2. Meaning Of Research
According to Redman and Mory, “ Research
is a systematized effort to gain new
knowledge .”
According to M. Stephenson, “Research is
the manipulation of things, concepts or
symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether
that knowledge aids in construction of theory
or in the practice of an art.”
3. Objectives Of Research
To gain familiarity or achieve new insights on a
phenomena (exploratory/ formulative)
To portray characteristics of a situation/ group/ individual
(descriptive)
To determine the frequency with which something occurs
or with which it is associated with something else
(diagnostic/ clinical)
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between
given variables (Hypothesis-testing)
4. Motivation in Research
Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential
benefits.
Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems.
Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work.
Desire to be of service to society.
Desire to get respectability.
5. Types Of Research
Descriptive vs. Analytical
Applied vs. Fundamental
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Conceptual vs. Empirical
One-time or Longitudinal
Historical Research
7. Significance Of Research
It inculcates scientific and inductive thinking.
The role of research in several fields of applied
economics has greatly increased today.
It provides the basis for nearly all government policies
in our economic system.
It helps in solving various operational and planning
problems of business and industry.
It helps in studying social relationships.
8. Research Methods versus Methodology
Research methods refer to the methods the
researchers use in performing research operations
where as
In Research methodology, we not only talk of the
research methods but also consider the logic behind
the methods we use in the context of our research
study and explain why we are using a particular
method or technique so that the results are capable
of being evaluated.
9. Importance of Knowing How
Research is Done
It helps in developing disciplined thinking or a ‘bent of
mind’ to observe the field objectively.
It will inculcate the ability to evaluate and use research
results with reasonable confidence.
It gives us the satisfaction of acquiring a new
intellectual tool which can become a way of looking at
the world and of judging everyday experience.
It helps us to take rational decisions.
10. Research Process
Formulating the research problem
Extensive literature survey
Development of working hypothesis
Preparing the research design
11. Determining sample design
o Deliberate Sampling
o Simple random sampling
o Systematic sampling
o Stratified sampling
o Quota sampling
o Cluster sampling
o Multi-stage sampling
o Sequential sampling
12. Collecting the data
o By observation
o Through personal interview
o Through telephone interviews
o By mailing of questionnaires
o Through schedules (look up Appendix – 1)
Execution of the project
Analysis of data
13. Hypothesis-testing
Generalizations and interpretation
Preparation of the report or the thesis
o Introduction
o Summary of findings
o Main report
o Conclusion
14. Criteria of Good Research
Clearly defined purpose
Procedure should be described in sufficient
detail
Carefully planned design
Researcher should report with complete
frankness.
15. Adequate analysis of data
Proper conclusions
Experienced researcher
Systematic research
Logical research
Empirical research
Replicable research
16. Problems Encountered by Researchers in
India
Lack of scientific training
Insufficient interaction
Lack of confidence
Overlapping research studies
No code of conduct for researchers
17. Difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial
assistance
Unsatisfactory library management and
functioning at many places
Difficulty of timely availability of published
data
Problem of conceptualization
20. Date and
time of
appointm
ent
Name of
medicine
outlet
Contact
person
Location Sector Number Back-up outlet
name and
contact details
March
23rd,
13h00
ABC
Pharmacy
Mrs.
Nguyen
45 Main
Street
private 01 Main St.
Chemist
59 Main
Street
Eastern
City
Mr. Shah
Survey Area: Eastern Region
Sample schedule for data collection team
