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Asphalt    internal structure
  characterization with X-Ray
  computed tomography
Denis Jelagin, Ibrahim Onifade, Alvaro Guarin and Nicole Kringos

            KTH, Highway and Railway Engineering
Outline

Understanding of asphalt mixture
properties   based      on    constituent
materials spatial distribution and their
mechanical properties:
  - Determination of quantitative parameters
    to describe asphalt internal structure.

  - Mechanical modeling with finite element
    method to quantify the impact the
    constituent material parameters have on
    mixture mechanical behavior
Asphalt mixture internal structure and
its effect on field performance
 Asphalt consists of three main phases: stones, binder
 and air voids; their spatial distribution and properties
 have a major impact on asphalt performance:

 • Stones and stone-to-stone contacts provide a primary
   load carrying mechanism in compression and shear,
   especially at high temperatures
 • Bitumen-based binder and its distribution control
   tensile stiffness and fracture resistance
 • Air void structure controls mixture permeability,
   resistance to bleeding and ageing
 Deficient internal structure of asphalt results in
 pavement failures
Pavement failures




    Rutting        Fatigue cracking   Thermal cracking




Potholes              Blisters             …
X-Ray computed tomography (CT)
        characterization of asphalt




X-Ray CT system to acquire images       Avizo® Fire to segment CT data and to obtain
with spatial resolution of 5-100 µm     quantitative parameters for specimens structure




                                                                Preprocess
                                                                for FEA
Use mechanical testing to investigate        FEM modeling to quantify the
the impact of the observed internal          effect of different micromechanical
structure on materials performance           and geometrical parameters on
                                             materials performance
X-Ray CT characterization of asphalt

             • Porous (“quiet”) asphalt
               - Cylindrical core 80 mm high x 100 mm
                 diameter
               - High air voids (20%) to facilitate drainage
                 and noise damping


             • CT data with 59x59x59 µm voxel size is
               acquired
             • Analysis is performed on a rectangular
               volume (60x60x40 mm) in the center of
               the specimen
Analysis procedure

                     X-Ray CT slice        before
                     post-processing:
                     • Significant         density
                       variation within phases
                       (stones and binder)
                     • Considerable amount of
                       beam hardening
                     • Image noise
Analysis procedure

                     Corrected image:
                     • Histogram equalization to
                       improve contrast
                     • Noise reduced with median
                       filter (3x3 kernel) and edge
                       preserving smoothing filter
                     • Beam hardening corrected
                       based on background flat field
                       correction
                       - Illumination profile:
Analysis procedure

                     Segmented image:
                     • Phase    (air   voids  and
                       stones) identification with
                       threshold-based
                       segmentation
                     • Binder is defined as the
                       difference between total
                       volume, stones and air
                       voids
                     • Stones are separated based
                       on the distance map with
                       watershed segmentation
                     • Stones smaller than 2.34
                       mm are filtered out and
                       replaced with binder
Results
         Stone skeleton
Reconstructed stone surfaces
                               Parameters       describing   stone   size
                               distribution, their shape , roughness and
                               orientation in the material are obtained.
                               These parameters define to a great
                               extent the stone skeleton strength and
                               its susceptibility to aggregate breakage.
Results
Stone skeleton
Results
Stone skeleton (contact regions)

                     During separation based on
                     the distance map, the contact
                     regions between stones are
                     identified:
                     •   Regions where the separation
                         lines    intersect    with   the
                         segmented         stone    phase
                         represent contact regions
                     •   A     sensitivity    range    for
                         contact detection is defined
                         presently as 108 µm (2
                         pixels)
Results
Stone skeleton (contact regions)
                The stone contact regions provide a
                primary load transferring mechanism in
                compression and shear.
                In several recent studies contact zones
                geometry and orientation have been
                correlated with asphalt compactability
                and rutting performance.
Results
         Air voids
Reconstructed air voids surfaces
                                   CT data is analyzed in order to evaluate if
                                   the air void distribution and connectivity
                                   in the specimen agree with the design
                                   parameters of the mixture.
                                   Reduced air void content at the bottom of
                                   the specimen results in compromised
                                   permeability     and     noise    damping
                                   capabilities.
Micromechanical analysis with FEM

FEM simulations based on structural information obtained with
the X-Ray CT allow to:
• Improve our understanding of the mechanical behavior of asphalt
  and its degradation processes.
• Quantify the effect of using constituent materials with improved (or
  worsened) characteristics.
• Develop a “virtual specimen” type of approach for asphalt mixture
  design. This will provide a cost effective way to optimize different
  asphalt mixture parameters, e.g. binder type, air void contents and
  stone size distribution for better field performance.


Analysis results illustrate the capability of this method to
capture stress concentrations and strain localization arising
due to differences in mechanical and thermal properties of the
phases.
Uniaxial tension and thermal stresses(2D)
h=0.1 mm
                   • Reconstructed surfaces and
                     volumes    are    exported    to
                     COMSOL Multiphysics package
                   • Mechanical      and      thermal
                     properties representative for
                     each phase are assigned to
                     stone and binder regions in the
                     model
                   • 2D plane strain analysis for:
                     - Uniaxial tension
                     - Thermally     induced   stresses
                       (temperature at the air void
                       boundary is reduced at a rate of
                       10ºC/hour)
Uniaxial tension (2D)

                        • Strains are localized in the
                          binder phase
                        • Strains up to 12% are observed
                          as compared to approx. 0.2%
                          predicted    for  homogeneous
                          material case
                        • The information obtained with
                          this type of modeling can be
                          used to identify representative
                          stress and strain levels for
                          binder testing
Uniaxial tension (2D)


                        • Load transfering chains
                          can be seen in the
                          material

                        • Only       main      load
                          transfering regions in
                          the binder are subjected
                          to   a    tensile  stress
                          >10MPa (as compared
                          to the uniform tension of
                          19 MPa for the uniform
                          material case)
Thermal stresses (2D)


                        • Temperature variation of
                          approx. 1.5ºK can be seen.
                          The temperature gradient
                          would      increase       with
                          increasing cooling speed and
                          decreasing air void content.
                        • As the specimen is not
                          constrained, this type of
                          thermal loading would result
                          only in negligible stresses in
                          the homogeneous material.
Thermal stresses (2D)


                        • Stones are subjected to
                          higher stresses due to their
                          higher stiffness
                        • Regions of localized tension
                          are formed in the binder due
                          to difference in thermal
                          contraction        properties
                          between phases.

                        • Maximum tensile stresses in
                          the binder reach approx. 2.5
                          MPa
Uniaxial compression (3D)

                       Analysis of small regions
                       around        stone-to-stone
                       contact zones to get insight
                       into the local degradation
                       mechanisms:

                        - Work in progress…
Uniaxial compression (3D)




                                                 Von Mises stress localized in stones around
                                                 contact points

Understanding the mechanisms controlling:
•  stone breakage and polishing during asphalt
  compaction
• Micro-fracture initiation in binder films




                                                 Compressive strains localized in the binder
Thank you for your attention

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Asphalt internal structure characterization with X-Ray computed tomography

  • 1. Asphalt internal structure characterization with X-Ray computed tomography Denis Jelagin, Ibrahim Onifade, Alvaro Guarin and Nicole Kringos KTH, Highway and Railway Engineering
  • 2. Outline Understanding of asphalt mixture properties based on constituent materials spatial distribution and their mechanical properties: - Determination of quantitative parameters to describe asphalt internal structure. - Mechanical modeling with finite element method to quantify the impact the constituent material parameters have on mixture mechanical behavior
  • 3. Asphalt mixture internal structure and its effect on field performance Asphalt consists of three main phases: stones, binder and air voids; their spatial distribution and properties have a major impact on asphalt performance: • Stones and stone-to-stone contacts provide a primary load carrying mechanism in compression and shear, especially at high temperatures • Bitumen-based binder and its distribution control tensile stiffness and fracture resistance • Air void structure controls mixture permeability, resistance to bleeding and ageing Deficient internal structure of asphalt results in pavement failures
  • 4. Pavement failures Rutting Fatigue cracking Thermal cracking Potholes Blisters …
  • 5. X-Ray computed tomography (CT) characterization of asphalt X-Ray CT system to acquire images Avizo® Fire to segment CT data and to obtain with spatial resolution of 5-100 µm quantitative parameters for specimens structure Preprocess for FEA Use mechanical testing to investigate FEM modeling to quantify the the impact of the observed internal effect of different micromechanical structure on materials performance and geometrical parameters on materials performance
  • 6. X-Ray CT characterization of asphalt • Porous (“quiet”) asphalt - Cylindrical core 80 mm high x 100 mm diameter - High air voids (20%) to facilitate drainage and noise damping • CT data with 59x59x59 µm voxel size is acquired • Analysis is performed on a rectangular volume (60x60x40 mm) in the center of the specimen
  • 7. Analysis procedure X-Ray CT slice before post-processing: • Significant density variation within phases (stones and binder) • Considerable amount of beam hardening • Image noise
  • 8. Analysis procedure Corrected image: • Histogram equalization to improve contrast • Noise reduced with median filter (3x3 kernel) and edge preserving smoothing filter • Beam hardening corrected based on background flat field correction - Illumination profile:
  • 9. Analysis procedure Segmented image: • Phase (air voids and stones) identification with threshold-based segmentation • Binder is defined as the difference between total volume, stones and air voids • Stones are separated based on the distance map with watershed segmentation • Stones smaller than 2.34 mm are filtered out and replaced with binder
  • 10. Results Stone skeleton Reconstructed stone surfaces Parameters describing stone size distribution, their shape , roughness and orientation in the material are obtained. These parameters define to a great extent the stone skeleton strength and its susceptibility to aggregate breakage.
  • 12. Results Stone skeleton (contact regions) During separation based on the distance map, the contact regions between stones are identified: • Regions where the separation lines intersect with the segmented stone phase represent contact regions • A sensitivity range for contact detection is defined presently as 108 µm (2 pixels)
  • 13. Results Stone skeleton (contact regions) The stone contact regions provide a primary load transferring mechanism in compression and shear. In several recent studies contact zones geometry and orientation have been correlated with asphalt compactability and rutting performance.
  • 14. Results Air voids Reconstructed air voids surfaces CT data is analyzed in order to evaluate if the air void distribution and connectivity in the specimen agree with the design parameters of the mixture. Reduced air void content at the bottom of the specimen results in compromised permeability and noise damping capabilities.
  • 15. Micromechanical analysis with FEM FEM simulations based on structural information obtained with the X-Ray CT allow to: • Improve our understanding of the mechanical behavior of asphalt and its degradation processes. • Quantify the effect of using constituent materials with improved (or worsened) characteristics. • Develop a “virtual specimen” type of approach for asphalt mixture design. This will provide a cost effective way to optimize different asphalt mixture parameters, e.g. binder type, air void contents and stone size distribution for better field performance. Analysis results illustrate the capability of this method to capture stress concentrations and strain localization arising due to differences in mechanical and thermal properties of the phases.
  • 16. Uniaxial tension and thermal stresses(2D) h=0.1 mm • Reconstructed surfaces and volumes are exported to COMSOL Multiphysics package • Mechanical and thermal properties representative for each phase are assigned to stone and binder regions in the model • 2D plane strain analysis for: - Uniaxial tension - Thermally induced stresses (temperature at the air void boundary is reduced at a rate of 10ºC/hour)
  • 17. Uniaxial tension (2D) • Strains are localized in the binder phase • Strains up to 12% are observed as compared to approx. 0.2% predicted for homogeneous material case • The information obtained with this type of modeling can be used to identify representative stress and strain levels for binder testing
  • 18. Uniaxial tension (2D) • Load transfering chains can be seen in the material • Only main load transfering regions in the binder are subjected to a tensile stress >10MPa (as compared to the uniform tension of 19 MPa for the uniform material case)
  • 19. Thermal stresses (2D) • Temperature variation of approx. 1.5ºK can be seen. The temperature gradient would increase with increasing cooling speed and decreasing air void content. • As the specimen is not constrained, this type of thermal loading would result only in negligible stresses in the homogeneous material.
  • 20. Thermal stresses (2D) • Stones are subjected to higher stresses due to their higher stiffness • Regions of localized tension are formed in the binder due to difference in thermal contraction properties between phases. • Maximum tensile stresses in the binder reach approx. 2.5 MPa
  • 21. Uniaxial compression (3D) Analysis of small regions around stone-to-stone contact zones to get insight into the local degradation mechanisms: - Work in progress…
  • 22. Uniaxial compression (3D) Von Mises stress localized in stones around contact points Understanding the mechanisms controlling: • stone breakage and polishing during asphalt compaction • Micro-fracture initiation in binder films Compressive strains localized in the binder
  • 23. Thank you for your attention