3. Adjectives
Adjectives are Noun Modifiers, as they generally
describes some aspect of Nouns. Conventional
grammar describes and adjective as a word which
qualifies a Noun, while modern grammar defines it as
a word which modifies a noun.
Eg: Good, kind, soft, happy, brave, hot, sweet, healthy,
bad, beautiful, distant, friendly, black, cool, correct,
fortunate, etc.
4. Kinds of Adjectives
Adjectives of Quality: They describe the
quality of the nouns which they relate. Hence
they may also be called Descriptive Adjectives.
Eg: intelligent boy, good news, narrow road,
beautiful flower, honest man, strong wind,
sweet voice, clever girl, cruel dictator, difficult
problem, patient man, heavy box.
5. Proper Adjectives: They are derived
from Proper nouns.
Eg: Herculean task, the French
Revolution, Atlantean shoulders, the
English language, Victorian building.
6. Participle adjectives: These have the form
of the –ing participle or the –ed/en
participle of Verbs.
Eg: flying saucers, rising sun, flowing
water, fallen leaves, defeated army,
wounded soldier, forsaken child, burnt
toast, burning issue.
7. Possessive adjective: These are the
Possessive case forms of the personal
pronouns.
Eg: My pen, our duty, your house,
their car, his parents, her bag, its tail,
its paw, his fame, her coat.
9. Adjective of Quantity: These
adjectives help to show the amount or
the approximate amount of the noun
or pronoun.
Eg: much, little, enough, sufficient,
half, whole, ample.
10. Numerical Adjectives: These include
Cardinals: one, two, three, etc. (they
indicate the exact number)
Ordinals: first, second, third, fourth,
etc. (they indicate the numeral order)
Indefinite Numerals: many, few, all, a
lot of, some, several.
11. Interrogative adjectives (Wh-words): These
are Adjectives used to suggest a selection
from a given number or quantity:
Eg: Which book is yours?
What books do you read usually?
Whose poem do you like most?
How many chapters did you read yesterday?
13. Epithet Adjectives: These are nouns
functioning as Adjectives.
Eg: rubber factory, biscuit company, Arts
and Science College, radio station, brass
button, lady doctor, police station, blood
bank, baby tooth.
14. Comparison of Adjectives
When we want to compare two or more nouns
using adjectives, we use the comparative and
superlative forms of the adjective to show the
comparison between the nouns.
Examples:Honey is sweet, sugar is sweeter but
victory is the sweetest.
In this sentence, we are comparing the three
nouns using the positive, comparative and
superlative forms of the word ‘sweet’.
15. Positive Form
These are the simple adjectives that simply
describe the noun without comparing it to
another - big, sweet, clean, etc.
Eg:
She has a big black dog.
He is a sweet boy.
The cupboard is clean.
16. Comparative Form
These are used when we are comparing two
nouns and need to show which noun possesses
the adjective or character in a greater or lesser
amount, when compared with the other. -
bigger, sweeter, cleaner, etc.
Examples:
I have a big dog but hers is bigger.
He is sweeter than the other boys.
The cupboard is cleaner than before.
17. Superlative Form
This form is used when three or more nouns are being
compared and we need to show that one or more of
the nouns posses the adjective or characteristic to the
highest amount possible. We usually add ‘the’ before
the superlative form. - biggest, sweetest, cleanest, etc.
Examples:
She has the biggest dog in the colony.
He is the sweetest boy in his class.
The cupboard is the cleanest thing in the house.
22. Direction: Determine what type of
Adjective are the following.
1.) honest 6.) five
2.) many 7.) beautiful
3.) these 8.) best
4.) what 9.) dozen
5.) few 10.) who
27. ADVERB
An Adverb is a word that
modifies a Verb, an
Adjective, or another
Adverb.
28. Eg: He works sincerely. (modifies a
Verb)
He is a very sincere worker.(modifies
an Adjective)
He works very sincerely.(modifies an
Adverb)
It is raining heavily.
It is raining very heavily.
29. KINDS OF ADVERB
Adverbs of Time: It answers the
question- When?
Eg: now, then, today, soon, early,
before, late, lately, recently,
formerly, ever, never, after, yet,
still, ago, already, etc.
30. Adverbs of Place: It answers the
question- Where?
Eg: here, there, up, down, inside,
outside, away, afar, nowhere,
everywhere, backwards, onwards,
etc.
31. Adverbs of Manner: It answers
the question- How?
Eg: bravely, beautifully, well,
thus, so, quickly, etc.
32. Adverbs of Frequency: It answers the
question- How often?
Eg: often, frequently, occasionally,
rarely, barely, scarcely, usually,
casually, always, never, seldom,
hardly ever, etc.
33. Adverbs of Degree
Eg: fairly, rather, very, quite,
extremely, highly, too, enough,
totally, entirely, almost, nearly,
etc.
35. POSITIONS OF ADVERBS
Adverbs generally stand near the
Verbs modified. But Adverbs have the
highest degree of freedom of
mobility. Hence they have no fixed
positions in sentences. However,
certain conventions are followed.
36. Adverbs are placed after Intransitive
Verbs
Eg: He sleeps well.
She comes late.
The baby slept soundly.
She came early.
37. Placed after the object. If there is
one:
Eg: He returned the book
immediately.
He helped her willingly.
He finished the work quickly.
She speaks French well.
38. Adverbs of Frequency are often
placed after ‘be’, If ‘be’ is used as
Main Verb
Eg: She is seldom late.
He is never punctual.
I am always honest.
39. Frequency Adverbs are usually
placed before the Main Verb when
there is no auxiliary Verb
Eg: He seldom rises early.
She often tries to help me.
They never visit us.
She usually rises early.
We always try to help her.
He seldom visits us.
40. Adverbs are usually placed after
the first Auxiliary
Eg: I was greatly pleased.
I am eagerly waiting for the result.
She has seldom been seen here.
The train has just left.
I have seldom seen such brutality.
41. When there are two or more Adverbs,
the accepted order is M-P-T (Manner,
Place, Time)
Eg: I sat quiet in the corner for an hour.
The child slept well in the cradle for some
time.
The violinist played sweetly at the concert
for nearly three hours.
42. Time Adverbs can occur initially or
finally in a sentence
Eg: Yesterday he reached here.
He reached here yesterday.
48. If it rains, the match will be cancelled.
It contains two group of words- It rains
and the match will be cancelled. Each
makes sense, and has a Subject and a
Predicate of its own. But each group is
only a part of the sentence. A group of
words which has a Subject and a
Predicate and forms part of a sentence is
called a Clause.
49. If it rains, the match will be cancelled.
Of the two Clauses, the second one- the match will be
cancelled- is more important than the other, because it
contains the main thought of the sentence. The other
clause- If it rains- has no independent meaning or
existence. It depends upon the second Clause for its
meaning. A Clause which contain the main thought of
the sentence is called the Principal Clause and a Clause
which depend upon another clause for its meaning is
the Subordinate or Dependent Clause.
51. Noun Clauses
A noun clause is a subordinate clause that
functions as a noun.
According to its function in a sentence,
Noun clause are classified as:
Subject of a Verb, Object of a Verb,
Object of a Preposition, Complement of a
Verb.
52. Noun Clauses
Words that introduce noun clauses are:
How, if, that, what, whatever, when, where,
whether, which, who, whoever, whom,
whomever, whose, why
Examples:
The big question is whether he’ll finish the
marathon.
Everyone knows that Tim runs
at least a mile every day.
53. 1. Subject of a Verb
That he will win the election is
certain.
Why he did not call is a mystery.
How the prisoner escaped is being
investigated.
54. 2. Object of a Verb
The accused declared that he was
innocent.
I asked him why he looked so gloomy.
She asserted that she had seen him
somewhere before.
55. 3. Object of a Preposition
Pay attention to what he says.
He always boasts of what he has
achieved.
They were not decided on what they
should do.
56. 4. Complement of a Verb
My belief is that he is guilty.
Her prayer was that her husband
might be safe.
That is what we all expected.
57. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Does the work of an Adjective.
Qualifies a Noun or Pronoun in the
main clause.
Usually introduced by a Relative
Pronoun or a Relative Adverb.
Also known as a Relative Clause.
58. 1. Introduced by Relative Pronouns
(who, whose, whom, that, which)
The boy who stood first in the test is
my nephew.
A foreigner adopted the child whose
parents were dead.
He is a leader whom we all respect.
59. 2. Introduced by Relative Adverb
(when, where, why, how)
I do not know the time when the train
starts.
This is the spot where the soldier fell
dead.
I know the reason why he is absent
today.
60. ADVERB CLAUSE
Does the work of an Adverb
Modifies a Verb, an Adjective, or
Adverb in the main clause.
61. 1. Adverb Clause of Time
Introduced by Subordinating
Conjunctions like when, whenever, while,
since, after, till, until, before, as soon as,
as long as, so long as.
Eg: When the work was over, he went out
for a walk.
Reach back home before the sun sets.
It is a long time since we met.
62. 2. Adverb Clause of Place
Introduced by Conjunctions like where,
wherever, everywhere, anywhere.
Eg: Wherever the piper went, the children
followed him.
Put the keys where you can find them
easily.
You may go anywhere you like.
63. 3. Adverb Clause of Manner
Introduced by as, as if, as though, in
that.
Eg: You may act as you like.
The dog lay as if it were dead.
We are unhappy in that he doesn’t
write to us.
64. 4. Adverb Clause of Comparison
Introduced by as, as…as, so…as, than,
the…the.
Eg: Basheer does not work so hard as
Vipin does.
He is older than he looks.
The sooner we start, the earlier we reach
there.
65. 5. Adverb Clause of Reason/Cause
Introduced by because, for, since,
that, in as mush as.
Eg: He is absent because he is ill.
He can’t buy a car for he has no
money.
In as much as he is with us, we can
hope to win.
66. 6. Adverb Clause of Purpose
States the purpose of the action mentioned in the main
clause.
Conjunctions used are: that, in order that, so that, lest,
for the fear that, so that… not.
Eg: You must work hard so that you may get a first
class.
He opened the umbrella for the fear that he might get
wet.
He spoke in a low tone so that he might not disturb
the class.
67. 7. Adverb Clause of Result/Effect
Introduced by so…that, such…that
Eg: He was so tired that he could not
walk.
Such was the explosion that the whole
structure crumbled.
So fast did he run that he could board the
train.
68. 8. Adverb Clause of Condition
Introduced by if, unless, whether,
provided (that), so long as, in case, on
condition that.
Eg: If you do not work hard, you will fail.
Unless you work hard, you cannot pass.
We shall start some business provided you
invest a major amount.
69. 9. Adverb Clause of
Concession/Supposition
Introduced by though, although, even
though, even if, whereas, while.
Eg: Though he is poor, he is happy.
Even if he tries now, he may not get a
ticket.
Whereas he is popular, his brother has
few friends.