Specific Heat Capacity of Ferrocement

1. Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand Vatwong Greepala Rattaphoom Parichatprecha Tawatchai Tanchaisawat Pichai Nimityongskul Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakonnakhon Province Campus, Thailand Naresuan University,Thailand

2. CONTENT Introduction Objective and Scope Experimental Program Methodology Results and Discussion Conclusion 2

3. Fire and Buildings 3

4. Fire and Buildings Sua Pa Plaza, Thailand 2009 4 The Cyber World Building (Tokyu Ratchada), Thailand 2008 Santika Pub, Thailand 2009

5. Concrete Filling Ferrocement Jacketing Fire Protection Techniques Intumescent paint 5

6. Ferrocement as Fire Protection Material The use of ferrocement jacketing as fire protection material may enhance the fire resistance of the composite element. Ferrocement VS RC slab Ferrocement VS RC beam Ferrocement VS RC column Ferrocement VS steel column Ferrocement jacketing slab Ferrocement versus RC slab Ferrocement versus RC beam Ferrocement versus RC column Ferrocement versus Steel column 6

7. ?? ?? Statement of the problem There is a lack of experimental data. 7

8. OBJECTIVE To analytically determine the specific heat of ferrocement using inverse thermal analysis 8

9. Stability Integrity Insulation Fire resistance criteria of ferrocement the temperature of the unexposed side of the test specimen must not exceed a specified limit. SCOPE OFWORK

10. Materials • Wire Mesh: – Hexagonal wire mesh, Gauge No. 21, Opening 19 mm • Skeletal Steel: – Round Bar dia. 6 mm – Tensile Strength 494 MPa • Mortar: – Mortar Strength 57 MPa 10

11. Volume Fraction of Wire Mesh Specific Heat Reinforcement Incorporation Main Parameters

12. Series No. Series Code Covering (mm) Volume Fraction x 10-2 Sectional Geometry 1 FA25-0-0-NA NA 0 2 FA25-1-0-NA NA 0 3** FA25-1-6-15 1.5 1.63 4 FB25-1-16-15 1.5 4.36 5 FB25-1-2-15 1.5 0.54 Volume fraction Reinforcement incorporation EXPERIMENTALPROGRAM

13. Fire Exposure Test Ferrocement Specimen Thermal Conductivity Test Inverse Thermal Analysis Specific Heat Capacity METHODOLOGY •Exposed/Unexposed Surface temperatures •Thermal conductivity at elevated temperatures

14. Materials Preparation Skeletal steel all galvanized plate spacer before placing wire mesh Installation of wire mesh

15. Materials Preparation Ferrocement Specimen

16. Arrangement of Thermocouple on Specimen Thermocouple Type K (T1) Thermocouple Type K (T1) Ferrocement Specimen Thermocouple Type K (T2) Thermocouple Type K (T3)

17. Fire Exposure

18. Ferrocement specimen 1 Ferrocement specimen 2 Ceramic Fiber Ceramic Fiber Thermocouple T1 Thermocouple T1 Thermocouple T2 Air gap Thermocouple T3 Arrangement of Thermocouple and Heat Flow Direction for Fire ResistanceTest Fire behavior is equivalent ASTM E119 18

19. Temperature Envelope for Fire Exposure Test **Area under temperature envelope is equal*** Max. Temperature 1060°C

20. Thermal Conductivity Test 20

21. Specimen Configuration forThermal ConductivityTest (Guard Hot PlateASTM C177) 21

22. Thermal Conductivity Calculation 2 1 (V I) Heat Flow Q = 2 Q Heat Flux q = ; A = Heating area A q = k q L k = ; L = Thickness of specimen dT dx T T × ⋅ ⋅ ∴ −  22

23. Temperature Envelope for Thermal ConductivityTest Calculated thermal conductivity (k) at the temperature level 200 ˚C 400 ˚C 600 ˚C 800 ˚C 1060 ˚C 12 Hrs. 23

24. Determination of Specific Heat Using Inverse ThermalAnalysis 24

25. Determination of Specific Heat 25

26. Calculation of Specific Heat Thermal Conductivity Test by Guard Hot Plate Thermal Conductivity (k) of ferrocement at Elevated Temperature Fitting experimental curve by varying specific heat Specific heat (c) of ferrocement at Elevated Temperature 26

27. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 27

28. Exposed/UnexposedSurfacetemperatures (FA25-0-0-NA)

33. Thermal Conductivity (k) of Ferrocement 33

34. Effect of reinforcement incorporation on Thermal conductivity The use of skeletal steel and wire mesh result in higher thermal conductivity The thermal conductivity increased as temperature was increased

35. Effect of Volume Fraction on Thermal Conductivity 35 Volume fraction increase result in lower k Increase volume fraction Less effect to k

36. Specific Heat Capacity (c) of Ferrocement 36

37. Effect of reinforcement incorporation on Specific Heat 37 An incorporation of skeletal steel and wire mesh significantly increased specific heat capacity of ferrocement. 2100 J/kg-K 800 J/kg-K

38. Effect of Volume Fraction on Specific Heat 38 800 J/kg-K 2100 J/kg-K Two peaks of 3200-5500 J/kg-K and 3200-4500 J/kg-K at temperatures of 230°C and 600°C

39. CONCLUSION • The thermal conductivity increased as temperature was increased. Moreover it was also found that the use of skeletal steel and wire mesh resulted in higher thermal conductivity as compared with plain mortar. Thermal conductivity of ferrocement was found to vary from 0.3-1.5 W/m-K, therefore it is possible to use ferrocement as fire protection material. • At low temperatures, an increase in volume fraction of wire mesh decreased the thermal conductivity of ferrocement although wire mesh is thermally conducting. 39

40. CONCLUSION • Compared with plain mortar, an incorporation of skeletal steel and wire mesh significantly increased specific heat capacity of ferrocement. • The values of specific heat capacity of ferrocement were in the range of 800-2100 J/kg-K however its consisted of two peaks of 3200-5500 J/kg-K and 3200-4500 J/kg-K at temperatures of 230°C and 600°C, respectively. These values were slightly higher than those of concrete cover given by Euro Code, hence ferrocement can be used as fire protection material because it can absorb more heat than concrete cover. 40

41. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 41 A grateful acknowledgment is extended to KUCSC especially Dr. Supakij Nontananun, the dean of the faculty of science and engineering, for providing the financial support during the entire period of the RSID6 Conference.

42. Thank you

43. Arrangement of thermocouple and heat flow direction for 3 and 63 hours fire exposure

44. Properties of Constituent Material Gauge No. 21 Wire diameter (mm) 0.78 Opening (mm) 19.0 Weight per unit area of mesh (kg/m2) 0.535 Volume per unit area of mesh (x10-5 m3/m2) 6.82 Bonding surface per unit area of mesh (m2/m2) 0.339 Wire Mesh Mortar Compressive strength (MPa) 57 Water/Cement 0.48 Cement/Sand 1:2 Skeletal Steel Diameter (mm) 6 Tensile strength (MPa) 494

45. Finite Element Model for Determination of Specific Heat 45

46. What is Ferrocement? ACI COMMITTEE 549: Ferrocement is a type of thin wall reinforced concrete commonly constructed of hydraulic cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced layers of continuous and relatively small size wire mesh. The mesh may be made of metallic or other suitable materials. The fineness of the mortar matrix and its composition should be compatible with the mesh and armature systems it is meant to encapsulate. The matrix may contain discontinuous fibers Combination of Mesh and Discontinuous Fibers Ferrocement and Laminated Cementitious Composite HYBRID COMPOSITE X Y Z (A.E. Namaan, 2006) 46

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