1. Unit 3
Nationbuilding, Industry and
Imperialism

2. So you want to make your own nation?
• What will you need?
• Brainstorm with your group.
People
Government structure
Economic structure
Military
Land
Money
Experience
Education

3. What do different governments value?
• Totalitarianism
• Communism
• Dictatorship
• Democracy
• Oligarchy
• Monarchy
• Theocracy
• Fascism

4. Section 1
Government Philosophy
Your goal: Understand where the ideas of modern
government came from.

5. Section 1.a
Influences
Where did modern government get its ideas?
How would you start a government from scratch?
What models do you know?
Parents
School
Utopia
TV Movies

6. Quick Vocab
• Common Law
• Natural Rights
• Social Contract
Let’s do this
• Direct Democracy
together.
• Due Process of Law
• Separation of Powers
• Checks and Balances

7. Influence:
Ancient Greece
Things work because of fixed laws. (They do not
change.)
• Plato
– Wrote The Republic
– About a perfectly governed society
– Who should rule?
• Not the rich THE WISE
• Not the powerful

8. Influence:
Ancient Greece
• Aristotle
– Wrote Politics
– Government is natural
Do you agree? Could we live without government?

9. Influence:
Ancient Rome
Revolution 309 BC
• Romans overthrew king
– Set up a republic (representative government)
– Set up different branches to government
Twelve Tables
• WRITTEN law
• Much more reliable

10. Influence:
Judeo-Christian
Judaism, Islam and Christianity have contributed
to modern government philosophy
• Duty of the individual
• Worth of the individual
• Equality of the individual
Duty Worth Equality

11. Influence:
Judeo-Christian
Jewish beliefs
• Humans have the ability to choose between
good and evil.
• Humans have the responsibility to choose
good.
What part of this is good for
governments?

12. Influence:
Judeo-Christian
Christian beliefs
• Humans should love their neighbors.
• Equality of all human beings.
What part of this is good for
governments?

13. Influence:
Judeo-Christian
Islamic beliefs
• Brotherhood of all people.
• Tolerance of different groups.
What part of this is good for
governments?

14. Influence:
Enlightenment
Enlightenment (mid-1700s)
• The Age of Reason
• Period of new ideas about science and art and
government.
• Emphasized natural rights and the value of
reason.

15. Influence:
Enlightenment
Thomas Hobbes
• The best government is an
absolute monarchy because
people are selfish.
• Relinquish all freedom and
submit yourself to one all
powerful ruler.

16. Influence:
Enlightenment
John Locke
• All people are born free and
equal
• Natural rights The job of
government
– Life is to protect
– Liberty these rights.
– Property

17. Influence:
Enlightenment
Voltaire
• Tolerance of others
• Reason to solve problems
(THINK!)
• Freedom of religion
• Freedom of speech

18. Influence:
Enlightenment
Baron de Montesquieu
• Separation of powers keeps a
government balanced (checks
and balances)

19. Influence:
Enlightenment
Jean Jacques Rousseau
• Civilization corrupted people’s
natural goodness.
• The best government is direct
democracy.
• Social Contract
– People must give up some freedom
for the greater good of society

20. Influence:
Enlightenment
Cesare Beccaria
• We have laws and
punishments to keep order
not to avenge crimes
• “the punishment should fit the
crime”
• Cruelty/torture should never
be used

21. Influence:
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution (1500s-1700s)
• Developed the Scientific Method
– Observe
– Question
– Form hypotheses
– Experiment
Humans do not need to rely on their mind alone to
discover the answers to questions.

22. Influence:
Scientific Revolution
What are some other ways to
figure things out?
– How do you KNOW what is true?
– Brainstorm some ideas of
different methods.
– Pair and share with your
neighbor.

23. Influence:
Scientific Revolution
Why is the Scientific
Revolution important?
This new way of thinking
brought about major social,
economic and cultural
changes.

24. Section 1.b
Documents
What are the most influential documents about
government?
Which ones do you already know about?
Brainstorm
Pair and Share

25. Section 1.b
Documents
The following slides are some of the most
influential documents in modern government.

26. Document:
Twelve Tables
451 BC
Law was written down.
Key idea:
Written law is more
reliable.

27. Document:
Ten Commandments
1300 BC
Laws given by God
Key ideas:
Laws come from God.
People should be moral.

28. Document:
Magna Carta
1215 AD
English Parliament forced
King John to sign it.
Key ideas:
The king has limited power.
Individuals have a right to
due process of law.

29. Document:
English Bill of Rights
1689 AD
English Parliament wrote it to say what a ruler
could not do.
Key ideas:
Laws are fixed.
Right to freedom of speech.
No taxation without representation.

30. Document:
Declaration of Independence
1776 AD
United States writes it to
separate from the
government of England.
Key ideas:
Citizens have a right to
overthrow an unjust ruler.

31. Document:
US Constitution
1787 AD
United States writes it to define the structure and
ideals of the government.
Key ideas:
Separation of powers, representatives, checks
and balances, due process of law, natural rights,
equality of people.

32. Document:
US Bill of Rights
1788 AD
United States adds to the Constitution to
guarantee rights of citizens.
Key ideas:
Freedom of speech, assembly, press, and religion.

33. Document:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and
the Citizen
1789 AD
French National Assembly wrote a statement of
ideals for the French Revolution
Key ideas:
Men are born and remain free in equal rights to
liberty, property, security and no oppression.

34. Section 2
The Industrial Revolution
Your goal: Understand how invention led to social
and economic progress worldwide.

35. Where did the
Industrial Revolution
begin?

36. Section 2.a Don’t
Progress take
notes.
Just
Was the world making progress? listen.
What is progress?
How can we tell whether we are making progress
or just changing?

37. (2.a.i) Progress:
Agriculture
The industrial revolution began with agriculture.
Agriculture - Technology – Power – BOOM!
The world was industrialized.

38. Crop Rotation
• This is scientific farming.
• Different crops have different needs.
• Result:
– Healthier plants
– Less disease
– More to eat!

39. (2.a.ii) Progress:
Technology
Benefits of technology:
New tools to do old jobs better
• What is better?
– Quicker
– Cheaper to produce
– Better quality
• More time to spend on other things
• More money to spend on other things

40. Textiles
• What are textiles?
• Where did cotton
come from?
• How was it turned
from a plant into
something more
useful?

41. Cotton gin
• His cotton gin
removed the
seeds out of
raw cotton.

44. Textiles
• John Kay
• Flying Shuttle

45. Spinning Jenny
• What is a spinning Jenny?
• Why was it helpful?
• How was this different from previous
methods?
• Look this up on page 286

46. (2.a.iii) Progress:
Power
• Kinds of power:
– Water
– Wind
– Livestock
– Human
That’s about all there is for
power sources.

47. (2.a.iii) Progress:
Power
• Steam power!
• James Watt
– (Watt Avenue)
• Built a steam engine with
an entrepreneur’s money.

48. (2.a.iii) Progress:
Power
• What could this steam
engine do?

49. (2.a.iv) Progress:
Transportation
• Robert Fulton
– (Fulton Avenue)
• Bought Watt’s engine
• Made a steam powered boat
• Much better than pushing by pole upstream!

50. Transportation

51. • Better roads
Transportation
• Then trains!

52. Steam Engine
• The steam engine was
not just a
transportation device.
It ran entire factories
the way rivers used to.
Don’t
take
notes.
Just
listen.

54. Railr
oad
s

56. Don’t
take
notes.
Just
Transcontinental Railroad listen.
• The transcontinental railroad
made travel across the United
States faster, cheaper and more
efficient.

58. What are some benefits?
• Better agriculture
• Better textiles
• Better power
• Better transportation

59. Transportation benefits
• Affordable industrial growth
• New jobs
• Helped other industries
• People move around more

60. • Samuel Morse invented the telegraph. It
communicated using a series of beeps (Morse
code).

61. The Light Bulb
• 1879
• Thomas Edison improved
someone else’s invention.
• The light bulb allowed factories
to work at night.
• More Work!
How could this affect the world economically, socially and culturally?

62. The Light Bulb
How could this
affect the world
economically,
socially and
culturally?

63. Phonograph How could this
1877 affect the world
Thomas Edison economically,
socially and
culturally?

64. Motion picture camera
• 1895
How could this
affect the world
economically,
socially and
culturally?

65. (2.a.v) Progress:
Urbanization
Urbanization is the process in which rural
populations move to urban areas.
RURAL URBAN

66. What’s the difference?
• Rural
– Living out in the country
– Do everything for yourself
– Agricultural economy
• Urban
– Living in the city
– Do one thing for your job
– Buy whatever you need
– Industrial economy

67. Why would someone move?
RURAL URBAN
• Factories
– Built near other factories (energy and people)
• Electricity
1882 beginning of power stations
• Stores
✄Buy what you need instead of making it at
home.

68. How could someone move?
RURAL URBAN
• Trains, beginning in 1804
• Steamboat, beginning in 1807
• Automobiles, beginning in 1885
LOTS of people moved.

69. Where people lived before the Industrial Revolution
urban
rural

70. Where people lived after the Industrial Revolution began
(1900)
urban
rural

71. Where people lived after World War II (1950)
urban
rural

72. Where people lived after Obama became president (2008)
rural
urban

73. Where people of industrialized nations live (2011)
urban
rural

74. What good came of this?
You get to
live here.

75. Section 2.b
Economy
• Shift from agriculture-based economy to
industry-based economy
• Production is faster
• Shift away from a traditional economy.
– You must have money!
What kind of economy will you choose?

76. I don’t have any money
today. Can I trade you my
jacket for this food?
Probably
not.

77. (2.b.i) Economy:
Labor
The industrial revolution improved production.
Better production means more specialization.
Factories specialized on specific products.
Workers specialized on specific jobs.
Specialization:
Producing just one thing instead of everything.

78. Better production means more specialization.
I don’t need
to Imakestart a
will my I can
I could
I will try
I factory that
have extra
own clothes buy
makes
or time and
grow my
anever
new
own foodbut
nothing
money now. them in
have
business
green
anymore. done this
the city.
idea.
buttons! before!

79. The Green Button Store

80. More people try more ideas.
• What kind of economy is this?
– People try ideas.
– Some succeed and get rich.
– Some fail and become poor.

81. (2.b.i) Economy:
Markets
More ideas. More inventions. More products.
Problems:
1. How are you going to make these products?
2. Where are you going to sell these products?
A market is anywhere you sell products.

82. My Idea:
Talk, text and surf the
internet without
saying a word or
lifting a finger.

83. Which location is more likely to invent
a Brainphone?

84. (2.b.ii) Economy:
Markets
If more people are making more things to
sell, what additional problem will businesses
have?
COMPETITION

85. Section 3
Imperialism
Your goal: Understand the economic reasons and
the cultural impact of European empires.

86. Maasai people of Kenya

87. Section 3.a
Economy
Economic reasons for imperialism:
• Businesses need resources
• Businesses need labor
• Businesses need markets

88. European nations begin empires.
• Africa
• Asia Europe
• North America spreads to
• South America every
• Australia continent.
Why not Antarctica?

89. Why couldn’t
businesses get
those things in
Europe?
COMPETITION

90. Section 3.b
Foreign Policy
Definition of Foreign Policy:
How your nation plans to interact with another
nation.
What do you want from that nation?
What will you do to get it?

91. What did Europe want?
• Resources
• Labor
• Markets
What would Europe do?
• Conquer
• Enslave
• Abuse

92. Racism
• Africa had long been a source of slaves.
– Since 1502, slaves were brought to the Americas.
• Justified by Social Darwinism
– Europe gets to dominate, because it can.

93. Charles Darwin
• Observed changes in animals over time
• Small changes helped or hurt an animal’s
chance of survival.

94. Charles Darwin
• If a change in an animal gave it an
advantage, he called it Natural Selection.

95. Social Darwinism
• Applies to HUMANS
• Usually is used to justify inequality.

96. The first explorers of Africa
• Missionaries
• Trying to help end slavery
• Trying to spread Christianity
• Missionary David Livingstone and reporter
Henry Stanley
– Explored central Africa
– “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

97. Congo River Valley

98. (3.b.i) Foreign Policy:
Competition
European nations were competing with each
other for resources, labor and markets.
Some nations made treaties with tribes.
Some nations had conflicting treaties.

99. Belgium and the Belgian Congo
• Compare the sizes of
the Belgian Congo to
the nation of
Belgium.
• How would a Belgian
justify this?

100. Belgium’s foreign policy earns $$
• King Leopold II
– Licensed rubber companies
– Forced Africans to collect sap

101. Rubber Trees

102. Britain and her colonies
• Cecil Rhodes, businessman
– Britain is the best nation in the
world and it is our duty to take
over the world.
– It is best for the world.

103. Britain’s foreign policy earns $$
• Cecil Rhodes, businessman
– Founded DeBeers
– The largest diamond company

104. Berlin Conference
• Competition to get African colonies was fierce.
• In 1884, European nations met in Germany to
divide up Africa.
– NO AFRICAN rulers were invited

105. Imperialism and Economics
• Europe took whatever resources Africa had.
– Sometimes they paid the Africans.
• Europe expected Africans to buy European
goods.
– They didn’t.
• Europe forced Africans to do jobs that helped
Europe.
– Africans did not need so much rubber or diamonds.

106. (3.b.ii) Foreign Policy:
Influence
What Europe gave the colonies:
• Territory boundaries
• Capitalism
• Industry
• Christianity
• Government
• Education

107. Why was colonization possible?
• Europe had superior weapons.
– Maxim machine gun
• Europe had superior transportation.
• Africans could not unite against the Europeans.
– Many different ethnic groups
– Many different languages

108. Europeans were role models
What did Europe teach the colonies?
• Territory boundaries
• Capitalism
• Industry
• Christianity
• Government
• Education

109. Paternalism
• Europeans felt they were like parents to a
young civilization.
• Colonial government
– Provide for needs of Africans
– BUT
– Do not give them rights

110. Assimilation
• Assimilation – becoming SIMILAR
• Assimilation is one thing becoming a small part
of something else.
• Europe believed that eventually, Africans
would become more like Europeans.

111. Assimilation
• Assimilation is
one thing
becoming a small
part of
something else.
• Europe believed
that
eventually, Africa
ns would become
more like
Europeans.

112. Assimilation
• Europeans influenced Africans to assimilate to
European culture.
• Africans adopted
– Technology
– Clothing
– Language
– Systems

113. Cash Crops
• A cash crop is agriculture that is only good for
selling.
• For example:
– An entire village spends their entire time
specialized to harvest rubber tree sap.
– They can sell the sap, but they cannot eat it.

114. Cash Crops
• The danger of cash crops:
• What happens when the market for rubber
tree sap changes?
• What happens if Europe no longer buys their
product?
• How will the Africans feed themselves?

115. Clash of Cultures
• How are European and African values different?
• Should the colonies be grateful to Europe for
their influence?