3. 研究背景
研究区域
N
Lijin
Lijin
Zibo
Luokou Jinan
Liaocheng
,
Tai an
Aishan
Sunkou
Dongping
Dongping Lake
Dam
Xiaolangdi Gaocun
Sanmenxia River
Qinyang Kaifeng
Huayuankou
Hydrological station
Luoyang
Sanmenxia Zhengzhou City
Lake
6. 通用环境流量评估方法
中国已有的环境流量评估方法 :
• 水文学方法 - Te n n an t
• 水力学方法 - We tte d p e rim e te r m e th o d , R2C RO S S (F o c u s o n
o n e o r a fe w ke y s p e c ie s )
• 栖息地模拟法 - IF IM (fo c u s o n o n e o r a fe w ke y s p e c ie s )
• 整体方法
• - - 考虑整个河流生态系统
• - - 布局限于某一种分析方法
• - - 考虑河流其它用水单元
• - - 复杂、繁琐、代价高
12. 什么是河流资产
?
“ 河流资产( Rive r A s s e t ) ” 是河流天然生态系统对于人类社
会的价值属性。其价值是指来自于 “ 将水留在河流中 ” 所获得的
利益,而不是城市、工业或农业用水等河道外直接取水产生的
利益。
河流资产包括物种、生态种群、具有保护意义的栖息地和生态
系统。
16. 黄河鲤鱼生态需求相关的流量组分及水力指标( D = 水深 , V = 流速)
生态目标 流量组分 水力指标 时间分布
为成鱼越冬和生存维持有足够的 低流量 Ma x D > 1. 5 m 11- 3 月 ,
水深的栖息地
V: 0. 1- 0. 8 ms - 1 4- 6 月
刺激产卵 流量脉冲 D : 1- 2 m 4- 6 月
V< 0. 3 ms - 1
为鱼生长提供新的栖息地和食物 高流量 平均 D > 0. 7 m; 7- 10 月
V: 0. 3 ms - 1- 1ms - 1
为鱼生长提供新的栖息地和食物 洪水 平均 D > 0. 8 m; 7- 10 月
,但也为增加鱼的死亡率
V: 0. 5 ms - 1- 1. 2ms - 1
17. No. Flow component Hydraulic/hydrologic criteria
F1 Cease-to-flow; Low flow Q ≥ YRCC warning standards of low flow emergency; maintain area‡
鱼类
≥ critical depth* at pool crossings (specified each month)
F2 Low flow Maintain area‡ ≥ critical depth* with V ≤ 2.0 m/s1,2
F3 High flow, high flow recession Maintain longitudinal connectivity and area‡ ≥ critical depth* over
barriers (shallow areas)
F4 Low flow Maintain area‡ with depth ≥ critical depth* in pools
F5 High flow pulse Achieve area‡ with depth ≥ critical depth* over barriers (shallow
areas)
F6 High flow Maintain area‡ with D = 0.5 – 1.0 m1,2 and V ≤ 1.4 m/s1,2
F7 High flow Maintain area‡ with velocity 1.0 – 2.0 m/s1
F8 High flow pulse Maintenance of appropriate† salinity gradient in estuary
F9 Low flow and high flow Maintain area‡ of D ≥ 1.5 m1,2 and V ≤ 1.0 m/s1,2
F10 Low and high flow pulses Achieve sufficient depth* to replenish/maintain water in river
associated wetlands and backwaters
F11 Low flow and high flows Maintain adequate cross-sectional area/discharge* to transport
nutrients required to sustain primary productivity
F12 Bankfull 2,600 - 4,000 m3/s - see Geomorphologic objective G1
F13 Bankfull 2,600 - 4,000 m3/s - see Geomorphologic objective G2
F14 High flow See Vegetation objective V1
F15 High flow and low flow See Vegetation objective V7
F16 Low flow Maintain mean pool velocity ≥ 0.01 m/s
F17 High flow and low flow Sufficient discharge* to maintain morphology in and around the
estuary mouth
F18 Bankfull 2,600 - 4,000 m3/s - see Geomorphologic objectives G3 and G4
18. 水生植物
No. Objective Flow component Hydraulic/hydrologic criteria
V1 Maintain submerged aquatic High flow Inundation to ≤ 1 m
vegetation (e.g. Vallisneria,
Potomageton and Myriophyllum
V2 spp.)
Maintain meadow vegetation High flow Inundation to ≤ 0.3 m
V3 Maintain Tamarix/Salix shrubland High flow, low flow and low 100% of time shallow groundwater; Jul – Sep
flow pulse waterlogging; inundation by summer flow
pulse events ≤ 30 days; soil salinity 10 –
30 psu
V4 Maintain Tamarix/Salix woodland High flow, low flow and low 100% of time shallow groundwater (at 1.5 –
flow pulse 3.0 m); inundation by summer flow pulse
events ≤ 30 days; soil salinity 10 – 30 psu
V5 Maintain sand flats High flow and low flow 100% of time shallow groundwater (at
≤ 1.8 m); soil salinity ≥ 30 psu
V6 Maintain Suaeda salsa High flow pulse Inundate once per year for ≤ 30 days or 30 to
180 days of varying depth from -0.1 to
+0.1 m; 100% of time shallow groundwater
(at 1.8 m); soil salinity 5 – 30 psu
V7 Maintain Phragmites australis High flow and low flow 100% of time waterlogging; varying
grassland inundation 0 – 0.5 m deep (1.5 m max.; 0.3 m
mean) in summer
19. 鸟类
No. Objective Flow component Hydrologic/hydraulic
criteria
B1 Foraging Low flows Expose Carex
B2 Foraging Low flows Shallow water (<0.3 m)
over submerged or
emergent aquatic plant
community with mud or
sand base
B3 Foraging Low flows Expose mudflats
B4 Wintering area Low flows Maintain ice free water
bodies*
B5 Food supply and breeding High flows Inundate areas of
submerged macrophytes
(Vallisneria, Phragmites,
Typha, Carex, Tamarisk)
B6 Foraging High flow recession Gradually receding water
levels from Bankfull peak
B7 Mudflat foraging habitat Bankfull An annual event that
creation supplies enough sediment
load to at least maintain
delta area
B8 Summer-autumn habitat Bankfull An annual event to
area inundate backwaters and
wetlands
20. 河道形态
Geomorphologic-based objectives and flow requirements.
No. Objective Flow Hydrologic criteria Mean annual Inter-annual Timing Reach Reference
component frequency/duration frequency
G1 Scour and deposition processes Bankfull 2,600 - 4,000 m3/s ≥ 1 per year / ≥ 1 day* ≥4 in 5 years Jun – Reach 1 Richards et al.
to maintain dynamic and diverse duration Sep (2002)
habitats in the channel and
connected floodplains
3
G2 Maintain channel capacity at Bankfull 2,600 - 4,000 m /s ≥ 1 per year / ~10 – 30 ≥4 in 5 years Jun – All Liu et al. (2006)
3
4,000 m /s days duration; Sep reaches
rates of rise and fall within
natural range
8
G3 Seaward progradation of the Bankfull Sediment load >3.45 × 10 ≥ 1 per year ≥4 in 5 years Jun – Reach 4 Wang K et al.
delta tonnes at Lijin; event mean Sep (2007); Wang et
sediment concentration al. (2010)
3
≥ 35 kg/m
G4 Flow into delta wetland Bankfull >3,000 m3/s to allow ≥ 1 per year / ≥ 10 days* ≥4 in 5 years Jun – Reach 4 Jiang Xiaohui
channels to maintain channel gravity flow days duration (or as Sep (YRCC, pers.
form (and also provide required) comm., November
freshwater and nutrients to the 2010)
delta wetlands)
* Based on expert opinion; refinement of this criterion will require investigation.
22. 河流资产管理目标有:
• 18 个鱼类管理目标
• 6 个水质管理目标 Wa te r q ua lity o b je c tive
• 8 个鸟类管理目标 B ird o b je c tive
• 8 个大型底栖动物管理目标 Ma c ro inve rte b ra te o b je c tive s
• 4 个河道形态管理目标 G e o mo mo rp hic o b je c tive s
• 上述管理有的是相互联系,有的是重叠的,最终可以概化为
13 个管理目标
23. Key Obj. met Objectives description Flow component
obj.
A F1; M1 Prevent habitat loss through drying of shallow areas Cease to flow
B B1; B2; B3 Expose Carex and mudflats; shallow water over submerged aquatics Low flow
C F2 Maintain shallow habitats with moderate-high velocity for shallow water dwelling species Low flow
and spawners during low flow periods
D WQ1, WQ2, WQ3, Dilute contaminants to Grade III standard Low flow and high flow
WQ4
E V3; V4 Maintain Tamarix/Salix shrubland and woodland Low flow and high flow
F M2; M5; F3; F4; F11; Maintain reasonable area of habitat for most of the time for longitudinal connectivity, Low flow and high flow
F16 survival of large-bodied fish, maintenance of primary productivity in the estuary; and
maintenance of DO levels in deep pools
G F6; F7; F9 Provide suitable habitats for spawning, allow access of large bodied fish to backwater High flow
and wetland habitats; maintain downstream transport of semi-buoyant eggs within the
water column; and sufficient depth in pools for large-bodied fish
H V1; B5; M3; M4; F14 Maintain submerged aquatic vegetation High flow
I V2 Maintain meadow vegetation High flow
J M6; F8 Maintain favourable salinity at estuary and mouth for rearing of Chinese shrimp; and High flow
maintain salinity gradient for anadromous fish spawning migration
K V3; V4; F10 Maintain Tamarix/Salix shrubland and woodland; and replenish/maintain water in river Low flow pulse
associated wetlands and backwaters
L F5; F10 Stimulate spawning, migration (anadromy and potadromy) and maintain habitat High flow pulse
continuity between near-shore/estuarine and freshwater habitats to allow free upstream
passage; and replenish/maintain water in river associated wetlands and backwaters
M G1, G2, G3, G4, Scour and deposition processes to maintain dynamic and diverse habitats in the Bankfull
WQ6; B6; B7; B8; M7; channel and connected floodplains; maintain channel capacity at 4,000 m /s; seaward
3
M8; F12; F13; progradation of the delta; allow flow into delta wetland channels for habitat provision and
physical maintenance; provide low velocity littoral habitats for small bodied species; and
maintain shallow pool crossings with moderate-high velocities
30. 花园口环境流量推荐值 – 低风险
Objectives met Flow component Hydrologic criteria Mean annual Inter-annual Timing
frequency/duration frequency
F1; M1 Cease to flow No cease to flow Continuous 100% of the time All year
B1; B2; B3, F2; WQ1, Low flow Dec ≥ 307 Continuous ≥ 75% of the time Dec - May
WQ2, WQ3, WQ4; Jan ≥ 280
V3; M2; M5; F3; F4;
Feb ≥ 321
F11; F16
Mar ≥ 377
Apr ≥ 463
May ≥ 430
F6; F7; F9; V1; B5; High flow Jun ≥ 434 Continuous ≥ 75% of the time Jun - Nov
M3; M4; F14 Jul ≥ 783
Aug ≥ 1,137
Sep ≥ 1,124
Oct ≥ 866
Nov ≥ 543
V3; V4; F10 Low flow pulse ≥ 2,000 ≥ 1 per year / ≥4 in 5 years Nov - May
1 – 30 days;
rates of rise and fall
within natural range
G1, G2, G3, G4, Bankfull 3,000 – 4,000 ≥ 1 per year / ~10 – ≥4 in 5 years Jun – Sep
WQ6; B6; B7; B8; 30 days duration;
F12; F13; F5; F10 rates of rise and fall
within natural range
31. 花园口环境流量推荐值 – 较高风险
Objectives partly met Flow Hydrologic Mean annual Inter-annual Timing
comp criteria frequency/duratio frequenc
onen n y
t
F1; M1 Cease to No cease to flow Continuous 100% of the All year
flow time
B1; B2; B3, F2; WQ1, Low flow Dec ≥ 185 Continuous ≥ 75% of the Dec - May
WQ2, WQ3, WQ4; Jan ≥ 174 time
V3; M2; M5; F3; Feb ≥ 191
F4; F11; F16 Mar ≥ 229
Apr ≥ 284
May ≥ 263
F6; F7; F9; V1; B5; M3; High flow Jun ≥ 265 Continuous ≥ 75% of the Jun - Nov
M4; F14 Jul ≥ 466 time
Aug ≥ 754
Sep ≥ 744
Oct ≥ 534
Nov ≥ 335
G1, G2, G3, G4, WQ6; Bankfull 3,000 – 4,000 ≥ 1 per year / ~10 – 30 ≥4 in 5 years Jun – Sep
B6; B7; B8; F12; days duration;
F13; F5; F10 rates of rise and fall
within natural range
V3; V4; F10 Not
provi
ded