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The Human Right to Water

               Human Rights & Water Sector
                      Governance
                    Univ. of Dundee

09/01/2012                                   1
Contents
1. Understanding the
   Human Rights Legal
   System
2. Definition of the
   Human Right to Water
3. Implementation
   Challenges
4. Opportunities


09/01/2012                   2
1. Understanding the Human Rights
              Legal System

“There will be no development without security
  and no security without development. And
  both development and security also depend on
  respect for human rights and the rule of law.”
            Kofi Annan, In Larger Freedom (2005)



09/01/2012                                     3
1.1. A new paradigm
• UN Charter (1945)
      – Art.55
      – Art.56
      – Art.103
• The International Bill of
  Rights
      – UDHR (1948)
      – ICESCR (1966-1976)
      – ICCPR (1966-1976)


09/01/2012                              4
1.2. Four Generations?
• Vienna Declaration (1993)
“All human rights are universal, indivisible and
  interdependent and interrelated. The
  international community must treat human
  rights globally in a fair and equal manner, on
  the same footing, and with the same
  emphasis.”, Vienna Declaration, para.5.


09/01/2012                                         5
2. Definition of the Human Right to
                   Water
“The human right to water entitles everyone to
  sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically
  accessible and affordable water for personal
  and domestic uses. An adequate amount of
  safe water is necessary to prevent death from
  dehydration, to reduce the risk of water-
  related disease and to provide for
  consumption, cooking, personal and domestic
  hygienic requirements.”, CESC – GC 15 (2002)
09/01/2012                                        6
2.1 The misconceptions
Misconception                 International Law
• Water for free              • Affordable
• Public ownership            • State’s regulation
• Tap water & Flush latrine   • Meeting the objectives
• Immediate entitlement       • “Progressive realization” +
                                 “maximum of available
                                 resources”
• Only about a goal           • Goals + Means (State’s
                                margin of discretion)


09/01/2012                                                    7
2.2 Is there a need for a definition?
• Interdependence of Human Rights
• Indirect approach
      – Anti-American system
      – National Courts (e.g. India)
• Jurisprudence of other TB (CAT; CERD; ICCPR)
• CESC - GC 15 (2002); Role of TB/Courts 
  Margin of discretion of the State
• Justification (MBO)
09/01/2012                                       8
2.3 The Objectives & The Means
Objectives                        Means
• Sustainability                  • Non-discrimination
• Quantity (15 – 200l ppd)        • Access to information
                                     – Education (Hygiene)
• Quality (WHO standards)         • Participation
• Cultural acceptable                – Definition of priorities / budget
                                       allocations
• Physically accessible (500m)       – Implementation?
• Financially affordable (3% of   • Remedy
  income)                            – NAT: Administrative/Const.
                                       courts
                                     – INT: Reg. & Int’l HR
                                       mechanisms

09/01/2012                                                             9
3. Implementation Challenges
“Water is rightfully considered part of the
  ‘commons’ and managed for the benefit
  of all people. This is based on the
  understanding that there are some areas
  that should not be left to the whims of
  the market, but rather should be
  managed as a social good and that water
  resource management is environmentally
  sustainable”




09/01/2012                                    10
3.1. The recent political steps…
• Mandate of IE/SR on
  Right to Water &
  Sanitation (2008- )
• UN GA – Resolution
  (2011)
• UN HRC – Resolution
  (2011)




09/01/2012                               11
3.2. Case study – Sierra Leone
• Clause 4.4 & 4.6:The Company is entitled to: …stop up or
  alter the course of any watercourse;…shall be entitled to
  have exclusive possession over all that forms part of the
  Demised Premises including villages, rivers, forests and all
  other forms of environment…. shall be entitled to designate
  such areas as it wishes…”
• Clause 5.2(a):All Disputes shall be referred to and finally
  resolved by arbitration in [London] before[three]
  arbitrators under the [Rules of Arbitration of the
  International Chamber of Commerce]from time to time in
  force… (d) None of the parties may appeal to any court on a
  question of law arising out of an award made in the
  arbitration…(e) The award shall be final and binding on the
  parties or anyone claiming through or under them.

09/01/2012                                                  12
3.3. Hierarchy of norms &
             Harmonization Challenges
• Constitutional Recognition
      – Min. Land, Mines & Energy ; Agriculture;
        Environment; Education; Finances; …
• BIT – Arbitration Courts
      – Suez/Aguas Argentinas vs. Argentina (ICSID, 2010)
• Market based & values based
      – California; Australia; …


09/01/2012                                              13
4. Opportunities




09/01/2012                      14
4.1. Building bridges
• Water:                           • Environment:
      – UNECE – Water Convention      – Aarhus Convention
      – UNECE – Protocol on        • Human Rights (TBs)
        Water & Health                – Shadow Reports: CEDAW ;
• Water-Related:                         CRC
      – Post 2015 – MDGs              – Complaints: IACHR
                                         (Guatemala)
      – WHO – May 24th
        Resolution                    – Research: ACHPR (Extractive
                                         Industry)
      – UNISDR - GP-DRR
                                   • HR (Political)
      – UNFCCC
                                      – SR
                                      – UN HRC


09/01/2012                                                            15
4.2. The WaterLex Approach
Governance Functions         Our Human Rights Lens
1. Situation analysis        • Non-discrimination
2. Priority setting          • Access to information
3. Budget allocation         • Participation
4. Project planning          • Remedy
5. Human Resources
   allocation                Our goal
                             • Sustainability, Quantity, Qua
6. Monitoring & Evaluation     lity, Acceptability, Physical
                               Accessibility, Affordability


09/01/2012                                                 16
5. Conclusion
1. Need to look at RTWS within dynamic of IHRL
   (itself within broader Int’l Law Framework)
2. Procedural Guarantees are the 1st step to
   ‘operationalize’ RTWS
3. Multi-level entry points

                   Thanks!


09/01/2012                                   17
                        (

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The Right to Water

  • 1. The Human Right to Water Human Rights & Water Sector Governance Univ. of Dundee 09/01/2012 1
  • 2. Contents 1. Understanding the Human Rights Legal System 2. Definition of the Human Right to Water 3. Implementation Challenges 4. Opportunities 09/01/2012 2
  • 3. 1. Understanding the Human Rights Legal System “There will be no development without security and no security without development. And both development and security also depend on respect for human rights and the rule of law.” Kofi Annan, In Larger Freedom (2005) 09/01/2012 3
  • 4. 1.1. A new paradigm • UN Charter (1945) – Art.55 – Art.56 – Art.103 • The International Bill of Rights – UDHR (1948) – ICESCR (1966-1976) – ICCPR (1966-1976) 09/01/2012 4
  • 5. 1.2. Four Generations? • Vienna Declaration (1993) “All human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated. The international community must treat human rights globally in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing, and with the same emphasis.”, Vienna Declaration, para.5. 09/01/2012 5
  • 6. 2. Definition of the Human Right to Water “The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses. An adequate amount of safe water is necessary to prevent death from dehydration, to reduce the risk of water- related disease and to provide for consumption, cooking, personal and domestic hygienic requirements.”, CESC – GC 15 (2002) 09/01/2012 6
  • 7. 2.1 The misconceptions Misconception International Law • Water for free • Affordable • Public ownership • State’s regulation • Tap water & Flush latrine • Meeting the objectives • Immediate entitlement • “Progressive realization” + “maximum of available resources” • Only about a goal • Goals + Means (State’s margin of discretion) 09/01/2012 7
  • 8. 2.2 Is there a need for a definition? • Interdependence of Human Rights • Indirect approach – Anti-American system – National Courts (e.g. India) • Jurisprudence of other TB (CAT; CERD; ICCPR) • CESC - GC 15 (2002); Role of TB/Courts  Margin of discretion of the State • Justification (MBO) 09/01/2012 8
  • 9. 2.3 The Objectives & The Means Objectives Means • Sustainability • Non-discrimination • Quantity (15 – 200l ppd) • Access to information – Education (Hygiene) • Quality (WHO standards) • Participation • Cultural acceptable – Definition of priorities / budget allocations • Physically accessible (500m) – Implementation? • Financially affordable (3% of • Remedy income) – NAT: Administrative/Const. courts – INT: Reg. & Int’l HR mechanisms 09/01/2012 9
  • 10. 3. Implementation Challenges “Water is rightfully considered part of the ‘commons’ and managed for the benefit of all people. This is based on the understanding that there are some areas that should not be left to the whims of the market, but rather should be managed as a social good and that water resource management is environmentally sustainable” 09/01/2012 10
  • 11. 3.1. The recent political steps… • Mandate of IE/SR on Right to Water & Sanitation (2008- ) • UN GA – Resolution (2011) • UN HRC – Resolution (2011) 09/01/2012 11
  • 12. 3.2. Case study – Sierra Leone • Clause 4.4 & 4.6:The Company is entitled to: …stop up or alter the course of any watercourse;…shall be entitled to have exclusive possession over all that forms part of the Demised Premises including villages, rivers, forests and all other forms of environment…. shall be entitled to designate such areas as it wishes…” • Clause 5.2(a):All Disputes shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration in [London] before[three] arbitrators under the [Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce]from time to time in force… (d) None of the parties may appeal to any court on a question of law arising out of an award made in the arbitration…(e) The award shall be final and binding on the parties or anyone claiming through or under them. 09/01/2012 12
  • 13. 3.3. Hierarchy of norms & Harmonization Challenges • Constitutional Recognition – Min. Land, Mines & Energy ; Agriculture; Environment; Education; Finances; … • BIT – Arbitration Courts – Suez/Aguas Argentinas vs. Argentina (ICSID, 2010) • Market based & values based – California; Australia; … 09/01/2012 13
  • 15. 4.1. Building bridges • Water: • Environment: – UNECE – Water Convention – Aarhus Convention – UNECE – Protocol on • Human Rights (TBs) Water & Health – Shadow Reports: CEDAW ; • Water-Related: CRC – Post 2015 – MDGs – Complaints: IACHR (Guatemala) – WHO – May 24th Resolution – Research: ACHPR (Extractive Industry) – UNISDR - GP-DRR • HR (Political) – UNFCCC – SR – UN HRC 09/01/2012 15
  • 16. 4.2. The WaterLex Approach Governance Functions Our Human Rights Lens 1. Situation analysis • Non-discrimination 2. Priority setting • Access to information 3. Budget allocation • Participation 4. Project planning • Remedy 5. Human Resources allocation Our goal • Sustainability, Quantity, Qua 6. Monitoring & Evaluation lity, Acceptability, Physical Accessibility, Affordability 09/01/2012 16
  • 17. 5. Conclusion 1. Need to look at RTWS within dynamic of IHRL (itself within broader Int’l Law Framework) 2. Procedural Guarantees are the 1st step to ‘operationalize’ RTWS 3. Multi-level entry points Thanks! 09/01/2012 17 (