind Construction & Installation Report
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           €100,000 to €300,000 per year
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           – the costs of keeping offshore turbines on-
                                                                                                                                                                         General Overview




                                                                                                                                    Offshore Wind Construction & Installation Report
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Offshore Wind Technology




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           line vs. an allocation of €45,000 per turbine for
      oil & gas experience covers the construction of platforms for very
      deepwater conditions far from shore.

      The UK Round 3 sites and the majority of the German sites are situated
      predominantly in exposed situations in the North Sea, in the Irish Sea
      and off the south and westerly UK coasts with westerly exposure to
      Atlantic swells. Water depths range upwards from 20m to 50m and




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           onshore wind
      beyond.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Over 70
                                                                                                                                         monopile installations to date. This appears to have been related to                    Figure 2-5 Gravity Base Foundations
      Distances from shore are generally greater than earlier UK Round 2                                                                 adoption the smooth surface interfaces between the transition piece
      wind farms and range up to 70-100km, while distance from the nearest                                                               inner surface /grout annulus/ monopile outer surface in accordance
      useful marine bases may be significantly greater.                                                                                  with standard design specifications promulgated for offshore wind.
                                                                                                                                         It has not been practice to provide mechanical shear keys (as has



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       comprehensive
      Improvement in costs needed
                                                                                                                                         usually been practice in grouted connections in oil and gas). This
      According to a number of sources (which ones?), cost trends in terms
                                                                                                                                         simplification was originally justified on the basis of medium scale
      of capex / MW installed, have moved steeply upwards over the past
                                                                                                                                         laboratory tests undertaken in Denmark. The investigating team has
      four years. Capex costs for wind farms completed in 2009/10 have
                                                                                                                                         not yet published details of the precise failure mechanism, although
      edged toward £3m / MW, some 50 -100% above costs of wind farms in
                                                                                                                                         some interim measures for work currently in progress have been



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       figures
      the period up to 2006. Figure 1-1 indicates the trend for completed UK
                                                                                                                                         published. Two alternative approaches have been indicated.
      offshore wind farms against the date of completion.
                                                                                                                                    ■■   The first involves using or providing a direct bearing flange on the
                                                                                                                                         inside of the transition piece bearing via an annular elastomeric
         Figure 1-1 Trends in wind farm project costs
                                                                                                                                         bearing onto the monopile case.
                                       3.5                                                                                          ■■   The second approach cannot be retrofitted and involves providing
                                             Drivers




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       of wind turbines
                                             • Rising commodity prices                                         Rhyl Flats                aconical geometry to the top of the pile and a corresponding conical
                                       3.0   • Bottlenecks in supply chain                            Robin Rigg
       Cost per MW installed (€m/MW)




                                             • Complexity of sites, disctances, depth                                                    section on the transition piece which will relieve the grout interface
                                             • FX rate volatility
                                       2.5                                                                                               of pure shear stress and provide a mechanical lock in the case of a
                                                                                                                  Gunfleet
                                                North Hoyle                                                       Sands                  friction/bond failure of the grout.
                                       2.0                                                             Lynn
                                                                                              Burbo
                                                                              Kentish flats
                                                                                                                                    These measures are of course intended as a supplement to the normal
                                       1.5
                                                                                                                                    grout connection.
                                                         South Sands
                                       1.0




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       were still under
                                                                                         Barrow                                     Gravity Base foundation
                                       0.5                                                                                          The gravity base foundation (GBF) is very simple in principle. It
                                                                                                                                    transfers the imposed loads directly to the underlying formation and
                                       0.0                                                                                          soil and is designed to avoid tensile stresses between the base of the
                                         2002     2003        2004     2005     2006      2007         2008      2009        2010
                                                                                                                                    structure and the seabed while not exceeding its bearing capacity.
      Source: Carbon Trust/Emerging Energy Research (2009)                                                                          This is achieved by virtue of a sufficient mass of structure and added
                                                                                                                                    ballast, coupled with a sufficiently wide base.
      This increase relates to a number of factors, including:




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       warranty at the
                                                                                                                                    Accordingly for a given duty, GBFs will have a significantly larger mass
      ■■                Bottlenecks in the supply chain including increase in the costs of                                          than piled foundation types. Concrete, either reinforced or pre-stressed,
                        turbines arising from offshore wind demand having to compete



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Clear text format
                                                                                                                                    provides the most suitable structural material, while ballast is ideally
                        against stronger demand for onshore turbines.                                                               sourced from the densest material available at an acceptably low cost.
      ■■                Volatility in basic commodity prices in the global market. Steel and
                                                                                                                                    Figure 2-6 Contour Plot of GBF under extreme wind loading
                        copper prices were rising strongly until the 2008 credit crunch.
                        Prices dropped back, but are now rising again. These changes in




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       end of 2010
                        basic materials for construction, and therefore capex, also affect the                                                                                                                                                            -3E-03
                                                                                                                                                                                                       5.707
                        overall economics of wind more seriously than similar changes in                                                                                                               8.261
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           -1E-02
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -2E-02
                                                                                                                                                                                                      -10.81
                        construction material costs would for fossil or gas fuelled generation                                                                                                        -13.37
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -3E-02
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -4E-02
                        where fuel costs are dominant.                                                                                                                                               -15.92
                                                                                                                                                                                                     -18.48
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -4E-02
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -5E-02
                                                                                                                                                                                                     -21.03                                               -6E-02
                                                                                                                                                               33                                    -23.58
                                                                                                                                                                                                     -26.14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -7E-02
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -8E-02
                                                                                                                                                                                                    -28.69                                                -9E-02
                                                                                                                                                                                                     -31.24                                               -9E-02
                                                                                                                                                                                                    -33.80                                               -0.1021
                                                                                                                                                                                                     -36.35                                              -0.1103
                                                                                                                                                                                                    -38.90                                               -0.1185
                                                                                                                                                                                                     -41.46




                                                                                                                                    Vertical displacement (m)                                                  Bearing pressure (MPa) – peak 0.106

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       61




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           A significant amount of R&D is currently going
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           into gearbox reliability. Many gearboxes,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           designed for a 20-year life, are failing after 6 to
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           8 years of operation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Includes schmatic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       illustrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             “We have the data on O+M costs,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             but we don’t even share it with the
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             manufacturers. I’ve seen their data, and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       30 illustrative       it is all wrong. The problems are way,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       photographs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             way worse than they realize. If you keep a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             turbine long enough, it will fail.”




www.wIndenerGyupdate.cOM/OperatIOns-MaIntenance-repOrt
f O r m O r e i n f O r m at i O n cO n ta c t – r e p O rt s @ w i n d e n e r gy u p d at e . cO m
the wind energy Operations and Maintenance report
     Maximize wind power production, minimize turbine downtime
     and plan for cost effective on and offshore wind O+M

   Contents
   1. ExEcUTivE SUMMaRy                                                        Figure 7    Estimated Wind Turbine O&M Data per Unit of Energy
                                                                                           Production for Five Machines Over Time (Poore & Walford 2008)
   2. inTROdUcTiOn TO Wind EnERgy O&M                                          Figure 8    European O&M Costs for Selected Win Turbine Sizes and
       2.1    Wind Industry Collaboration                                                  Types (Krohn et al. 2009)
       2.2    Wind Turbine O&M Cost Perspectives                               Figure 9    Component Failure Rate Evolution or “Bathtub Curve”
       2.3    Wind Industry Course Correction                                              (Sanchez 2009)
       2.4    Wind Industry Going Offshore                                     Figure 10   ISET Wind Turbine Component Annual Failure Rate Data and
   3. REpORT METhOdOlOgy                                                                   Downtime (Faulstich et al. 2008)
                                                                               Figure 11   WEU Survey Results for Capacity Factor vs. Wind Plant Terrain
   4. cOMpOnEnT OvERviEW & hiSTORical Wind O&M daTa                                        Type
      TREndS                                                                   Figure 12   Wind Farm Availability versus Year of Operation (Coutinho 2009)
       4.1    Wind Turbine Component Overview                                  Figure 13   WEU Survey Results for Wind Farm O&M Costs in Dollar
       4.2    Historical Wind O&M Trends                                       Figure 14   WEU Survey Results for Wind Farm O&M Costs in Euro
       4.3    Wind O&M Historical Cost and Reliability Trends                  Figure 15   Wind Turbine O&M Costs per Unit Energy of Production (Wind
       4.4    Wind Farm Operator O&M Perspective                                           Energy Update Survey and LBNL Data)
       4.5    Wind Component and Sub-Assembly Failure Overview                 Figure 16   Component and Sub-Assembly Failure Frequencies (Faulstich
       4.6    Wind Turbine O&M Monitoring Systems                                          et al. 2008)
   5. Wind EnERgy UpdaTE RESEaRch findingS and analySiS                        Figure 17   Component Failure Frequencies
       5.1 Wind O&M Costs: Survey and Interview Results                        Figure 18   Loss of Energy Production due to Component Failures
                                                                                           (Coutinho 2009)
   6. Wind O&M SUccESSES and SOlUTiOnS                                         Figure 19   Wind Turbine Manufacturer Market Share in U.S. (American
       6.1    General Electric                                                             Wind Energy Association 2008)
       6.2    Szlon Wind Energy Corp.                                          Figure 20   NextEra Energy Cost Breakdown of Large Component
       6.3    NextEra Energy Resources, LLC                                                Replacement (Sanchez 2009)
       6.4    Clipper Windpower                                                Figure 21   LM Wind Power Rotor Blade Landscape (Thomsen 2004)
       6.5    Enercon                                                          Figure 22   Blade Sections of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (Ruud van
       6.6    Nordic Windpower                                                             Rooij 2004)
                                                                               Figure 23   Shear Web and Spar Cap Concept (Bottasso 2010)
   7. Wind TURbinE bladES and gEaRbOxES in fOcUS                               Figure 24   Spar-Box Concept (Bottasso 2010)
       7.1 Rotor Blade                                                         Figure 25   Fabric Application at LM Wind Power (Thomsen 2004)
           7.1.1   Blade Design                                                Figure 26   LM Wind Power Blade Condition Monitoring System
           7.1.2   Manufacturing                                                           (Korsgaard 2004)
           7.1.3   Condition Based Monitoring                                  Figure 27   Trailing Edge Split and Debonding
           7.1.4   Failure & Wear Processes                                    Figure 28   Bonding Paste Deficiency / Thick Bond Line Resulted in
           7.1.5   Blade Reliability                                                       Debonding of the Skin
       7.2 Gearbox                                                             Figure 29   Broken Leading Edge and Delaminations
           7.2.1   Design                                                      Figure 30   Wind Turbine Rotor Blade Transport Jig
           7.2.2 Manufacturing                                                 Figure 31   Transport damage
           7.2.3 Experimentation                                               Figure 32   Leading Edge Erosion
           7.2.4 Failure & Wear Processes                                      Figure 33   Lightning damage (Kanaby 2010)
           7.2.5   Lubrication and Cooling                                     Figure 34   Lightning damage (EWEC 2010)
           7.2.6 Preventive and Predictive Maintenance                         Figure 35   Blade Root Instrumented Fasteners (Bussieres 2011)
                                                                               Figure 36   Dirt & Insect Affected Leading Edge (Blade Cleaning n.d.)
   8. OffShORE O&M challEngES                                                  Figure 37   Full Length Dirt & Insect Affected Leading Edge (Blade
       8.1 Meteorological Characteristics                                                  Cleaning n.d.)
           8.1.1    Wind Conditions                                            Figure 38   (A) Plug/patch and (B) scarf repair systems
           8.1.2 Wave Conditions                                               Figure 39   GE One-Stage Compound Planetary with One-Stage Parallel Shaft
           8.1.3 Seasonality                                                   Figure 40   GE Two-Stage Planetary with One-Stage Parallel Shaft
       8.2. Wind Park Description                                              Figure 41   2.5MW Wind Turbine Drive Train Dynamometer Test Bed
           8.2.1 Number of Turbines                                                        (NREL’s National Wind Technology Center) (ECEN 2060 2011)
           8.2.2 Distance to Shore                                             Figure 42   Damage to the main bearing. Torsion is the primary cause of
           8.2.3 Grid Integration                                                          failure (Zellman 2009)
           8.2.4 Crew                                                          Figure 43   Teeth Breakage on Gears (Korbijn 2011)
           8.2.5 Access System                                                 Figure 44   Teeth Breakage on Gears(Korbijn 2011)
       8.3 Failure Landscape                                                   Figure 45   Automatic CMS Mounted Under a 2.5MW Generator (Becker
           8.3.1 Heavy Component                                                           2008)
           8.3.2 Large Component                                               Figure 46   Piezoelectric Accelerometers Installed on the Gear (Becker 2008)
                                                                               Figure 47   Operation and Maintenance Cost and Availability (Kotsonis
           8.3.3 Small Parts
                                                                                           2010)
           8.3.4 Small/No Parts                                                Figure 48   Significant Wave Height and Wind Speed Relationship
   9. Wind O&M fUTURE OUTlOOk                                                              (Bussel & Bierbooms 2005)
       9.1 Barriers to Entry for Component Suppliers                           Figure 49   Ship-Based Stabilized Gangway Platform for Offshore
       9.2 Proactive Versus Reactive O&M Costs and Strategies                              Structure Access (Ampelmann 2010)
       9.3 Wind O&M Future Trends                                              Figure 50   Overall Availability of an Offshore Wind Farm (Bussel &
                                                                                           Bierbooms 2005)
                                                                               Figure 51   Wind Park Configuration (Van de Pieterman et al. n.d.)
                                                                               Figure 52   Damage Accumulation (Van de Pieterman et al. n.d.)
   LIst OF FIGures                                                             Figure 53   Cumulative Distribution Function of the Weather Window
   Figure 1     Failure Rate Evolution                                                     (Bussel & Bierbooms 2005)
   Figure 2     Offshore Wind Supply Chain Map (Scottish Enterprise 2010)      Figure 54   Offshore Timely Failure Rates (Van de Pieterman et al. n.d.)
   Figure 3     5MW Wind Turbine Component Capital Costs Breakdown             Figure 55   Life Cycle Cost: Pro-Active versus Reactive Maintenance
   Figure 4     5MW Wind Turbine Component Capital Costs Breakdown                         (Roeper 2009)
                (Krohn et al. 2009)                                            Figure 56   Wind O&M Cost and Forecasted Per Unit of Energy Yield
   Figure 5     O&M Costs for German Turbines (1997-2001)(Krohn et al. 2009)   Figure 57   Average Five-Year O&M Cost Per Turbine (Wiser & Bolinger 2009)
   Figure 6     Historical US Average Annual Wind Turbine O&M Costs (Wiser     Figure 58   Estimated 20-Year Parts Cost Breakdown for a 60MW Project
                & Bolinger 2009)                                                           (Wiser & Bolinger 2009)



www.wIndenerGyupdate.cOM/OperatIOns-MaIntenance-repOrt
f O r m O r e i n f O r m at i O n cO n ta c t – r e p O rt s @ w i n d e n e r gy u p d at e . cO m
the wind energy Operations and Maintenance report
     Maximize wind power production, minimize turbine downtime
     and plan for cost effective on and offshore wind O+M

   purchase yOur cOpy tOday                                SpEcial nOTE: for 2010 report buyers!
   Format: Secure PDF                                     Upgrade your report with 3 new three new
                                                          chapters on Offshore O+M, Gearboxes and
   extent: 109 pages
                                                          Blade failures for just $699.
   release date: April 2011
   price: $1595                                                                Our focus is providing business
                                                                               intelligence to our three core
         Online: www.windenergyupdate.com/                                     areas of the wind energy industry,
         operations-maintenance-report                      Operations & Maintenance, the Supply Chain and
         call: 020 7375 7575                                Offshore wind development. Our customers are at the
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Wind Energy Update's Operations Maintenance Report

  • 1. Se ind The Wind Energy Operations and F le i n In ct g S ed sI Maintenance Report de UpdaTEd fOR 2011 Maximize wind power production, minimize turbine downtime and plan for cost effective on and offshore wind O+M Image - land based wind turbine n Updated to include three new exclusive chapters - offshore O+M, Gearboxes, Blades www.wIndenerGyupdate.cOM/OperatIOns-MaIntenance-repOrt Open nOw fOr yOur selected findings frOm this grOund breaking repOrt – nOw with 3 new chapters!
  • 2. the wind energy Operations and Maintenance report Maximize wind power production, minimize turbine downtime and plan for cost effective on and offshore wind O+M the impacts of the post warranty market including new health and safety processes, operational requirements and enforcement has massive implications on those responsible for wind farm O&M. there are now utility companies who have more than 50% of their wind turbine outside warranty. this is an industry first and a crucial tipping point. Business planning has never been more imperative to wind farm owner/operators. purchase this report today and you’ll get the best available information on O+M so that you can plan and predict component breakdown, mitigate costs and drive efficiencies… n■Discover how leading operators and investors plan and budget for O+M n■Understand how and why turbines fail and mitigate the cost of repairs n■Find out about real life creative solutions to wind energy O+M challenges n■Learn how to plan O+M operations for maximum efficiency at minimum costs n■Understand the challenges of Offshore Wind O+M n■Gain access to detailed information on gearbox and blade failures who should buy this report? developers – as the owners of the wind turbine it is you who will pay the bill once your warranty period expires. Do you have appropriate cover? Are you aware of the costs? Do you consider your O+M strategy to be best practice? Purchase this report today to ensure you have a strong O+M strategy that boosts output and minimizes costs. Investors – the costs of O+M can dramatically impact your profit forecasts. The costs of O+M can vary wildly and you need to understand the true costs and the risks that could significantly impact your ROI. past buyers of this incredibly successful report include developers, prospective developers, engineering consulting firms, investors, academics, non-for profits, OEMs. Secure your copy today to ensure you do not miss out on this vital information. report methodology The data in this report was collected through surveys and in-depth interviews with over 100 wind energy industry senior executives throughout 2010 and 2011. The data was analyzed by independent experts and complemented with information from the most relevant secondary sources available. To collate this information independently would take considerable resources in terms of time, manpower and costs. Wind Energy Update do the hard work for you and provide you with previously unknown intelligence on this critical area. For the 2011 edition, three new chapters have been introduced focusing exclusively on offshore O+M, Gearboxes and Blades. Turn the page now for the ground breaking selected findings from this report! www.wIndenerGyupdate.cOM/OperatIOns-MaIntenance-repOrt f O r m O r e i n f O r m at i O n cO n ta c t – r e p O rt s @ w i n d e n e r gy u p d at e . cO m
  • 3. the wind energy Operations and Maintenance report Maximize wind power production, minimize turbine downtime and plan for cost effective on and offshore wind O+M New selected findings from this groundbreaking report… “Engineers are still scratching their heads the percentage of offshore when it comes to gearboxes. Even though O+M costs that are gearboxes are certified to operate for 20 caused by unscheduled years, none of them on today’s market corrective maintenance lasts more than 8 years.” 2-6 times higher – how much amount offshore wind turbines O+M costs are Offshore Wind Construction & Installation Report than on-shore wind turbine costs Offshore Wind Technology 2.6 Electrical transmission - the loss in revenue due The Transmission system With the increasing size of wind farms and their distance offshore, the electrical system is becoming more complex. The main elements are indicated in the illustration. The illustration indicates collection of power for two distinct systems of shoreward (export) transmission namely: to the effect of spattered ■■ AC transmission for distances up to 70 km ■■ HVDC transmission for distances beyond 70 km 29 tables of new The losses in AC transmission become excessive beyond these limits and High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) provides an efficient solution for long distance transmission, with cable losses typically being 20% of AC levels. data and findings debris accumulation on This technology has been in use around the world since 1950 for major long distance transmission lines, and for submarine lines since the early 1970’s. Variable source conversion (VSC) technology overcomes the need for a strong AC current at either end of the cable, which is clearly an advantage for the offshore end avoiding the need for an AC supply at start up. the blade’s leading edge Over 181 pages of analysis, Figure 2-14 Schematic arrangement of major elements of OWF electrical transmission system technologies and methods Source: Siemens 76 Offshore Wind Construction & Installation Report €100,000 to €300,000 per year – the costs of keeping offshore turbines on- General Overview Offshore Wind Construction & Installation Report Offshore Wind Technology line vs. an allocation of €45,000 per turbine for oil & gas experience covers the construction of platforms for very deepwater conditions far from shore. The UK Round 3 sites and the majority of the German sites are situated predominantly in exposed situations in the North Sea, in the Irish Sea and off the south and westerly UK coasts with westerly exposure to Atlantic swells. Water depths range upwards from 20m to 50m and onshore wind beyond. Over 70 monopile installations to date. This appears to have been related to Figure 2-5 Gravity Base Foundations Distances from shore are generally greater than earlier UK Round 2 adoption the smooth surface interfaces between the transition piece wind farms and range up to 70-100km, while distance from the nearest inner surface /grout annulus/ monopile outer surface in accordance useful marine bases may be significantly greater. with standard design specifications promulgated for offshore wind. It has not been practice to provide mechanical shear keys (as has comprehensive Improvement in costs needed usually been practice in grouted connections in oil and gas). This According to a number of sources (which ones?), cost trends in terms simplification was originally justified on the basis of medium scale of capex / MW installed, have moved steeply upwards over the past laboratory tests undertaken in Denmark. The investigating team has four years. Capex costs for wind farms completed in 2009/10 have not yet published details of the precise failure mechanism, although edged toward £3m / MW, some 50 -100% above costs of wind farms in some interim measures for work currently in progress have been figures the period up to 2006. Figure 1-1 indicates the trend for completed UK published. Two alternative approaches have been indicated. offshore wind farms against the date of completion. ■■ The first involves using or providing a direct bearing flange on the inside of the transition piece bearing via an annular elastomeric Figure 1-1 Trends in wind farm project costs bearing onto the monopile case. 3.5 ■■ The second approach cannot be retrofitted and involves providing Drivers of wind turbines • Rising commodity prices Rhyl Flats aconical geometry to the top of the pile and a corresponding conical 3.0 • Bottlenecks in supply chain Robin Rigg Cost per MW installed (€m/MW) • Complexity of sites, disctances, depth section on the transition piece which will relieve the grout interface • FX rate volatility 2.5 of pure shear stress and provide a mechanical lock in the case of a Gunfleet North Hoyle Sands friction/bond failure of the grout. 2.0 Lynn Burbo Kentish flats These measures are of course intended as a supplement to the normal 1.5 grout connection. South Sands 1.0 were still under Barrow Gravity Base foundation 0.5 The gravity base foundation (GBF) is very simple in principle. It transfers the imposed loads directly to the underlying formation and 0.0 soil and is designed to avoid tensile stresses between the base of the 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 structure and the seabed while not exceeding its bearing capacity. Source: Carbon Trust/Emerging Energy Research (2009) This is achieved by virtue of a sufficient mass of structure and added ballast, coupled with a sufficiently wide base. This increase relates to a number of factors, including: warranty at the Accordingly for a given duty, GBFs will have a significantly larger mass ■■ Bottlenecks in the supply chain including increase in the costs of than piled foundation types. Concrete, either reinforced or pre-stressed, turbines arising from offshore wind demand having to compete Clear text format provides the most suitable structural material, while ballast is ideally against stronger demand for onshore turbines. sourced from the densest material available at an acceptably low cost. ■■ Volatility in basic commodity prices in the global market. Steel and Figure 2-6 Contour Plot of GBF under extreme wind loading copper prices were rising strongly until the 2008 credit crunch. Prices dropped back, but are now rising again. These changes in end of 2010 basic materials for construction, and therefore capex, also affect the -3E-03 5.707 overall economics of wind more seriously than similar changes in 8.261 -1E-02 -2E-02 -10.81 construction material costs would for fossil or gas fuelled generation -13.37 -3E-02 -4E-02 where fuel costs are dominant. -15.92 -18.48 -4E-02 -5E-02 -21.03 -6E-02 33 -23.58 -26.14 -7E-02 -8E-02 -28.69 -9E-02 -31.24 -9E-02 -33.80 -0.1021 -36.35 -0.1103 -38.90 -0.1185 -41.46 Vertical displacement (m) Bearing pressure (MPa) – peak 0.106 61 A significant amount of R&D is currently going into gearbox reliability. Many gearboxes, designed for a 20-year life, are failing after 6 to 8 years of operation Includes schmatic illustrations “We have the data on O+M costs, but we don’t even share it with the manufacturers. I’ve seen their data, and 30 illustrative it is all wrong. The problems are way, photographs way worse than they realize. If you keep a turbine long enough, it will fail.” www.wIndenerGyupdate.cOM/OperatIOns-MaIntenance-repOrt f O r m O r e i n f O r m at i O n cO n ta c t – r e p O rt s @ w i n d e n e r gy u p d at e . cO m
  • 4. the wind energy Operations and Maintenance report Maximize wind power production, minimize turbine downtime and plan for cost effective on and offshore wind O+M Contents 1. ExEcUTivE SUMMaRy Figure 7 Estimated Wind Turbine O&M Data per Unit of Energy Production for Five Machines Over Time (Poore & Walford 2008) 2. inTROdUcTiOn TO Wind EnERgy O&M Figure 8 European O&M Costs for Selected Win Turbine Sizes and 2.1 Wind Industry Collaboration Types (Krohn et al. 2009) 2.2 Wind Turbine O&M Cost Perspectives Figure 9 Component Failure Rate Evolution or “Bathtub Curve” 2.3 Wind Industry Course Correction (Sanchez 2009) 2.4 Wind Industry Going Offshore Figure 10 ISET Wind Turbine Component Annual Failure Rate Data and 3. REpORT METhOdOlOgy Downtime (Faulstich et al. 2008) Figure 11 WEU Survey Results for Capacity Factor vs. Wind Plant Terrain 4. cOMpOnEnT OvERviEW & hiSTORical Wind O&M daTa Type TREndS Figure 12 Wind Farm Availability versus Year of Operation (Coutinho 2009) 4.1 Wind Turbine Component Overview Figure 13 WEU Survey Results for Wind Farm O&M Costs in Dollar 4.2 Historical Wind O&M Trends Figure 14 WEU Survey Results for Wind Farm O&M Costs in Euro 4.3 Wind O&M Historical Cost and Reliability Trends Figure 15 Wind Turbine O&M Costs per Unit Energy of Production (Wind 4.4 Wind Farm Operator O&M Perspective Energy Update Survey and LBNL Data) 4.5 Wind Component and Sub-Assembly Failure Overview Figure 16 Component and Sub-Assembly Failure Frequencies (Faulstich 4.6 Wind Turbine O&M Monitoring Systems et al. 2008) 5. Wind EnERgy UpdaTE RESEaRch findingS and analySiS Figure 17 Component Failure Frequencies 5.1 Wind O&M Costs: Survey and Interview Results Figure 18 Loss of Energy Production due to Component Failures (Coutinho 2009) 6. Wind O&M SUccESSES and SOlUTiOnS Figure 19 Wind Turbine Manufacturer Market Share in U.S. (American 6.1 General Electric Wind Energy Association 2008) 6.2 Szlon Wind Energy Corp. Figure 20 NextEra Energy Cost Breakdown of Large Component 6.3 NextEra Energy Resources, LLC Replacement (Sanchez 2009) 6.4 Clipper Windpower Figure 21 LM Wind Power Rotor Blade Landscape (Thomsen 2004) 6.5 Enercon Figure 22 Blade Sections of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (Ruud van 6.6 Nordic Windpower Rooij 2004) Figure 23 Shear Web and Spar Cap Concept (Bottasso 2010) 7. Wind TURbinE bladES and gEaRbOxES in fOcUS Figure 24 Spar-Box Concept (Bottasso 2010) 7.1 Rotor Blade Figure 25 Fabric Application at LM Wind Power (Thomsen 2004) 7.1.1 Blade Design Figure 26 LM Wind Power Blade Condition Monitoring System 7.1.2 Manufacturing (Korsgaard 2004) 7.1.3 Condition Based Monitoring Figure 27 Trailing Edge Split and Debonding 7.1.4 Failure & Wear Processes Figure 28 Bonding Paste Deficiency / Thick Bond Line Resulted in 7.1.5 Blade Reliability Debonding of the Skin 7.2 Gearbox Figure 29 Broken Leading Edge and Delaminations 7.2.1 Design Figure 30 Wind Turbine Rotor Blade Transport Jig 7.2.2 Manufacturing Figure 31 Transport damage 7.2.3 Experimentation Figure 32 Leading Edge Erosion 7.2.4 Failure & Wear Processes Figure 33 Lightning damage (Kanaby 2010) 7.2.5 Lubrication and Cooling Figure 34 Lightning damage (EWEC 2010) 7.2.6 Preventive and Predictive Maintenance Figure 35 Blade Root Instrumented Fasteners (Bussieres 2011) Figure 36 Dirt & Insect Affected Leading Edge (Blade Cleaning n.d.) 8. OffShORE O&M challEngES Figure 37 Full Length Dirt & Insect Affected Leading Edge (Blade 8.1 Meteorological Characteristics Cleaning n.d.) 8.1.1 Wind Conditions Figure 38 (A) Plug/patch and (B) scarf repair systems 8.1.2 Wave Conditions Figure 39 GE One-Stage Compound Planetary with One-Stage Parallel Shaft 8.1.3 Seasonality Figure 40 GE Two-Stage Planetary with One-Stage Parallel Shaft 8.2. Wind Park Description Figure 41 2.5MW Wind Turbine Drive Train Dynamometer Test Bed 8.2.1 Number of Turbines (NREL’s National Wind Technology Center) (ECEN 2060 2011) 8.2.2 Distance to Shore Figure 42 Damage to the main bearing. Torsion is the primary cause of 8.2.3 Grid Integration failure (Zellman 2009) 8.2.4 Crew Figure 43 Teeth Breakage on Gears (Korbijn 2011) 8.2.5 Access System Figure 44 Teeth Breakage on Gears(Korbijn 2011) 8.3 Failure Landscape Figure 45 Automatic CMS Mounted Under a 2.5MW Generator (Becker 8.3.1 Heavy Component 2008) 8.3.2 Large Component Figure 46 Piezoelectric Accelerometers Installed on the Gear (Becker 2008) Figure 47 Operation and Maintenance Cost and Availability (Kotsonis 8.3.3 Small Parts 2010) 8.3.4 Small/No Parts Figure 48 Significant Wave Height and Wind Speed Relationship 9. Wind O&M fUTURE OUTlOOk (Bussel & Bierbooms 2005) 9.1 Barriers to Entry for Component Suppliers Figure 49 Ship-Based Stabilized Gangway Platform for Offshore 9.2 Proactive Versus Reactive O&M Costs and Strategies Structure Access (Ampelmann 2010) 9.3 Wind O&M Future Trends Figure 50 Overall Availability of an Offshore Wind Farm (Bussel & Bierbooms 2005) Figure 51 Wind Park Configuration (Van de Pieterman et al. n.d.) Figure 52 Damage Accumulation (Van de Pieterman et al. n.d.) LIst OF FIGures Figure 53 Cumulative Distribution Function of the Weather Window Figure 1 Failure Rate Evolution (Bussel & Bierbooms 2005) Figure 2 Offshore Wind Supply Chain Map (Scottish Enterprise 2010) Figure 54 Offshore Timely Failure Rates (Van de Pieterman et al. n.d.) Figure 3 5MW Wind Turbine Component Capital Costs Breakdown Figure 55 Life Cycle Cost: Pro-Active versus Reactive Maintenance Figure 4 5MW Wind Turbine Component Capital Costs Breakdown (Roeper 2009) (Krohn et al. 2009) Figure 56 Wind O&M Cost and Forecasted Per Unit of Energy Yield Figure 5 O&M Costs for German Turbines (1997-2001)(Krohn et al. 2009) Figure 57 Average Five-Year O&M Cost Per Turbine (Wiser & Bolinger 2009) Figure 6 Historical US Average Annual Wind Turbine O&M Costs (Wiser Figure 58 Estimated 20-Year Parts Cost Breakdown for a 60MW Project & Bolinger 2009) (Wiser & Bolinger 2009) www.wIndenerGyupdate.cOM/OperatIOns-MaIntenance-repOrt f O r m O r e i n f O r m at i O n cO n ta c t – r e p O rt s @ w i n d e n e r gy u p d at e . cO m
  • 5. the wind energy Operations and Maintenance report Maximize wind power production, minimize turbine downtime and plan for cost effective on and offshore wind O+M purchase yOur cOpy tOday SpEcial nOTE: for 2010 report buyers! Format: Secure PDF Upgrade your report with 3 new three new chapters on Offshore O+M, Gearboxes and extent: 109 pages Blade failures for just $699. release date: April 2011 price: $1595 Our focus is providing business intelligence to our three core Online: www.windenergyupdate.com/ areas of the wind energy industry, operations-maintenance-report Operations & Maintenance, the Supply Chain and call: 020 7375 7575 Offshore wind development. Our customers are at the heart of what we do. As such all our news, analysis, email: reports@windenergyupdate.com business intelligence reports and conferences strive to produce quality content to these areas. Mail: 7-9 Fashion Street, London E1 6PX, UK yO u r i n f O r m at i O n FIRSTNAME: LAST NAME: COMPANY: TELEPHONE: EMAIL: ADDRESS: CITY: STATE/PROVINCE: ZIP/POSTCODE: COUNTRY: REPORT NAME: QUANTITY: FINAL PRICE +VAT: $1595 DISCOUNT CODE: payment details NAME (AS IT APPEARS ON CARD): CARD NUMBER: TYPE OF CARD: EXPIRY DATE: SECURITY CODE: www.wIndenerGyupdate.cOM/OperatIOns-MaIntenance-repOrt f O r m O r e i n f O r m at i O n cO n ta c t – r e p O rt s @ w i n d e n e r gy u p d at e . cO m