1. Presented by,
VIJAI KRISHNAN V
M3 TE
No.: 18
Guided by,
Dr. BINO I KOSHY
Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering
RIT Kottayam

2. Contents
 Introduction
 Electric Vehicles
 EV Policies: World Scenario
 EV Policies: Indian Scenario
 Acceptability
 Case Study
 Benefits & Challenges
 Improving Acceptability of EVs
 Latest Developments
 Conclusions
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Acceptability, Benefits & Challenges of EVs

3. Introduction
 Increased pollution due to automobile  Climatic Changes
 Transportation Sector
 Major source of GHGs
 2nd largest source of CO2 emission – 22% of total global CO2 emissions
 Rapid & sustained growth of ICEVs
 Large scale energy consumption
 Air pollution
 Energy security issues
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Acceptability, Benefits & Challenges of EVs

4. Contd...
 China, US & EU  more than 50% of world’s carbon emissions
 Highly populated developing countries  63% of global
emissions
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GHG emissions by source in transportation sector in US during 2016 (US-EPA, 2018)

5. Contd...
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 Measures to control vehicular emission
 Better emission standards and quality of automobile fuel
 Elimination of old vehicles
 Odd-Even policy
 Road pricing
 Strengthen law enforcement on vehicle emissions
 Development of electric vehicles

6. Electric Vehicles (EVs)
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Any vehicle propelled by an electric motor drawing current
from a rechargeable storage battery (AIS 138-Part 2, 2016)
 Classification of EVs
Electric
Vehicles
Hybrid EVs
Plug-in EVs
Plug-in
Hybrid EVs
Battery EVs

7. Contd...
 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
 Battery provide extra boost of power
in addition to IC engine
 Recharged by regenerative braking
 Cannot connect to external electric
supply
 Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)
 Solely powered by battery
 Need to charge by plugging into
power outlet
 Plug-in Hybrid EVs and Battery EVs
02-Jun-21 Acceptability, Benefits & Challenges of EVs 7

8. Contd...
 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
 Powered by electric and/or IC engines
 Charge depleting & charge sustaining mode
 Reduced tail-pipe emission
 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
 Powered fully powered by electricity
 Charged by connecting to external electricity
source/regenerative braking
 Account two-third of global electric car fleet
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9. Comparison of Vehicular Emissions
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Source of electricity & annual well-to-wheel emissions from vehicles in US
(Source: www.afdc.energy.gov)

10. Components of ICEVs & EVs
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Components of ICEVs (Source: www.afdc.energy.gov)

11. Contd...
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Components of EVs (Source: www.afdc.energy.gov)

12. Battery Technology
 Constitute half of EV cost & weight
 Uses Lithium-ion technology
 Withstand >5000 charging cycles
 Recharges 80% in 40-60min in fast
charger
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Jaguar I-Pace with 90kWh battery
pack comprising 36 modules
(Source: www.autocar.co.uk)

13. Contd...
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EV battery cost (Source: www.ucsusa.org)

14. Charging Infrastructure
 Types of Chargers
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Types of chargers in US

15. EV Policies: World Scenario
 USA
 USD3000 rebate for taxi drivers
 Tax incentive for EV – USD2500 to 7500
 Income tax credit – USD6000
 EVSE installation & inspection within 24hrs of online registration
 Free and dedicated parking
 Free access to HOV lanes
 USD115 million by DoE to install 18,000 charging stations
 USD2.8 billion for battery technology & EV researches
 USD465 million loan to Tesla from DoE
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16. Contd...
 China
 Subsidy: USD600 to 8000 for PHEVs & USD9700 for BEVs
 USD111 million for 20 EV research project under 13th Five Year Plan
 Exempted from traffic control measures & license plate fee
 Free parking & access to bus lanes
 75% of world’s public fast chargers
 Dedicated charging points for new buildings
 Dual-credit policy
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17. Contd...
 Norway
 No purchase or import tax
 25% VAT exemption on purchase & lease
 50% reduction on company car tax
 Low annual road tax
 No charge on toll roads and ferries
 Free municipal parking & public charging
 Access to bus lanes
 Polluter pays principle
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18. EV Policies: Indian Scenario
 4th largest emitter of GHGs
 13% of CO2 from transportation
 Challenges – deteriorating air quality
& energy security risk
 100% electric urban bus fleet & 40%
electric private vehicles by 2030
 Order of electrification – Buses, 3W,
fleet cars, 2W & private cars
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CO2 emission in 2030
Energy consumption in 2030
(Source: NITI Aayog, 2017)

19. Contd...
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EV type India World
Bicycle 10,000 33 million
(almost 95% in China)
Scooter 40,000 – 50,000 15 million
(over 80% in china)
Motor cycle < 1,000 0.1 million
3 Wheeler 2,50,000 – 3,00,000 2-3 million
Car 2,000 – 3,000 1.2 million
(include 0.4 million hybrids)
Buses < 300 2,50,000
(mostly in China)
EV sales in 2017 in India & World (Source: BusinessLine, 2018)

20. Contd...
 Key milestones of EV policy in India
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2012
2015
2017
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020
FAME-India
NITI Aayog Plan
5 – 7 million EVs by 2020
Avoid 120 million barrels of oil & 4 million tones of CO2
Required Rs. 20,000 to 30,000 crores
Phase-I 1st April 2015 to 31st March 2018: - Rs. 795cr
Phase-II from 7th Sept. 2018 – outlay of Rs. 5,500 cr
Subsidies to EVs & charging infrastructure
Proposal to promote Shared-Connected-Electric transport
Fiscal and non-fiscal incentives
Promote R&D for electric mobility, EV infrastructure development

21. Contd...
VehicleType Subsidy Amount (Rs.)
Two-Wheeler 7,500 – 22,000
Three-Wheeler 25,000 – 61,000
Car 1,24,000 – 1,38,000
Four-Wheeler Cargo Van 1,87,000
Bus (Volvo) 61,00,000
Hybrid Cars 13,000 – 70,000
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Subsidy for EVs in India (Source: www.fame-india.gov.in)

22. EV Initiatives in India
 60% subsidy for e-buses & only 12% GST
 TPEM – 60% R&D cost
 No permit for E-rickshaws & E-carts
 Ola: 200+ cars & 50+ charging station in Nagpur
 EESL: 10,000 cars & 4,000 charging station in Delhi
 NTPC: 1,00,000 charging stations
 EV charging outlets in Railway Stations
 BHEL-ISRO: Low cost EV battery
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23. EV Policy: Kerala
 1 million EVs by 2022 & complete electrification by 2030
 Target by 2020:-
 New 3-wheeler permit only to EVs in Trivandrum, Kochi &
Calicut
 No road tax for 1st 3 years
 Concession on electricity tariff
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2W 3W Goods Carrier Buses Ferry Boats
2,00,000 50,000 1000 3000 100

24. Contd...
 Subsidy of 30,000 or 25% of price for 3-wheelers
 KSEB & BPCL – set up charging stations
 Financial & regulatory benefits to EV manufacturing units
 Established Mobility State Level Task Force (e-MobSLTF)
 Pollution free EV zones
 E-mobility zones
 Technology hubs
 Touristvillages & spots
 CBD of Trivandrum, Kochi & Kozhikode
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25. Acceptability of EV
 Purchase price
 Operation & maintenance cost
 Battery cost
 Driving range
 Recharging time
 Performance
 Brand and diversity
 Warranty
02-Jun-21 Acceptability, Benefits & Challenges of EVs 25

26. Contd...
 Infrastructure attributes
 Policy attributes
 Psychological attributes
 Environmental concern
 Technologyconscious
 Symbolic value
 Experience
 Social influence
 Distribution, promotion & after-sales service
02-Jun-21 Acceptability, Benefits & Challenges of EVs 26

27. Case Study
 Shanghai, China (Wang et al., 2018)
 Questionnaire survey
 Results:
 68% own atleast one car & 82% travel < 20km daily
 More than 60% are willing to buy EV in which 46% as a second car
 Women & people having bachelor degree or above are more willing
 EV as second car  Age group 26-30 & annual income > 5lakh Yuan
 Replace ICEVs  Age group 41-50 & annual income b/w 3lakh & 5lakh Yuan
 Min. driving range of 200km – 46%
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28. Contd...
 EV cost < ICEVs – 56%
 Fiscal subsidies – satisfactory
 Non-fiscal & electricity subsidy – not enough
 Public charging time was long & availability is not adequate
 Perceives EVs contribution to energy saving & environmental protection
 Risk in driving range, charging time & battery life
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29. Benefits
 Zero-tail pipe emission & renewable fuel source
 Energy security
 Home charging
 High ride quality and low noise
 Very less operation & maintenance cost
 Good torque & high power to weight ratio
 Better acceleration performance & safety
 Automatic transmission
02-Jun-21 Acceptability, Benefits & Challenges of EVs 29

30. Challenges
 Charging infrastructure
 Capability to meet future electricity demand
 Longer charging time
 Battery & lithium price hike
 Unfamiliarity with EV technology
 Natural disaster implications
 Standardization or compatibility of charging ports
 Low profit margin for dealers
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31. Improving Acceptability of EVs
 Subsidies & incentives – rebates, tax exemption/deduction, toll
charge exemption, free & dedicated public parking
 Educating the public
 Exemption from traffic regulations – Odd-Even Policy
 Better vehicle distribution, marketing & sales policy
 Strong environmental regulations & oil price policy
 Multiple brands & more options
 Free & easy license plate for EV
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32. Innovations in EV Sector
 Tesla
 Quickest car in the world – Tesla
Roadster ($200,000)
 0-60mph in 1.9sec
 Top speed: 250+ mph
 Range: 620 miles
 Safest & quickest SUV – Tesla Model X
 Safest electric truck – Tesla Semi
($150,000)
 0-60mph in 20sec
 Range: 300-500miles
02-Jun-21 Acceptability, Benefits & Challenges of EVs 32

33. Contd...
 World’s first electrified road in Sweden
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Electrified road: Rails Overhead charging lines

34. Contd...
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Solar roof top on Toyota car
(Source: www.toyota-global.com)
Giraffe 2.0 wind-solar
charging station
(Source: electrek.uk)
Wireless charging lane
(Source: www.cleantechnica.com)

35. Conclusions
 Promising solution to global warming & oil dependency
 New & unfamiliar to people
 Traditional vehicles perceived as more comfortable & trustful
 Range anxiety & failure to develop strong charging network
 Technological progress in battery & EV components,
environmental concerns improve acceptance
 EV as next vehicle
 Milestone to green transportation
02-Jun-21 Acceptability, Benefits & Challenges of EVs 35

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02-Jun-21 Acceptability, Benefits & Challenges of EVs 38