Despite a growing body of work defining the benefits and methods to encourage multi-modal travel, only a small body of research has worked to fuse urban design and complete street philosophies. Based on work recently published in the Journal of Planning Education and Research on street design and two-way street conversions, Dr. William Riggs will discuss how street typologies and complete streets dialogues are linked, and how urban design policies might be advanced to facilitate safer and more livable streets.
1. URBAN DESIGN & STREET
TYPOLOGY
Do they matter?
William Riggs, PhD, AICP, LEED AP
Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning
Tweet questions to @billyriggs
8. CONTEXT 1
Louisville, KY
• Brook and First Streets
– One way multi-lane
parallel streets since
the 1950’s
– Converted to a two
way, single lane street
with a bike lane in
Summer 2011
11. CONTEXT 2
LONDON
USE OF CARROTS & STICKS TO MEET SUSTAINABILITY GOALS
PUSH PEOPLE OUT OF CARS & PULL PEOPLE TO TRANSIT, BIKES & WALKING
Source: Greater London Authority
14. CORE QUESTIONS
• Can thinking about street
design increase safety (Riggs
and Gilderbloom, 2015)?
• Can investments in pedestrian /
bike safety bring about more
ecological and economic
resilience (Gilderbloom, Riggs
& Meares, 2014)?
15. LONDON
OUTCOME 1
SURVEY OF MODE SHIFT
SUCESS
• Push people out of cars with
fiscal stick
• Vehicle traffic volumes
reduced 27%, stable over
time
• 80,000 fewer vehicles per
day
• Pull people into sustainable
modes
• Transit use up 14%, rising
mode share for biking and
walking
16. 2001 to 2011 - 11.3% growth in trips made in Greater London
Source: Broaddus, 2014
TRIP CHANGE 01-11
17. MODE SHIFT
2001 to 2011 – 6% decline in driving, 6% growth in transit use
18. LONDON
OUTCOME 2
FUNDING & BUILT
ENVIRONMENT CHANGES
• £150M Annually for Transit, Bike,
& Ped Improve
• Key Projects / Locations
• Exhibition Road
• Shepherd’s Bush Westfield
• Thames Bicycle
Superhighway
• Bike Share
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23. LONDON
OUTCOME 3
LESSONS IN DESIGN
• Experimentation
• Focus on simplicity and existing
assets
• Land use and form parallels
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28. LOUISVILLE
OUTCOME 1
• Decreased
– Collisions:
• -36% on Brook
• -60% on First
• Increased
– Traffic Volumes
– Calmer traffic
– Pedestrian & bike
traffic
Significant decrease in
accidents despite slight
increase in volumes
Speeds up to 50-60 mph were clocked during
the am peak on one-way segments (limit is 35 mph)
30. Property Taxes
• Average for one-way streets is: $17,886
• Average for two-way streets is: $42,820
– Increased property taxes could pay for
conversion (value capture)
– >$250,000 lost taxes
– West Louisville: multi-lane one-way
streets lose ~$2 million in taxes
31. LOUISVILLE
OUTCOME 3
• Decreased
– Crime 23%
• Increased
– Business
revenues
Significant decrease in crime
despite slight increase in
citywide and in an adjacent
neighborhood
35. KEY LESSIONS & FUTURE WORK
• STREET SUITABILITY / DESIGN OF
SURROUNDS MATTER
• TYPOLOGY / STREET TYPOLOGY ARE
ALSO IMPORTANT & MAY HAVE
TRAFFIC CALMING EFFECT
– Hypothesis 1: Perceived Distance
– Hypothesis 2: Visual Interest
36. FUTURE WORK
• Longitudinally
track the impact
of numerous
street
conversions
• Evaluate
perceptions on
different streets
with varying
LOS
BAN DESIGN & STREET TYPOLOGY
Do they matter for the safety of bicyclists and pedestrians?
…and they live in communities where, as you can see,everybody needs a car to get from one place to another.
…and they live in communities where, as you can see,everybody needs a car to get from one place to another.
But we haven’t been building nearly enough housing near our job centers. As a result, workers have to endure long commutes and use a lot of gas driving between their jobs and their houses…
- Comparatively, the Bay Area is leading the US in terms of both investigating and thinking about resilience, and adopting sustainable design strategies.
- But, there are others who are exceeding us in reducing our 20 MTCO2 emission per person per annum,
…and they live in communities where, as you can see,everybody needs a car to get from one place to another.
…and they live in communities where, as you can see,everybody needs a car to get from one place to another.
Meeting sustainability goals requires strategies to reduce vehicle miles travelled (VMT)
There are dozens of transportation demand management (TDM) policies aimed at a variety of scales, implemented by variety of actors
London has implemented an aggressive combination of carrot and stick measures over the past ten years to reduce car use and increase transit and bicycle use
This study considers the impacts of these measures as a package, with a particular focus on congestion charging
…and they live in communities where, as you can see,everybody needs a car to get from one place to another.
…and they live in communities where, as you can see,everybody needs a car to get from one place to another.
…and they live in communities where, as you can see,everybody needs a car to get from one place to another.
Estimated number of daily trips, 7 day week. Millions.
…and they live in communities where, as you can see,everybody needs a car to get from one place to another.
…and they live in communities where, as you can see,everybody needs a car to get from one place to another.
- Comparatively, the Bay Area is leading the US in terms of both investigating and thinking about resilience, and adopting sustainable design strategies.
- But, there are others who are exceeding us in reducing our 20 MTCO2 emission per person per annum,
…and they live in communities where, as you can see,everybody needs a car to get from one place to another.
- Comparatively, the Bay Area is leading the US in terms of both investigating and thinking about resilience, and adopting sustainable design strategies.
- But, there are others who are exceeding us in reducing our 20 MTCO2 emission per person per annum,
- Comparatively, the Bay Area is leading the US in terms of both investigating and thinking about resilience, and adopting sustainable design strategies.
- But, there are others who are exceeding us in reducing our 20 MTCO2 emission per person per annum,