1. PROGRESSIVISM
BY JHON DEWEY


2. INTRODUCTION
 It is an American Philosophy, which is a revolt against the ‘’formal/
conventional/ traditional’ system of education. It become popular, in
1929 the economic depression of USA adversely affected the
educational system of the country. The principles underlying
progressive education have influenced the modern educational
theories and practices to a very extent all over the world.

3. MEANING
 Education is centered around for present life is self.
The development of an individual and the society is
only possible, when education facilitates the growth
of every phase of the child.

4. DEFINITION
 Progressivism is a theory of education that is concerned
with “learning by doing’’ that children learn best when
pursuing their own interest and satisfying their own
needs.
 Progressivists believe that people learn best from what
they consider most relevant to their lives. Progressivists
center curriculum on their needs, experience, interest and
abilities of students. Provoke curiosity in students.

5. WHAT IS PROGRESSIVISM?
 Progressivism is the educational philosophy which is grounded in
the ‘’pure’’ philosophy of pragmatism.
 Pragmatic ontology holds on the reality is in the area of everyday
life, personal experience. It is that ideas should be tested for utility.
 Progressivism focuses on real world- problem solving and individual
development.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRESSIVISM
1) emphasis on learning by doing.
2) Hands- on project
3) Experiential learning
4) Integrated curriculum focused on thematic units.
5) Strong emphasis on problem solving and critical thinking.
6) Group work and development of social skills.
7) Understanding and action as the goals of learning as opposed to
rote knowledge.
8) Collaboration and cooperation learning projects.
9) Education for social responsibility and democracy.

7. METHOD OF TEACHING

8. PROGRESSIVISM AND METHOD OF
TEACHING
 Project method- active
participation of the pupils
in learning.
 Socialized method
 Conferences.
 Demonstration
 Group work
 Role play
 Debates
 Inquiry
 Discussion
 Planning and participation
in the activities.

9. EDUCATIONAL PROGRESSIVISM
 Educational progressivism is the belief that education
must based on the principles that human are social
animals who learn best in real life with other people.
 The skills and tools of learning include problem solving
methods and scientific inquiry.
 Learning experience include cooperative behaviors and
self - discipline.
 Schools can transmit the culture of society while it
prepares students in the changing world.

10. EDUCATIONAL PROGRESSIVISM
 This philosophy places emphasis on how to think and
nor what to think.
 Progressive education focused on the child as the
learner rather than on subject, emphasized activities,
experience rather than verbal literally skills and
encourage cooperative group learning activities rather
than competitive lesson plan.

11. ESSENTIALISM

12. WHAT IS ESSENTIALISM?
 An educational theory that
believes that the purpose of
schooling is to impart
necessary knowledge, skills,
and attitudes to enable young
people to function as fully
developed human beings in the
modern words
 Schools should be organized to
transmit this core of essential
materials.
 Classroom are teacher
centered.

13. MAJOR PROPONENTS
 William Bagley
 An influential member of the Essentialist Committee for the
advancement of American Education.
 Critical progressivism and sought to create a philosophy of
education stressing the basics.
 E. D. Hirsch, Jr.
 Believed in the importance of cultural literacy and extensive
knowledge(facts, names, events, etc.)

14. HISTORY
 Essentialism began in the 1930s and 1940s.
 It was a response to progressivism’s overemphasis on a child
centered approach education.
 There was a concern that schools were not helping students
develop an appropriate knowledge.
 Essentialist believed schools should teach the basic (critical core
of information and skills) to student so they could be productive
and contribute to modern society.
 Essentialism has its roots from idealism and realism

15. PRINCIPLES OF ESSENTIALISM
 Learning involves hard work
and discipline.
 Teacher has the authority.
 The core objective is for the
student to learn the essential
subjects (which can change
over time).
 School should use traditional
methods of instruction (lecture,
rote memorization, etc.).

16. AN ESSENTIALIST CLASSROOM
 A place where children come to learn what they need to know.
 The is the person, who can best instruct the students, so she/ he does not let
students interest determine what is taught.
 The student is to sit, learn passively, and be respectful while the teacher
instruct.
 Textbook are frequently used
 Student’s desks typically arranged in rows.
 lesson involve thinking and reasoning rather than hands- on ‘’learning by
doing”. Activities.
 There is an emphasis on standards and testing.