Increase awareness about the relevance of mountain ecosystems

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Christina Parmionova

Public lecture - International Mountain Day 2023.

Governo e ONGs

Increase awareness about the relevance of mountain ecosystems

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International Day of Light 2024; May 16th, Light in our lives.

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The International Day of Light is administered from the International Basic Science Programme (IBSP) of UNESCO by a Steering Committee that includes representatives from a broad range of international partners. Every year, the IDL steering committee welcomes registration of events on the broad theme of light, allowing communities worldwide to participate in activities that help achieve the goals of UNESCO – education, equality, and peace.

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Access to education and information is critical in addressing climate change and fostering climate action. By providing families with tools to form strong foundations and habits regarding climate change, civic awareness and activism can increase. If sustainable habits and climate awareness are present within the family, parents and children can learn from each other. Policies that support and advocate for family empowerment within the context of climate change are crucial in securing a safe, resilient and sustainable future for all.

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Case study research on illegal orchid trade for the present report was carried out to shed light on distinct types of organized criminal activity in this sector and to address concerns about “plant blindness” in discourse about wildlife crime. Orchids are particularly suited to becoming collectables. There are over 29,000 recognized species found across the globe, with around 500 new species described annually in recent years. Their variety is seemingly infinite as natural stocks can be cross-bred with over 125,000 named hybrids already in catalogue. Some wild species are endemic to a very small geographic area while the conservation status of most species is poorly documented. The legal ornamental orchid trade in live plants and cut flowers is dominated by mass-produced hybrids of a small number of genera such as Phalaenopsis, Vanda and Dendrobium. However, despite the widespread availability of artificially propagated orchids, thousands of wild orchids are still collected for trade, often driven by specialist international hobbyists looking for new species. The desire to be the first to possess a rare and beautiful wild orchid can push prices into the thousands of dollars for a single specimen. Dedicated collectors may even travel to remote areas for the sole purpose of prospecting for yet undiscovered species.

Case study research on illegal orchid trade.

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Globally, most interventions to reduce wildlife crime are likely managed and resourced from within individual government budgets. This includes financing ranger, police, customs, and criminal justice functions. There is limited available data to quantify such investments, in part because they are typically embedded within budget allocations, such as an annual allocation for policing or customs controls. It is also important to recognize that there is likely considerable variability at a national level in terms of the adequacy of these allocations. Funding to address wildlife crime is also provided by multilateral, national and private donor institutions. While it is not possible to assess how the level of such international donor funding compares to the financial resources spent by national governments to tackle illegal wildlife trade, useful information is available on where and how it is allocated. A World Bank survey of multilateral and bilateral donor agencies, foundations, United Nations programmes and international non-governmental organizations found that over $1.3 billion had been committed between January 2010 and June 2016 to combat illegal wildlife trade in Africa and Asia, approximately $190 million per year. Donor funding was allocated to projects in 60 different countries and to various regional/multi-country and global projects. In total, 63 per cent of the funds were committed to Africa ($833 million), 29 per cent to Asia ($381 million), 6 per cent to global programmes and initiatives ($81 million), and 2 per cent to projects covering both Africa and Asia ($35 million). The top five recipient countries accounting for $328 million were: United Republic of Tanzania (8 per cent), Democratic Republic of the Congo (5 per cent), Mozambique (5 per cent), Gabon (3 per cent), and Bangladesh (3 per cent).

What works to decrease the wildlife crime?

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The driving forces behind wildlife crime are a complex interplay of motivations and influences, from economic incentives to socio-cultural dynamics. This chapter attempts to shed light on the diverse drivers shaping the patterns & trends of criminality connected with wildlife trafficking. Better understanding of these factors can inform the design and refinement of remedial interventions. The approach taken is to consider motivations and influences at three stages of the trade chain: drivers of sourcing, drivers of illegal trading and drivers of demand in end markets. The following three sections of this chapter are structured to take stock of evidence about factors driving participation in crime at each of these stages

What is driving wildlife crime patterns and trends?

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The most prominent environmental harm caused by wildlife crime and related illegal wildlife trade is degradation of the world’s biological diversity through overexploitation, resulting in population reduction and extinction threats to wild species. Species diversity is a critical aspect of the functioning ecosystems that support all life on earth. The threat of species overexploitation was identified as the second most significant driver of global biodiversity loss after landuse change by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Concern about overexploitation motivates much of the national legislation affecting wildlife trade worldwide and it is the rationale for the international trade regulation measures now subscribed to by 184 states that are contracting Parties to CITES.

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Wildlife trafficking impacts a very wide range of species of wild animals, plants and fungi, traded locally for domestic use and to international markets. It encompasses a diverse range of commodities, including those used for food, medicine, construction, adornment, display and keeping as live specimens. It includes trafficking in contravention of laws governing large volume and high value natural resource trade sectors, such as those producing timber and fisheries goods. Although sometimes perceived as somehow distinct from other wildlife trade sectors, most food fisheries still come from wild sources, and most timber comes from natural forests rather than plantations, including from illegal sources (Box 2.1). In practice, most of the analysis in this and previous editions of the World Wildlife Crime Report focuses on the trafficking of species subject to trade regulation under CITES.

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