การวินิจฉัยโรคเบาการวินิจฉัยโรคเบา
หวานหวาน
Criteria for the diagnosis of DMCriteria for the diagnosis of DM
Symptoms of Diabetes MellitusSymptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
(polyurea,(polyurea,
polydipsia, unexplained weight loss) pluspolydipsia, unexplained weight loss) plus
casual PGcasual PG ≥≥ 200 mg/dl200 mg/dl
FPGFPG ≥≥ 126 mg/dl (fast at least 8 hr)126 mg/dl (fast at least 8 hr)
2-hr PG2-hr PG ≥≥ 200 mg/dl during 75g200 mg/dl during 75g
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
** confirm on a subsequent day
ชนิดของโรคเบาหวานชนิดของโรคเบาหวาน
1. Type 1 diabetes โรคเบาหวานชนิดที่ 1 :
β-cell destruction
2. Type 2 diabetes โรคเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 :
insulin resistance
3. Other specific types เบาหวานจากสาเหตุ
อื่น ๆ :
MODY, Other endocrine diseases (hyperthyroid,
Cushing’s), Pancreatic disease, etc.
4. Gestational diabetes mellitus เบาหวานใน
คนตั้งครรภ์ (GDM)
PATHOGENESIS of TYPE 1PATHOGENESIS of TYPE 1
DMDM
ββ- cell- cell
destructiondestruction
HYPERGLYCEMIAHYPERGLYCEMIAHYPERGLYCEMIAHYPERGLYCEMIAIdiopathic
Immune mediated
(antiGAD, ICA, IAA)
insulin deficiency
Mechanism of oral hypoglycemic agents
GlucoseGlucose
Impaired or no insulin secretion
Increased or normal glucagon secretion
Increased glucose
production
Insulin
resistance
Nutrition(carbohydrates)
Sulfonylurea ,RepaglinideSulfonylurea ,Repaglinide
MetforminMetformin
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitorAlpha-glucosidase inhibitorIntestine
I+G
I+G
I+GInsulin Insulin
ThiazolidinedioneThiazolidinedione
SulfonylureasSulfonylureas:: Clinical ConsiderationsClinical Considerations
Stimulate insulin releaseStimulate insulin release
Multiple agents availableMultiple agents available
– 11stst
generation : chlopropamidegeneration : chlopropamide
– 22ndnd
generation : clinically effective dose 5-20 mg/d, od-bidgeneration : clinically effective dose 5-20 mg/d, od-bid
(glibenclamide, glipizide, gliclazide)(glibenclamide, glipizide, gliclazide)
– 3rd generation : glimepiride, once daily, dose 1-8 mg/d3rd generation : glimepiride, once daily, dose 1-8 mg/d
PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics
– All SU are completely absorbedAll SU are completely absorbed
– All SU are metabolized at liverAll SU are metabolized at liver
– 11stst
generation agents are excreted by renalgeneration agents are excreted by renal
– 22ndnd
and 3and 3rdrd
generation are excreted by both urine and bilegeneration are excreted by both urine and bile
SulfonylureaSulfonylurea
Who will well response ?Who will well response ?
: sufficient residual: sufficient residual ββ cell functioncell function
Onset of hyperglycemia after 30 yearsOnset of hyperglycemia after 30 years
Most effective early in course of diseaseMost effective early in course of disease
(d(diagnosed < 5 years)iagnosed < 5 years)
Fasting glucose level < 300 mg/dlFasting glucose level < 300 mg/dl
Comply with reasonable nutrition and exerciseComply with reasonable nutrition and exercise
programprogram
Not totally insulin deficitNot totally insulin deficit
What is its contraindication ?What is its contraindication ?
DM type 1DM type 1
Pancreatic damagePancreatic damage
Severe stressSevere stress
SU allergySU allergy
PregnancyPregnancy
Liver or renal failureLiver or renal failure
SulfonylureaSulfonylurea
HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia : the most serious complication: the most serious complication
eesp.sp. elderly, malnourished, adrenal/pituitary/ hepaticelderly, malnourished, adrenal/pituitary/ hepatic
insufficiency, more than one OHD etc.insufficiency, more than one OHD etc.
Low blood sugar control : in fever, trauma, infectionLow blood sugar control : in fever, trauma, infection
or surgery (should change to insulin instead)or surgery (should change to insulin instead)
Pregnancy and nursing : Category CPregnancy and nursing : Category C
Pediatric use : no sufficient dataPediatric use : no sufficient data
SulfonylureaSulfonylurea
Metformin:Metformin: Clinical ConsiderationsClinical Considerations
Insulin sensitizersInsulin sensitizers
– Decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis (main effect)Decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis (main effect)
– Enhance insulin stimulated glucose transport inEnhance insulin stimulated glucose transport in
skeletal muscle (indirect, due to improveskeletal muscle (indirect, due to improve
glucotoxicity)glucotoxicity)
– Decrease fatty acid oxidation 20%Decrease fatty acid oxidation 20%
PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics
– 90% of compound excreted via urine within 12 hr90% of compound excreted via urine within 12 hr
(tubular secrete is major route)(tubular secrete is major route)
Dosage considerationDosage consideration
– Available 500 mg (850 mg)Available 500 mg (850 mg)
– Start 500 OD-BID then increment of one tabletStart 500 OD-BID then increment of one tablet
every weekevery week upto 2,550 mg/dayupto 2,550 mg/day
MetforminMetformin:: Clinical ConsiderationsClinical Considerations
Patient SelectionPatient Selection
– Initial therapy in obese, insulin resistant patientInitial therapy in obese, insulin resistant patient
– Consider use if dyslipidemia, high risk of CVDConsider use if dyslipidemia, high risk of CVD
– Less hypoglycemia, limited weight gainLess hypoglycemia, limited weight gain
Metformin in Overweight PatientsMetformin in Overweight Patients
Compared with conventional policyCompared with conventional policy
32% risk reduction in any diabetes-related endpoints32% risk reduction in any diabetes-related endpoints
p=0.0023p=0.0023
42% risk reduction in diabetes-related deaths42% risk reduction in diabetes-related deaths
p=0.017p=0.017
36% risk reduction in all cause mortality36% risk reduction in all cause mortality
p=0.011p=0.011
39% risk reduction in myocardial infarction39% risk reduction in myocardial infarction
p=0.01p=0.01
Lactic acidosis : 0.03/1,000 pt-yr.Lactic acidosis : 0.03/1,000 pt-yr.
fatal in 50% of casesfatal in 50% of cases
Gastrointestinal reactions : 30%Gastrointestinal reactions : 30%
Dysgeusia (metallic taste) : 3%Dysgeusia (metallic taste) : 3%
Hematological reactions : megaloblastic anemiaHematological reactions : megaloblastic anemia
Metformin:Metformin: Side effectsSide effects
Acute or chronic metabolic acidosisAcute or chronic metabolic acidosis
HypersensitivityHypersensitivity
CHFCHF
Renal insufficiencyRenal insufficiency
CrCr ≥≥ 1.5 mg/dl in male , Cr1.5 mg/dl in male , Cr ≥≥ 1.4 mg/dl in female1.4 mg/dl in female
Impaired hepatic functionImpaired hepatic function
Age > 80 yearsAge > 80 years
Temporarily discontinue in patient requiringTemporarily discontinue in patient requiring
iodinated radiocontrast mediaiodinated radiocontrast media
Metformin:Metformin: ContraindicationsContraindications
Monitoring renal functionMonitoring renal function
Radiological studies with iodinated contrastRadiological studies with iodinated contrast
media :media :
hold metforminhold metformin at least 48 hr. after procedure with norm Crat least 48 hr. after procedure with norm Cr
Hypoxic state : discontinue metforminHypoxic state : discontinue metformin
Surgical procedures : discontinueSurgical procedures : discontinue
Alcohol intake :Alcohol intake : cautionly usecautionly use
Hypoglycemia :Hypoglycemia : when combined therapywhen combined therapy
Metformin:Metformin: PrecautionsPrecautions
Thiazolidinediones:Thiazolidinediones:
Clinical ConsiderationsClinical Considerations
Insulin sensitizersInsulin sensitizers
by direct stimulate the nuclear receptor (PPARby direct stimulate the nuclear receptor (PPAR
γγ))
Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gammaPeroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma
– Decrease hepatic gluconeogenesisDecrease hepatic gluconeogenesis
– Increase glucose uptake at peripheral tissueIncrease glucose uptake at peripheral tissue
– Inhibit fatty acid oxidationInhibit fatty acid oxidation
Other effects : antiatherogenicOther effects : antiatherogenic
– Improve endothelial functionImprove endothelial function
– Decrease inflammatory responseDecrease inflammatory response
– ImproveImprove Lipid : reduce TG 9-20% , increase HDL 20%Lipid : reduce TG 9-20% , increase HDL 20%
glycemia
triglycerides
HDL
FFA
BP
PAI-1
oxidative
stress
VSMC migration
and proliferation
LDL
Thiazolidinediones
monocyte
subendothelial
transmigration
Effects of thiazolidinediones on cardiovascularEffects of thiazolidinediones on cardiovascular
risk factors and atherosclerotic mechanismsrisk factors and atherosclerotic mechanisms
Thiazolidinediones:Thiazolidinediones: dosage availabledosage available
Drugs availableDrugs available
– March 2000, Troglitazone was withdrawn due to liver toxicityMarch 2000, Troglitazone was withdrawn due to liver toxicity
– Available now : Rosiglitazone (Avandia)Available now : Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Pioglitazone (Actos)Pioglitazone (Actos)
Pharmacokinetics : metabolite at liverPharmacokinetics : metabolite at liver
– RosiglitazoneRosiglitazone :: half-life 3.7 hr. metabolite byhalf-life 3.7 hr. metabolite by CP450-2C8CP450-2C8
– PioglitazonePioglitazone :: half-life 16-24 hr. metabolite byhalf-life 16-24 hr. metabolite by CP450-2C8 and 3A4CP450-2C8 and 3A4
Initial doseInitial dose MaxMax Titration intervalTitration interval
Rosiglitazone (4 mg)Rosiglitazone (4 mg) 2 mg bid or2 mg bid or 8 mg 8 -12 weeks8 mg 8 -12 weeks
4 mg OD4 mg OD
Pioglitazone (15 mg)Pioglitazone (15 mg) 15-30 mg OD 45 mg 4 weeks15-30 mg OD 45 mg 4 weeks
Renal dysfunctionRenal dysfunction : not required dose adjust: not required dose adjust
Hepatic dysfunctionHepatic dysfunction : not used in Child-Pugh grade B/C: not used in Child-Pugh grade B/C
not used in active liver disease or serum ALT > 2.5 timesnot used in active liver disease or serum ALT > 2.5 times
UNLUNL
Hypoglycemia when combind OHDHypoglycemia when combind OHD
HematologyHematology: reduce Hb: reduce Hb ≤≤ 4% and Hct4% and Hct ≤≤ 1g/dl due to volume1g/dl due to volume
expansion occur in first 4-8 weeks and persist at least 2 yearsexpansion occur in first 4-8 weeks and persist at least 2 years
EdemaEdema: mild to moderate: mild to moderate
CardiacCardiac: cause volume expansion, increase preload: cause volume expansion, increase preload
contraindicate in NYHA class III and IVcontraindicate in NYHA class III and IV
Pregnancy and nursingPregnancy and nursing : category C: category C
ThiazolidinedionesThiazolidinediones::
Special ConsiderationsSpecial Considerations
Liver function abnormalityLiver function abnormality (rare) :(rare) :
do not initiate if ALT > 2.5 times UNLdo not initiate if ALT > 2.5 times UNL
discontinue and re-evaluate when ALTdiscontinue and re-evaluate when ALT≥≥ 33 timestimes
Weight gainWeight gain (class effect)(class effect)
1-5 kg./ 6 m. from increase subcutaneous fat and1-5 kg./ 6 m. from increase subcutaneous fat and
plasma volume esp. when combine with insulin, SUplasma volume esp. when combine with insulin, SU
AnemiaAnemia
EdemaEdema
Thiazolidinediones:Thiazolidinediones: Side effectsSide effects
Design to decrease Post Prandial GlucoseDesign to decrease Post Prandial Glucose
Mechanism of actionMechanism of action
– BindBind αα-glucosidase enzymes in the brush border of-glucosidase enzymes in the brush border of
small intestinesmall intestine
– ReversibleReversible
– Delay absorption of CHO from GI tractDelay absorption of CHO from GI tract
PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics
– Intestinal absorption :Intestinal absorption : very littlevery little
– Metabolism occurs in intestineMetabolism occurs in intestine by gut flora and digestiveby gut flora and digestive
enzymeenzyme
– Small unchanged absorb and renally excreteSmall unchanged absorb and renally excrete
Dosage considerationDosage consideration
– Voglibose (0.3 mg) and Acarbose (25 mg)Voglibose (0.3 mg) and Acarbose (25 mg)
– Slightly increasing dose : OD >> BID >> TIDSlightly increasing dose : OD >> BID >> TID
Alpha glucosidase inhibitor:Alpha glucosidase inhibitor:
Clinical ConsiderationsClinical Considerations
INTRALUMINAL BRUSH BORDER CELL TRANSPORTINTRALUMINAL BRUSH BORDER CELL TRANSPORT
MaltoseMaltose
αα AmylaseAmylase
Maltose MaltotrioseMaltose Maltotriose
αα DextrinDextrin
MaltaseMaltase
MaltaseMaltase
αα DextrinaseDextrinase
GG
LL
UU
CC
OO
SS
EE
GlucoseGlucose
FructoseFructose
SucraseSucraseSucroseSucrose
Active TransportActive Transport
Active TransportActive Transport
Passive TransportPassive Transport
AcarboseAcarbose
VolgliboseVolglibose
ContraindicationsContraindications
– GI problemsGI problems
Inflammatory bowel diseaseInflammatory bowel disease
Colonic ulcerationColonic ulceration
Partial intestinal obstructionPartial intestinal obstruction
Chronic intestinal disease associate with absorptionChronic intestinal disease associate with absorption
– hypersensitivityhypersensitivity
– CirrhosisCirrhosis
– Plasma creatinine > 2.0 mg/dlPlasma creatinine > 2.0 mg/dl
PrecautionsPrecautions
– Hypoglycemia : when use in combination with SU orHypoglycemia : when use in combination with SU or
insulininsulin
– Pregnancy and nursing : category BPregnancy and nursing : category B
Alpha glucosidase inhibitor:Alpha glucosidase inhibitor:
ContraindicationsContraindications
Oral Anti-diabetic Drugs Differ byOral Anti-diabetic Drugs Differ by
Mode of Action and ResultsMode of Action and Results
GI=gastrointestinal.
Adapted from Nathan DM. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1342-1349.
Class Main Actions Typical HbA1c
Reduction in %
Insulin secretagoguesInsulin secretagogues
(sulphonylureas, glinides)(sulphonylureas, glinides)
Potentiate insulinPotentiate insulin
secretionsecretion
1.0-2.01.0-2.0
Biguanides (metformin)Biguanides (metformin) Inhibit hepatic glucoseInhibit hepatic glucose
productionproduction
1.0-2.01.0-2.0
ThiazolidinedionesThiazolidinediones Enhance insulin actionEnhance insulin action
at liver, fat, and muscleat liver, fat, and muscle
0.5-1.00.5-1.0
αα-Glucosidase inhibitors-Glucosidase inhibitors Delay GI absorption ofDelay GI absorption of
carbohydratescarbohydrates
0.5-1.00.5-1.0
Insulin :Insulin : Drug considerationDrug consideration
PreservationPreservation
– Keep in refrigerator 2-8Keep in refrigerator 2-8 °°C as long as expired dateC as long as expired date
– Keep in room air <30Keep in room air <30 °°C as long as 28 daysC as long as 28 days
– After used : keep in room air as long as 28 daysAfter used : keep in room air as long as 28 days
– Do not keep them in freezer or > 30Do not keep them in freezer or > 30 °°CC
Sites for Insulin AdministrationSites for Insulin Administration
From My Insulin Plan, International Diabetes Center, 2001