2. Diversity (विविधता)
Meaning of diversity is different from that of
“Difference”.
Diversity is not only about differences but it is about
similarities also.
We have very limited time to understand the evolution
which took place in the course of millions of years.
Thus for the convenient of study we classify organisms
around us on the basis of certain similarities and group
them.
3. Classification (िर्गीकरण)
Classification refers to the process of grouping
organisms on the basis of similar characteristics e.g.
outer appearance, cohabitation, food, cell etc .
The term characteristic means specific structure or
function.
Cellular structure (Pro-Eu), nutrition process
(Photosynthesis), habitation & motion, reproduction
(Sexual/Asexual) etc. form basis for classification.
4. Taxonomic classification of humans
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
H. sapiens
5. Classification (िर्गीकरण)
Domain and phylum are broadest group of
classification for example Eukaray includes all
developed organisms and animalia includes all the
animals.
Species is the most specific classification. Members of
one species have many similarities and they can
reproduce.
6. Evolution (जैि विकास)
Evolution is the process of change in the fundamental
characteristics of organisms for their survival. (Darwin
C, 1859: The origin of species)
Simple organisms (Primitive) & Complex organism
(Modern)
7. Plantae
Plantae is the broadest classification of plant kingdom.
All eukaryotic, multi-cellular, Photo-autotrophic
plants come in this.
Plant kingdom is further divided into two parts
1. Cryptogame
The cryptogames are flowerless seedless spore
bearing plants. Undeveloped Reproductive organs
2. Phanerogame
Phanerogames are flower bearing seed producing
plants. Developed reproductive. Organs.
9. Thallophyta
The term “Thallus” refers to an undifferentiated
structure.
These are most primitive & relatively simple plants.
The plant body is not differentiated between root,
stem and leaves.
The thalliod plant body is either monocellular or
multicellular.
10.
11. Algae
Algae are chlorophyll bearing, thalloid, autotrophic
and largely aquatic plants.
They are also found in variety of other habitats such as
moist, soils wood. These plants are mostly unicellular.
12. Bryophyta
Bryophytes are chlorophyllous, autotrophic
embryophytic plants.
They are amphibians of plant kingdoms.
The soma of the plant is partially differentiated
between root, stem and leaves.
They too are simple plants and carry no specific
tissues for conduction of nutrients from part of body
to other.
They are found on shady places and damps.
13.
14. Pteridophyta
Pteridophytes are chlorophyllous, autotrophic
embryophytic plants.
The plant body is clearly divided into root, stem and
leaves.
These plants have developed network of tissues for
conduction of nutrients.
15.
16. Gymnosperm
Gymnosperms are flowering plants without ovary and
fruit.
This group derives its name from two words- Gymno (
Naked) and sperma (Seed).
These plants are evergreen, woody and long living.
Pinus and cycus are examples of this type of plants.
17.
18. Angiosperm
Angiosperms are flowering seed bearing plants in
which seeds are enclosed by fruit.
This group derives its name from two words- Angio
(Covered) and sperma (Seed)
Seed/s of this types of plants are enclosed in a fruit.
Seed develops inside the embryo. These plants are
further divided into monocots and dicots.
21. Animalia
These are organisms which are eukaryotic,
multicellular and heterotrophic.
Their cells do not have cell-walls. Most animals are
mobile.
Humans, Elephants, apes and many other organisms
are members of this kingdom.
24. Porifera
The term “pore” means small holes. Animals of this
phylum have small holes on all over their body.
These are non-motile (Moveable) animals attached to
some solid support.
Holes on their body form a canal system that helps in
circulating water throughout the body to bring in food
and oxygen.
These animals are covered with a hard outside layer or
skeleton.
The body design involves very minimal differentiation
and division into tissues.
These animals are mostly found in marine water.
26. COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA)
These are animals living in water. They show more
body design differentiation.
They are motile.
Body is divided into two layers: Epidermis &
endoderm
28. PLATYHELMINTHES
The body of animals in this group is far more
complexly designed.
Bilaterally Symmetrical: The left and the right
halves of the body have the same design.
Triploblastic: There are three layers of cells from
which differentiated tissues can be made.
Some degree of tissue formation.
The body is flattened dorsiventrally, meaning from top
to bottom
30. NEMATODA
The nematode body is also bilaterally symmetrical and
triploblastic.
the
Body is cylindrical rather than flattened.
These are very familiar as parasitic worms causing
diseases, such as the worms causing elephantiasis (filarial
worms)
32. ANNELIDA
The term ANNE means segments.
Annelid animals are also bilaterally symmetrical and
triploblastic.
They have a true body cavity and organs are developed
in segments of the body.
These animals are found in a variety of habitats– fresh
water, marine water as well as land. Earthworms and
leeches are familiar examples
34. ARTHROPODA
This is probably the largest group of animals.
These animals are bilaterally symmetrical and segmented.
There is an open circulatory system, and so the blood
does not flow in well defined blood vessels.
The coelomic cavity is blood-filled.
They have jointed legs (the word ‘arthropod’ means
‘jointed legs’).
Some familiar examples are prawns, butterflies,
houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs
