2. MODULE – 2
Essentials of Quality Research
•Essentials Of Quality Research – Themes search
– Types – Theoretical, empirical, nomothetic etc.,
idiographic and probabilistic – forms –
descriptive, Relational, Casual, Deduction,
Induction, Positivism, critical realism &
constructivism. Research question and problem
formulation, problem statement.
5. What is Academic Research
✘ Academic research
involves more than
just choosing a topic
and collecting and
analysing data. To be
considered as good,
research must meet
certain criteria.
✘ Academic research
has been defined as
research that has the
sole purpose of
creating or furthering
knowledge.
✘ Academic research also
tends to be theoretically
focused, and its findings
are evaluated through
peer review and made
public through scholarly
journals and academic
conferences.
5
6. What is quality research?
✘ Quality research most commonly refers to the
scientific process encompassing all aspects of study
design; in. particular, it pertains to the judgment
regarding the match between the methods and
questions, selection of subjects, measurement of
outcomes.
6
7. 7
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Good
research is
anchored on
a sound
research
question.
Good
research
acknowledges
previous
research on
the topic.
Good
research is
representative
and
generalizable
Good
research has
external
validity
Good research
acknowledges its
limitations and
provides
suggestions for
future research
Good research
follows a
systematic,
appropriate
research
methodology.
Good research
uses relevant,
empirical data
and proper data
analysis methods
Good research
is guided by
logic
Good research is
replicable,
reproducible,
and transparent
Good
research is
ethical
8. 8
Research is anchored on a sound research
question
• A sound research question is one of the most important
characteristics of good research.
• A good research question details exactly what a researcher
wants to learn and defines a study’s scope. By formulating a
good research question, researchers can ensure that they stay
on track during the course of their study. In most cases, the
research question influences the rest of the steps a researcher
takes during his or her study as well.
9. 9
Good research follows a systematic, appropriate
research methodology
• The overall quality and success of a research study are largely
determined by the research methodology it uses. Choosing an
appropriate research methodology helps ensure that
researchers can collect relevant data and use the right data
analysis methods.
• Research methodology refers to the systematic procedures or
techniques a researcher uses to ensure that his study achieves
valid, reliable results.
10. • In most cases, research questions and objectives play a
significant role in defining the most appropriate research
methodology to use.
• Research methodologies are often classified into qualitative
research, quantitative research, and mixed-methods research.
11. Good research acknowledges previous research
on the topic.
• By studying scholarly articles and other works related to your
subject of interest, you get an idea of what has already been
studied and how your study fits into existing research.
• Exploring previous research can also ensure that you’re not
duplicating existing work. Related literature can also shed
light on potential obstacles and issues researchers may
encounter during their studies.
12. 12
Good research uses relevant, empirical data and
proper data analysis methods
• Empirical data is data that has been collected by researchers
themselves through observation, experience, or
experimentation. Empirical data is considered objective,
unbiased evidence.
• Good research doesn’t stop with the collection of empirical
data, the data collected must be analysed properly as well. The
type of data collected largely determines the right data analysis
method to use.
13. • Quantitative data, for instance, is usually analyzed through
descriptive statistics or inferential statistics
• qualitative data include content analysis, narrative analysis,
and thematic analysis
14. 14
Good research is representative and generalizable
• In research, representativeness refers to a sample’s ability to
represent a larger group. This means the characteristics of the
subjects (people) being studied closely match those of the
study’s target population.
• In most cases, representativeness can be achieved through
population sampling. By using proper methods to create a
representative sample, researchers can ensure that their
findings can be generalized to the larger population
represented.
15. 15
Good research is guided by logic
• Using logic, for instance, can help researchers determine what
kind of data they need for answering their research question.
• logic aids researchers by helping them arrive at valid
conclusions.
• Aside from these applications of logic, logical reasoning can
also make more research more meaningful, especially if the
research is to be used in the context of decision-making
16. 16
Good research has external validity
• Good research has external validity if its results or findings can
be applied to the real world.
• If your research findings can be generalized to other situations
or applied to a broader context, your study has high external
validity.
• Since generalizable knowledge is almost always the aim of
scientific research, external validity is an important component
of good research as well.
17. 17
Good research is replicable, reproducible,
and transparent
• The replicability of a research study is important because this allows
other researchers to test the study’s findings. It can also improve the
trustworthiness of a research’s findings among readers .
• research is reproducible if researchers achieve consistent results using
the same data and analysis methods. The reproducibility and
replicability of a research study and its findings can confirm the
study’s overall validity and credibility.
• it must also be transparent or available to other researchers.
18. 18
Good research acknowledges its limitations and
provides suggestions for future research
• In addition to information on data collection and analysis
methods, good research also opens doors for future research
on the topic. For instance, researchers can provide details on
unexpected study findings or suggest techniques for exploring
unaddressed aspects of your research problem or research
question.
• In many cases, these suggestions for future research stem
from the research’s limitations
19. 19
Good research is ethical
• Understandably, good research is carried out according to
research ethics
• These standards help protect the rights and dignity of research
participants while ensuring that researchers practice values,
such as honesty, objectivity, integrity, and accountability in
their work.
21. What is theme?
✘ The theme is underlined message or big idea.
✘ Theme in a literature pertains to a critical believes or
message that author wants to convey to readers.
21
22. What is themes search?
•As the name suggests, Thematic Analysis means
analysing the patterns of themes in data. It is a
method of qualitative data analysis. It means, this
method can be used to analyse non-numerical data.
•A researcher will have to go through the entire
transcript and look for meaningful patterns in
themes across the data.
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23. 23
The patterns can be analysed by repetitive data
reading, data coding, and theme creation. The below
picture depicts a flow of the process.
24. 24
Let’s take an example to understand how thematic analysis
helps in research questions.
Example: How has social media changed over the years?
The above research will need you to gather data from sources,
blogs, news, interviews posted online. Interview a few new
generation users of the platforms and the old users to gather
intel about how they use the social platforms and what their
experience is.
25. 25
What are the steps involved in thematic analysis?
Once you have gathered adequate data and chosen your suitable
approach, it is time to follow the following steps to build your thematic
analysis for your problem statement.
27. 27
Familiarisation
• It means the action or process of gaining knowledge or
understanding of something.
• It is important to be familiar with the data before we
begin to dig deep into the individual topics. This can
include re-reading the whole data, having an overview
of its context, and taking out personal notes if necessary.
This is will help you to know your data.
28. 28
Coding
This includes highlighting or labelling certain words or group of words or even
phrases in the data that all together indicates something. This something will come
in handy when you are trying to grab the essence of the data. Let’s take an
example to understand this
Example: How has social media changed over the years?
Let’s say we are interviewing an old social media user here and her opinion on the
problem statement. She says, “I think the social media platforms are not for us
oldies anymore. The trends are rapidly changing and there is always something
new on the wall every day. It becomes difficult for people like me to keep up with
those. Hence we often feel disconnected.” Now we can derive codes for the
highlighted phrases like; Fast change | Uninterested | Discomfort
29. 29
Generating themes
• Now that we have our codes, we can derive themes from them.
Themes can have several codes indicating the same
expressions. As for our above example, we can have a theme
called “not satisfied” for all the codes we derived from the
interview. This will give an idea about how many codes are
being used again and again and which ones of them serve no
purpose so we can just discard them.
30. 30
Reviewing themes
• Here we compare the themes with our original data and look
for any missing points or irrelevant results. We can modify
our themes depending on how they satisfy and justify the data
after tracing them back to it.
31. 31
Defining themes
• Further ahead, we can name the themes depending on
what they indicate and what we get to understand from it
about the data.
32. 32
Writing
• For the last step, we will the results that we have come to and
the conclusion that our thematic analysis has helped us to
understand. As per our example, we can conclude that social
media has changed so much that the older generations find it
hard to interact with and result in their dissatisfaction on the
matter.
34. Theoretical Search
Theoretical research is a logical exploration of a system of
beliefs and assumptions.
This type of research includes theorizing or defining how a
study and its environment behave and then exploring the
implications of how it is defined.
Theoretical research can be carried out by all kinds of
professionals: from biologists, chemists, engineers, architects
to philosophers, writers, sociologists, historians.
35. Characteristics of the theoretical research
Answer the questions “what?”, “Why?” or as?”
Curiosity
No commercial goals
Its purpose is not to innovate or solve
It is the basis for further research
36. Theoretical research methodology
The methodology is the action plan that the researcher
applies when investigating. It is usually based on the
scientific method, which is based on the observation,
measurement, experimentation and formulation of
hypotheses, seeking their analysis or modification
37. Scientific methodology
Observation
Through observation, any element that you want to explain can
be detected. It serves to delimit the research area.
Hypothesis
The hypothesis is the formulation of the idea, through which we
can explain what we observe.
Experimentation
Through experimentation, hypotheses are tested or not. These
experiments vary from discipline to discipline.
38. Theory
When a theory is formulated it is because we think that
through it the hypotheses of higher probability can be
explained.
Conclusions
Conclusions are the insights we come to through research.
39. Social science methodology
Polls
It is a procedure by which the researcher collects data with a
questionnaire designed according to the topic.
Documentation
Documentation is an auxiliary and instrumental technique that
serves to inform the researcher on the subject.
Statistic analysis
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that studies random
processes and variability, and follows the laws of probability.
40. Empirical research
Its relies on experience or observation often without due
regard for system & theory. It is derived from the Greek
word empeirikos which means “experienced”.
It is data based research with conclusions which are capable
of being verified by observation or experiment.
41. Characteristics of Empirical Research
Research Questions
An empirical research begins with a set of research
questions that guide the investigation. In many cases,
these research questions constitute the research hypothesis
which is tested using qualitative and quantitative
methods as dictated by the nature of the research.
42. Definition of the Research Variables
The research variables are clearly defined in terms of their
population, types, characteristics, and behaviors.
Description of the Research Methodology
An empirical research also clearly outlines the methods
adopted in the systematic investigation.
43. Quantitative research methods
Quantitative research methods aid in analyzing the empirical
evidence gathered. By using these a researcher can find out if
his hypothesis is supported or not.
Survey research: Survey research generally involves a large
audience to collect a large amount of data. This is a
quantitative method having a predetermined set of closed
questions which are pretty easy to answer.
Experimental research: In experimental research, an
experiment is set up and a hypothesis is tested by creating a
situation in which one of the variable is manipulated. This is
also used to check cause and effect.
44. Correlational research: Correlational research is used to
find relation between two set of variables. Regression is
generally used to predict outcomes of such a method. It
can be positive, negative or neutral correlation.
Longitudinal study: Longitudinal study is used to
understand the traits or behavior of a subject under
observation after repeatedly testing the subject over a
period of time.
45. Qualitative research methods
Qualitative research rresults will be descriptive rather than
predictive. It enables the researcher to build or support theories
for future potential quantitative research.
Case study: Case study method is used to find more
information through carefully analyzing existing cases. It is
very often used for business research or to gather empirical
evidence for investigation purpose. It is a method to
investigate a problem within its real life context through
existing cases.
46. Observational method is a process to observe and gather data
from its target. Since it is a qualitative method it is time
consuming and very personal.
One-on-one interview: Such a method is purely qualitative
and one of the most widely used. The reason being it enables a
researcher get precise meaningful data if the right questions
are asked.
Focus groups: Focus groups are used when a researcher wants
to find answers to why, what and how questions. A small
group is generally chosen for such a method and it is not
necessary to interact with the group in person.
47. Why is there a need for empirical research?
Empirical research is important in today’s world because most people
believe in something only that they can see, hear or experience.
It is used to validate multiple hypothesis and increase human
knowledge and continue doing it to keep advancing in various fields.
For example: Pharmaceutical companies use empirical research to try
out a specific drug on controlled groups or random groups to study
the effect and cause. This way they prove certain theories they had
proposed for the specific drug. Such research is very important as
sometimes it can lead to finding a cure for a disease that has existed
for many years.
48. Nomothetic research
Nomothetic research is about attempting to establish general
laws and generalizations.
The focus of the nomothetic approach is to obtain objective
knowledge through scientific methods.
Nomothetic term used by Neo-Kantian, which is
corresponding to different intellectual tendency to generalize
and it is typical for natural sciences.
49. It is quantitative approach
The nomothetic approach is considered scientific
due to its’ precise measurement, prediction and
control of behavior, investigations of large groups,
objective and controlled methods allowing for
replication and generalization
50. Methodology
Quantitative Experimental methods are best to identify
the universal laws governing behavior. The individual
will be classified with others and measured as a score
upon a dimension, or be a statistic supporting a general
principle (‘averaging’)
51. Advantages
Deterministic in nature.
Law abiding nature of science.
Useful in predicting and controlling behavior.
nomothetic findings on prejudice and discrimination
perhaps helpful (reduce discrimination).
52. Disadvantages
Superficial understanding of any one person; even if
two persons have same IQ they may have answered
different questions in the test; a person may have 1%
chance of developing depression (but is he among the
1%?)
Classification manuals are not accurate and does not
help people
53.
54. Idiographic Approach
The idiographic approach describes research goals that focus
on the individual rather than focusing on or generalizing
individual results to the entire population (which is called the
nomothetic approach).
A nomothetic approach (used in personality psychometrics like
the Big Five personality traits uses personality characteristics
and generalizes them from the individual to the population as a
whole.
Idiographic research focuses on the uniqueness of the
individual rather than developing theories of behavior than can
be generalized to the population.
55. It is relating to the description and understanding of an
individual case, as opposed to the formulation of nomothetic
general laws describing the average case that can then be
applied to the single case.
U.S. psychologists Kenneth MacCorquadale (1919–1986) and
Paul Everett Meehl identified these as two contrasting traditions
in explaining psychological phenomena.
An idiographic approach involves the thorough, intensive study
of a single person or case in order to obtain an in-depth
understanding of that person or case, as contrasted with a study
of the universal aspects of groups of people or cases.
56. In those areas of psychology in which the individual person is
the unit of analysis (e.g., in personality, developmental, or
clinical psychology), the idiographic approach has appeal
because it seeks to characterize a particular individual,
emphasizing that individual’s characteristic traits (i.e.,
idiographic traits or unique traits) and the uniqueness of the
individual’s behavior and adjustment, rather than to produce a
universal set of psychological constructs that might be
applicable to a population.
57. The ideographic approach refers to the idea in psychology
proposed by Marc Brysbaert that the conclusions of a study
stay limited to the phenomenon under study.
It also focuses on the importance of individual traits when
determining behavior instead of group norms.
Case studies provide an interesting example of an idiographic
approach, as they provide an in-depth insight into an individual
or small group which can be used to evaluate a theory.
58. Probabilistic Approaches
Probabilistic approaches represent another way for detecting defects.
Alikacem et al. [11] have considered the defects detection process as
fuzzy-logic problem, using rules with fuzzy labels for metrics, e.g.,
small, medium, and large.
To this end, they proposed the specification of fuzzy-logic rules that
include quantitative properties and relationships among classes.
The thresholds for quantitative properties are replaced by fuzzy labels.
Hence, when evaluating the rules, actual metric values are mapped to
truth values for the labels by means of membership functions that are
obtained by fuzzy clustering.
59. Although fuzzy inference allows to explicitly handle the uncertainty of
the detection process and ranks the candidates, authors did not validate
their approach on real programs. Recently, another probabilistic
approach has been proposed by Khomh et al., to support uncertainty
and to sort the defect candidates accordingly.
This approach is managed by Bayesian belief network (BBN) that
implements the detection rules of DÉCOR (a method of specification
and detection of code and design).
The detection outputs are probabilities that a class is an occurrence of a
defect type, i.e., the degree of uncertainty for a class to be a defect.
They also showed that BBNs can be calibrated using historical data
from both similar and different context.
60. The detection outputs are probabilities that a class is an
occurrence of a defect type, i.e., the degree of uncertainty for a
class to be a defect. They also showed that BBNs can be
calibrated using historical data from both similar and different
context.
Although, in probabilistic approaches, the above-mentioned
problems related to the use of rules and metrics/thresholds do
not arise, it still suffers from the problem of selecting the
suitable metrics to conduct a detection process.
61.
62. • Descriptive research attempts to determine, describe,
or identify what is or what exists.
• It uses description, classification, measurement and
comparison to describe a situation.
Research Forms- Descriptive and
Relational, Causal & Constructivism
63. •The term ex-post facto (Latin for “after the fact”) is
usually used for descriptive research studies in social
sciences, since both the effect and the alleged cause
have already occurred and must be studied in
retrospect
•Ex :A descriptive analysis of achievements of Modi
government during 2014 to 2021: a case studies
64. Characteristics of Descriptive Research Design
• Qualitative in Nature
Descriptive research involves the collection of
qualitative data that can be used for further analysis.
Ex: Attributes associated with colours
65. • Uncontrolled Variables
One of the most prominent characteristics of
descriptive research is that, unlike in experimental
research, the variables are not controlled or
manipulated. Instead, they are simply identified,
observed, and measured
Ex : Stock Market
66. • A Basis for Further Research
The data collected in descriptive research provides a
base for further research as it helps obtain a
comprehensive understanding of the research question
so that it can be answered appropriately.
67. •Cross-sectional Studies
The descriptive method of research is generally
carried out through cross-sectional studies. A cross-
sectional study is a type of observational study that
involves gathering information on a variety of
variables at the individual level at a given point in time
Ex: Effect of Different Factors individually and
collectively on GDP
68. Example of Descriptive Research Design
• To gain a deeper understanding of the descriptive method of
research, let’s consider the following example:
•Company XYZ is a girls shoes brand, catering to girls
specifically between the ages of 4 to 14.
• They want to start selling shoes for boys of the same age
group as well and therefore want to gather information on the
kind of shoes boys want to wear.
69. •They choose the observational method to learn about
different shoes boys wear nowadays. Naturalistic
observation can be conducted by observing the shoes
boys wear in schools, malls, playgrounds, and other
public spaces.
•This will help company XYZ identify the kind of shoes
boys wear nowadays so that they can create the kind of
products that will appeal to this audience.
70. Why use Descriptive Research Design?
• To Measure Data Trends: The descriptive method of
research can be used to measure changes in variables
over a period of time, allowing trends to be identified
and analyzed.
• To Compare Variables: Descriptive research can be
used to compare different variables, as well as how
different demographics (age, sex, education,
nationality, ethnicity, or religion) respond to different
variables.
71. •To Define the Characteristics of Subjects: It can also be
used to determine the different characteristics of the subjects.
This can include characteristics such as opinions, traits,
behavior, etc.
•To Verify or Validate Existing Conditions: Descriptive
research can prove to be a useful tool when trying to test the
validity of an existing condition as it involves conducting an
in-depth analysis of every variable before drawing
conclusions
72. Relational Research Design
• A study that investigates the connection between
two or more variables is considered relational
research. The variables that are compared are generally
already present in the group or population
• The relational approach is a comprehensive research
perspective grounded in three principles of
relationality of economic action.
73. EXAMPLE
• Economic Geography: Geography is an independent
subject. Whereas economics is also an independent
subject. But when it comes to analysis, both subject’s
inter relation does help the economist in getting the
data on contribution of economic geography to the
Indian society.
74. Article : The relationship between risk and capital
in commercial banks
Ronald E. Shrieves
University qf Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0540, USA
Drew Dahl
Utah State Unioersity, Logan, UT 84322-3510, USA
Received August 1990, final version received July 1991
75. Correlational Studies
• A research design that examines the extent to which
two variables are associated, or correlated with each
other
76. Research Question for correlational study
• Do people who are more creative perform better in
school?
77. Pearson’s r
• The strength of the relationship Correlations must be
between -1 and +1. Correlations closer to an absolute
value of 1 represent stronger relationships.
• The nature of the relationships Correlations can be
Positive, Negative, or Zero
82. Causal Research Form
Causal Research is a type of conclusive research, which
attempts to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between
two or more variables. It assists in determining the impact of a
change in process and existing methods.
Causal research, has the capacity to determine whether one
variable affects another variable.
Many companies conduct causal research, for example, to find
the connection between their customers and the changing prices
of their goods.
83. Some characteristics of causal research are:
• It follows a temporal sequence and therefore the “cause”
must take place before the “effect”.
• The variation must be systematic between the variables. This
is known as concomitant variation.
• The association should be nonspurious and therefore any
covariation between a cause and effect must not be due to a
‘third’ factor.
84. example
•A researcher is trying to study the effects of alcohol
consumption on health. They select a sample group consisting
of people who consume different amounts of alcohol, and then
also observe different metrics that are indicators of health.
This is an example of a causal research design as the
researcher is investigating the cause-and-effect relationship
between alcohol consumption and a person’s health.
• ‘Will consumers buy more products in a blue package?’
• ‘Which of two advertising campaigns will be more effective?
85. The following are examples of research
objectives for causal research design:
•To assess the impacts of foreign direct investment on the
levels of economic growth
•To analyze the effects of re-branding initiatives on the levels
of customer loyalty
•To identify the nature of impact of work process re-
engineering on the levels of employee motivation
86. Advantages of Causal Research
1.Allows researchers to determine whether the statistical relationship between the
two variables found in correlational research has a cause and effect connection
2.The ability to examine into more than 2 variables and make predictions.
3.The ability to assess the impacts of changes on existing occurrences, processes,
phenomena, etc.
4.Can prove or disprove a hypothesis as well as drive the research needed for
broadly experimental research.
5.Avoids confusion, as it requires testing all the variables that may be influencing
the dependent variables to derive accurate results.
6.Finds the causes behind relationships in variables, which attains the gap in
correlational research.
7.It is considered conclusive research, thus requiring little to no follow-up
research or experimentation.
87. Disadvantages of Causal Research
1.It can fall prey to coincidences, in which similar such
relationships and results don’t occur again.
2.It takes a while to complete and can be expensive.
3.It is difficult to find conclusions due to the impact of a wide
scope of factors and variables present in a particular
environment.
4.Casuality can be inferred, but cannot be proved with 100%
certainty.
5.It is subject to contamination (influences from variables that
are not studied).
88. Constructivism
Constructivism is a theory of knowledge (epistemology)
that argues that humans generate knowledge and
meaning from an interaction between their experiences
and their ideas. As a theory of learning, constructivism is
relevant in this study as the researcher wished to establish
how learners learn and teachers teach.
Positivism is the theory that states knowledge comes from
things that can be experienced with the senses or proved by
logic, but constructivism is the theory that states humans
construct knowledge through their intelligence,
experiences and interactions with the world
It says that people construct their own understanding and
knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and
reflecting on those experiences.
89. Founder- Jean Piaget
When we encounter something new, we have to merge it with our
previous ideas and experience, maybe changing what we believe, or
maybe discarding the new information as irrelevant. In any case, we
are active creators of our own knowledge. To do this, we must ask
questions, explore, and assess what we know.
The concept of constructivism has roots in classical antiquity, going
back to Socrates's dialogues with his followers, in which he asked
directed questions that led his students to realize for themselves the
weaknesses in their thinking. The Socratic dialogue is still an
important tool in the way constructivist educators assess their
students' learning and plan new learning experiences.
In this century, Jean Piaget and John Dewey developed theories of
childhood development and education, what we now call Progressive
Education, that led to the evolution of constructivism.
90.
91. Positivism and Critical Realism
• What is Research Knowledge
• Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge
and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and
creative way so as to generate new concepts,
methodologies and understandings. This could include
synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent
that it leads to new and creative outcomes.
92. Paradigm
• In science and philosophy, a paradigm is a distinct set
of concepts or thought patterns, including theories,
research methods, postulates, and standards for what
constitutes legitimate contributions to a field
93. Positivism History
• Theology (study of God)
An organized method of interpreting spiritual works
and beliefs into practical form. Theology is defined as
a collection of assembled religious beliefs, or is the
study of God and religion
94. Continued..
• Metaphysics (logic/reason)
The definition of metaphysics is a field of philosophy
that is generally focused on how reality and the
universe began. An example of metaphysics is a study
of God versus the Big Bang theory. ... Philosophers
sometimes say that metaphysics is the study of the
ultimate nature of the universe.
95. Positivism
• As a philosophy, positivism adheres to the view that
only “factual” knowledge gained through observation
(the senses), including measurement, is trustworthy. In
positivism studies the role of the researcher is limited
to data collection and interpretation in an objective
way.
96. Continued...
• Positivism depends on quantifiable observations that lead to
statistical analyses. It has been a dominant form of research in
business and management disciplines for decades. It has been
noted that “as a philosophy, positivism is in accordance with
the empiricist view that knowledge stems from human
experience. It has an atomistic, ontological view of the world
as comprising discrete, observable elements and events that
interact in an observable, determined and regular
manner.(Descriptive in nature)
97. Characteristics of Positivism
• Scientific Approach
• Assumes that social phenomena can be approached with scientific
method and makes number of assumptions about the world and nature
of research.
• The world is knowable, predictable and single truth is present, reality
is fixed.
• The Nature of Research is empirical and reductionist
• The Researcher is objective and removed expert.
• Methodology is deductive, hypothesis driven, reliable and
reproducible.
• Findings are quantitative, statistically significant, generalize
99. Postpositivism
• Postpositivism or postempiricism is a metatheoretical stance
that critiques and amends positivism and has impacted
theories and practices across philosophy, social sciences, and
various models of scientific inquiry. While positivists
emphasize independence between the researcher and the
researched person (or object), postpositivists argue that
theories, hypotheses, background knowledge and values of the
researcher can influence what is observed. Postpositivists
pursue objectivity by recognizing the possible effects of
biases. While positivists emphasize quantitative methods,
postpositivists consider both quantitative and qualitative
methods to be valid approaches
100. Epistemology
• Epistemology is the theory of knowledge. It is
concerned with the mind's relation to reality. ... It
requires considering the different psychological routes
to knowledge, including different processes of
reasoning – logical and scientific – introspection,
perception, memory, testimony and intuition
101. Critical Realism
• Critical Realism (CR) is a branch of philosophy that
distinguishes between the 'real' world and the
'observable' world. The 'real' can not be observed and
exists independent from human perceptions, theories,
and constructions
102. Continued…
• Critical realism has been developed by the British Philosopher Ray
Bhaskar as a result of combining separate philosophies: transcendental
realism, which is a philosophy of science, and critical naturalism,
which is a philosophy of the social sciences. Critical realism does not
assume reality to be a single, observable, measurable, determinable
layer whose actions and events are independent of the mind nor a
single layer that is understandable through exploring experiences and
perspectives. Critical realism assumes reality to have multiple layers
containing structures and mechanisms that influence the observable
and what can be experienced. It is the exploration of these structures
and mechanism that provide the basis for exploration of reality using
critical realism.
103. Relating Critical Realism To Research
Context
• Critical realism is a complicated middle ground philosophy probably the
most complex of them all along with complexity theory, but it is a middle
ground philosophy that makes the most sense for research and for the aims
of the research. The context of the Ph.D. research is not to explore research
phenomena using only quantitative or qualitative methodologies; the
problem area identified and developed does not assume that answers can be
found in a single methodology or a single philosophical perspective such as
absolutism or relativism. The problem area assumes that answers can be
found through an integrated approach that involves both quantitative and
qualitative approaches. So, with that, and with critical realism addressing
the ontological level, it can be assumed that critical realism goes beyond
the research question and places the research problem as central to the
research project.
104. Continued..
•It assumes, it can be proposed, that it is the identified problem
area that can lead to the development of philosophical
assumptions about reality, which then lead onto the
development of research questions, which then lead onto the
selection of the methodology and research approaches. A
question here however is whether or not the philosophical
perspective leads onto the development of the research
question sequentially, or if the research questions and
philosophical perspectives are identified and developed
concurrently.
105. Difference between Positivism and Post
positivism
Positivism Post positivism
Scientific Logic+ Scientific
Prove Discover
Deductive Inductive
Absolute Critical reality
Quantitative Qualitative
Probability Non-probability
106. •My Tentative research Topic
•Influence of RBI Retail Direct Scheme on Retail
Investors
My Tentative Dimensions
•Awareness level
•Perception towards RBI Retail Direct Scheme
•Acceptance of new platform
•Growth and Development of the Scheme
•Preference of Tax, Cost while Choosing Bonds vs Mutual
Fund.
110. What is research problem?
A research problem is a statement about an area of
concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be
eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in
scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points
to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate
investigation.
111. Problem Formulation
In research process, the first and foremost step happens to be
that of selecting and properly defining a research problem.
A researcher must find the problem and formulate it so that it
becomes subject to research.
It is the process of determining the constituent parts of a
problem: its important factors and variables, and the
interrelationships between them.
112. A research problem does exist if the following
conditions are met with…, (sources)
• There must be an individual (or a group or an organization),
let us call it ‘I,’ to whom the problem can be attributed, The
individual or the organization, as the case may be, occupies an
environment.
• There must be at least two courses of action.
•Ex: impact of adv on sales (dv, iv)
• There must be at least two possible outcomes.
• The courses of action available must provides some chance of
obtaining the objective. (Fulfill the objectives)
113. SELECTING THE PROBLEM
A problem must spring from the researcher’s mind like a plant
springing from its own seed.
• Subject which is overdone should not be normally chosen, for it will
be a difficult task to throw any new light in such a case.
• Controversial subject should not become the choice of an average
researcher. (ex: covid-19)US or China
• Too narrow or too vague problems should be avoided
• Customer satisfaction towards itc in Srinagar
• The subject selected for research should be familiar and feasible so
that the related research material or sources of research are within
one’s reach. And costs involved, the time factor.
114. NECESSITY OF DEFINING THE PROBLEM
A problem clearly stated is a problem half solved.
• Help to distinguish relevant data from the irrelevant ones.
• Enable the researcher to be on the track whereas an
• ill-defined problem may create hurdles.
Questions like:
• What data are to be collected?
• What characteristics of data are relevant and need to be studied?
• What relations are to be explored?
• What techniques are to be used?
115. TECHNIQUE INVOLVED IN DEFINING A
PROBLEM
Statement of the problem in a general way.
• the problem should be stated in a broad general way, keeping in view either some
practical concern or intellectual interest.
• the researcher must dip himself thoroughly in the subject matter.
Understanding the nature of the problem.
• understand its origin and nature clearly.
• discussion with those who have a good knowledge of the problem concerned or
experts.
Surveying the available literature
• to find out what data and other materials, if any, are available for operational
purposes
• This would also help a researcher to know if there are certain gaps in the theories,
or whether the existing theories applicable to the problem under study.
116. Developing the ideas through discussions
• researcher must discuss his problem with his colleagues and others who have enough
experience in the same area or in working on similar problems.
• Various new ideas can be developed through such an exercise.
• It helps to focus attention on specific aspects within the field.
Rephrasing the research problem
• Once the nature of the problem has been clearly understood,
• the boundary has been defined,
• discussions over the problem have taken place and
• the available literature has been surveyed and examined,
then rephrasing the problem into analytical or operational terms is not a difficult task.
Through rephrasing, the researcher puts the research problem in as specific terms as possible
so that it may become operationally viable and may help in the development of working
hypotheses.
117. AN ILLUSTRATION
Let us suppose that a research problem in a broad general way
is as follows:
“Why is productivity in Japan so much higher than in
India”?
In this form the question has a number of ambiguities such as:
What sort of productivity is being referred to?
With what industries the same is related?
With what period of time the productivity is being talked
about?
118. •Rethinking and discussions about the problem may result in….
“What factors were responsible for the higher labor productivity
of Japan’s manufacturing industries during the decade 1971 to
1980 relative to India’s manufacturing industries?”
improvement over its earlier version for the various
ambiguities have been removed.
119. • Further rethinking and rephrasing might place the
problem on a still better operational basis as…
“To what extent did labor productivity in 1971 to
1980 in Japan exceed that of India in respect of 15
selected manufacturing industries? What factors were
responsible for the productivity differentials between
the two countries by industries?”
*****
121. Problem statement
A problem statement should describe an undesirable gap
between the current-state level of performance and the desired
future-state level of performance
•What is the difference between research problem and problem
statement?
•Research gap is the research problem discovered after you'd
conduct a rigorous literature review. Problem statement is a
constructed sentence, how you describe your research problem
which is usually a subset of your research problem.
122. After you have identified a research problem for your project,
the next step is to write a problem statement. An effective
problem statement is concise and concrete. It should:
1. Put the problem in context (what do we already know?)
2. Describe the precise issue that the research will address
(what do we need to know?)
3. Show the relevance of the problem (why do we need to
know it?)
4. Set the objectives of the research (what will you do to
find out?)
123. How do you write a problem statement in a research
thesis?
Problem statement should include,
• 1: What do we already know? Contextualize the problem. ...
• 2: What is the problem? Define exactly what your paper is
going to address. ...
• 3: Why does the problem matter? ...
• 4: How are you going to prove it?
124. Example for a problem statement:
Employee turnover rate is up by 60% with most of them
leaving due to lack of support for growth opportunities. To
retain top talent, we need to invest in quality training and
development initiatives.
•This problem statement states the organization is suffering
from an uptick in employee turnover. Based on feedback,
most employees left because they felt their ambitions to grow
weren’t supported. The solution offered hence is investing in
employee training and development.
125. Example
• “We must reduce our turnaround time by 50%,
improve response time and follow through
significantly to improve communication and meet our
targets.”
• A problem statement defines the gap between your
desired goal and the current state of things.
126. Research Question
Definition:
The research question is the way of expressing your interest in a
problem or phenomenon.
You may have more than one research question for a study.
Characteristics of the good research question
• Are specific.
• Are clear.
• Refer to the problem or phenomenon.
• Reflect the intervention in experimental research.
• Note the target group of participants.
127. Research Question
Start with a topic
Narrow and focus your
topic
Formulate a question
you want to ask about
your topic
Narrow the question if
possible
Steps in Forming a research question
1.Write down what you know and what you do not
know about the topic.
2.Write down the who (person), what (event), when
(time), and where (place) in regards to the topic.
3.Format your question. The question should be a
probing question and start with what, how, does, are,
is, etc.
4.Avoid yes or no questions. Your question should not
leave open questions of who, what, when or where.
128. Research Question
Example 1: Research Question: Are children who play video games more likely to be violent?
When/Time
(Last ten years)
Where/Place
(USA)
What/Event
(Violence)
Who/Person
(Children)
Topic
Video games
Developing research question
Source: LMU. William H. Hannon Library. Los Angeles, CA. http://libguides.lmu.edu/ENGL110
129. Research Question
Example 1: Research Question: Are children who play video games more likely to be violent?
Source: LMU. William H. Hannon Library. Los Angeles, CA. http://libguides.lmu.edu/ENGL110
Are children who play video games more likely to be violent?
A HIT
Do video games contribute to bad behaviour?
Close
What are the effects of video games on society?
Miss
130. Research Question
Example 2: How good of a predictor is standardized testing for college academic success?
When/Time
Recent research
(2005 to present)
Where/Place
(High school and
undergraduate)
What/Event
(Standardised
testing)
Who/Person
(Students)
Topic
Academic
success
Developing research question
LMU. William H. Hannon Library. Los Angeles, CA. http://libguides.lmu.edu/ENGL110
How good of predictor is standardized testing for college
academic success.
A HIT
What characters determine whether or not students will
succeed in college?
Close
What kind of students will do in life?
Miss
131. Research Question
Example 3: Do first-born children end up more financially successful??
When/Time
Past 40 years
(1970 - 2010)
Where/Place
(First world countries)
What/Event
(Financially successful)
Who/Person
(Firstborn)
Topic
Birth order
Developing research question
LMU. William H. Hannon Library. Los Angeles, CA. http://libguides.lmu.edu/ENGL110
Do first born children end up more financially successful.
A HIT
What effect does birth order have on children’s success?
(what type of success)
Close
Does the birth order make a difference for children? (what
kind of difference)
Miss
133. Major Project Proposal
By
Dr. A. M. Kadakol M.Com, Ph.D
Professor
Kousali Institute of Management Studies
Karnatak University, Dharwad -03
Karnataka State
134. • ► DISCIPLINE OF THE PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
• ► TITLE
“AN ANALYSIS OF REHABILITATION OF THE
SICK MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN
KARNATAKA STATE – A CASE STUDY OF
BELAGAVI DIVISION”
135. • ► AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of the study is an attempt to understand the
different types of rehabilitation measures implemented
by various nursing agencies with a view to analyze the
after effects of implementation of these revival
measures to gauge their effectiveness and suggest
more effective and viable measures to rehabilitate the
sick Micro and Small Enterprises.
136. • ► Statement Of The Problem: Its Nature And
Scope
The present study under the title, “An Analysis of
Rehabilitation of the Sick Micro and Small Enterprises
in Belagavi Division” is an attempt to understand the
causes and impact of sickness among Micro and Small
Enterprises in the division. It is very important to
identify the early warning signals that show at the
stage of incipient sickness.
137. Due attention will be given to the different types of
rehabilitation measures implemented by various
nursing agencies, such as, commercial banks, District
Industries Centre and KSFC. The study will be
undertaken with a view to analyze the after effects of
implementation of these revival measures to gauge
their effectiveness and suggest more effective and
viable measures to rehabilitate the Sick Micro and
Small Enterprises.
138. • ► Review Of Literature
A number of research studies will be made in the field
of Micro and Small Enterprises to have a clear
understanding of this area, along with its causes of
sickness, symptoms, impact and possible measures to
prevent sickness and cure sick enterprises. An attempt
will be made to analyze the studies made by various
agencies in this total area, to examine the relevance of
their findings in the present scenario.
139. • ► Conceptual framework
• An overview of micro and small enterprises
Introduction to MSE, Meaning and Nature of MSE,
Growth and Development of MSE,
Features/characteristics of MSME’s, Role of MSME’s
in India, Scope of MSME’s and Advantages of
MSME’s
• Problems of micro small and medium enterprises
Introduction, and Main problems of MSME’s, i)
Internal Problems, ii) External problems, iii) Other
problems
140. • Sickness in micro and small enterprises
Introduction, Definition of Industrial Sickness, Impacts of
Industrial Sickness, Symptoms of Sickness, Warning
Signals of Sickness, Causes of Industrial Sickness, Process
of Sickness, Growth and Magnitude of Sickness, Remedial
Measures, Industrial Sickness in MSE’s, and Companies
(Second Amendment) Act, 2002
• Rehabilitation of micro and small enterprises
Introduction, Rehabilitation Meaning and Strategy,
Viability – Position of the MSE’s, Steps in the Process of
Rehabilitation, Policies, Schemes, Incentives and
Measures to Curb & Cure Sickness in MSE’s, Reliefs and
Concessions to MSE’s under Rehabilitation – RBI
Guidelines, and Measures suggested by various agencies
to Curb/Cure sickness among MSME’s
141. • ► Research Objectives and Questions or
Hypotheses
• Objectives Of The Study
This study has designed with the following
objectives:
1) To understand the operational features of the Micro
and Small Enterprises nursed by banks and other
institutions in the study area.
2) To identify the warning signals shown as well as the
causes contributed to sickness in these enterprises.
142. 3) To examine the conditions and nature of the
rehabilitation measures implemented in the sample
enterprises and to assess their effect on the recovery
level of these enterprises.
4) To find out the factors responsible for the recovery or
failure of the sample enterprises after nursing.
5) To offer suggestions to reduce the incidence of
sickness and to cure sickness in the Micro and Small
Enterprises.
143. • Hypotheses
Fourteen hypotheses were formulated, as given
below:
• The higher is debt equity ratio, the higher is the
incidence of sickness in the Micro and Small
Enterprises.
• Inadequacy of working capital contributes to Sickness
in the Micro and Small Enterprises.
• Lower gross profit margin aggravates the intensity of
sickness in the Micro and Small Enterprises.
144. • Lower net profit on sales contributes to the gravity of
sickness in the Micro and Small Enterprises.
• The higher is borrowed capital the lower is the rate of
net profit on sales of the Micro and Small Enterprises.
• There is a direct relationship between the working
capital sanctioned by the nursing agencies and the
degree of recovery of the nursed Micro and Small
Enterprises.
• The extent of recovery of the nursed Micro and Small
Enterprises depends upon the total amount of
additional working capital invested in them during
the nursing period.
145. • The higher is incidence of sickness in the Micro and
Small Enterprises; the lower is the level of its
recovery.
• The greater is delay in nursing sick Micro and Small
Enterprises; the lower is their degree of recovery.
• The degree of recovery is higher in a long existing
Micro and Small Enterprises compared to a relatively
new enterprise.
• Nature of the nursing scheme implemented in the sick
enterprise has a direct relationship with their recovery
or failure.
146. • The recovery or failure of the nursed enterprise is
associated with the period of delay in commencing the
nursing in them.
• Additional working capital introduced into the Micro
and Small Enterprises during the nursing period
influences the success of the sick enterprise.
• The success or failure of the nursed enterprises
depends upon the causes of their sickness.
147. • ► Profile of the study area
The present study is confined to Belagavi division,
which is one of the prominent and fast developing
industrialized divisions of Karnataka. This division’s
registered, unregistered and sickness of Micro and
Small Enterprises data will be collected from the
District Industries Centers in Belagavi division
(DIC’s), KSFC and banks. This research will covers
only those sick Micro and Small Enterprises, which
were nursed by banks or other specialized institutions
between 2009-10 and 2019-2020.
148. • ► Period of Reference
The period covered by the study will be ten years from
2009-10 to 2019-2020. This minimum period of ten
years will be found sufficient to assess the
performance of the sample enterprises under the
different stages viz., before implementing the nursing
scheme and after nursing.
149. • ► Methodology Employed
The present study will be an empirical in nature, based
on a descriptive approach. Known theories and models
will apply in this research to test the validility of the
existing theories and assumptions under given
conditions. Field survey type of research will
undertake to arrive at interrelations and associations
between different variables relating to the population
under study. A detailed account of the methodology
employed in the process of data collection and
analysis are given below:
150. • a) Sampling:
During the study period of 2009-10 to 2019-2020, all
the rehabilated running enterprises will be taken as
samples for conducting the study. A list of Micro and
Small Enterprises nursed during the period from 2009-
10 to 2019-2020, will complie from the details
obtained from various sources namely KSFC, DIC,
Nationalised Banks and Scheduled Banks, etc,.
151. • b) Tools used for the Collection of data:
Data will be collected from primary sources by means
of interview schedules directly administered to the
respondents, coupled with personal observation and
discussion. The schedule will be designed into two
sections. Section I of the schedule will to be answered
by the sample enterprises and section II to will be
answered by the nursing agency that will be nursed.
Information will also collect from the nursed
enterprises as well as the nursing institutions to have
unbiased and wholesome information for the study.
152. The interview schedule will checked for its validity
and effectiveness through a pilot study with half a
dozen Micro and Small Enterprises. Considerable
changes and modifications will incorporate in the
original draft of the schedule before it will finalized
and administered to the respondents.
• In addition to the primary data, secondary data will
also collect from KSFC, Vijaya Bank, State Bank of
India, Syndicate Bank, District Industries Centre,
Small Industries Development Corporations in
Belagavi division. Journals, magazines and reports to
supplement the primary data.
153. • c) Analysis of the Data:
Prepared from the available data to suit the objectives
and to test the hypotheses proposed, average,
percentage and ratios will be frequently used to
facilitate meaningful presentation of the data and
information. Relationships between different variable
will be ascertained by means of correlation analysis.
Correlation coefficients, Normal tests, Chi-Square
analysis etc., will also applied in order to test the
significance of the hypotheses formulated.
Conclusions will drawn on the basis of the statistical
tests made on the tabulated data. Charts, diagrams and
graphs will also used to present the collected data
effectively.
154. • ► Operational Definitions Of The Concepts Used
a) Sickness Index
Sickness Index is a number designed to indicate the
intensity of sickness in a Micro and Small Enterprises.
This number will be developed for each sample
enterprise in order to quantify the degree of sickness
in each enterprise. It refers to the average performance
of a Micro and Small Enterprise, calculated in terms of
percentage of its performance during the period before
implementing the nursing scheme.
155. The main determinants of sickness as well as recovery
in a Micro and Small Enterprises will be identify as
capacity utilization, sales, gross profit and net profit.
The Ten year period of the study will divided into two
stages namely, i) the period before implementing the
nursing scheme and ii) the period after implementing
the nursing. Similarly the data relating to capacity
utilization, sales, gross profit and net profit for the ten
year period will be grouped under two periods
accordingly as i) Data during period before
implementing the nursing scheme and ii) Data during
period after implementing the nursing scheme.
156. If there were two or more values for any determinant
under any period. They were averaged to arrive at
average capacity utilization, average sales, average
gross profit and average net profit for the two distinct
periods separately viz., as i) average values before
implementing the nursing scheme and ii) average
values after implementing nursing scheme
respectively.
• The values of average capacity utilization, average
sales, average gross profit and average net profit
during the years before implementing the nursing
scheme will convert into averages. These four average
numbers of each sample enterprise will averaged to
arrive at the Sickness Index Number for that
enterprise.
157. • The higher is sickness index number, better is the
condition of sick enterprise. Hence it can be
understood that the intensity of sickness is lower in
those Micro and Small Enterprises whose sickness
index numbers are higher.
158. • b) Recovery Index
The Recovery Index Number was also developed on
the lines of the Sickness Index Number to quantify the
degree of recovery of each sick enterprise after
implementing the nursing scheme. This number was
found useful in analyzing the variation of the recovery
level of sample enterprise under different nursing
conditions.
159. The performance of the sample enterprises after
implementing the nursing programme was compared
with the average performance during the period
before implementing nursing scheme to arrive at the
recovery index number. It indicates the level of
activity of the unit after nursing in relation to its
activity before implementing the nursing scheme.
160. • The values of average capacity utilization, average
sales, average gross profit and average net profit
during the years after implementing the nursing
scheme were converted into averages. These four
average numbers of each sample enterprises were
averaged to arrive at the Recovery Index Number for
that enterprise.
• As statistically evident, it is note worthy that the
higher is Recovery Index Number, higher is degree of
recovery of the Micro and Small Enterprises.
161. • ► Scope And Limitations Of The Study:
The study under the title “Rehabilitation of the Sick
Micro and Small Enterprises in Belagavi Division” is
confined to the sick Micro and Small Enterprises,
which will subject to nursing by banks or any other
financial institution in the division. The period of
study will be limited to ten years from 2006-07 to
2016-2017. Out of the Sick Micro and Small
Enterprises that had undergone nursing during the
above period only rehabilitated sample enterprise will
study to arrive at the conclusions.
162. Normally, Micro and Small Enterprises do not
maintain audited final accounts for ready references.
The reluctance on the part of the enterprises to share
valuable information regarding sickness or health
position of the enterprises for fear of loss of goodwill
affected the process of collection of data, at times.
Details regarding current ratio, cash profit, erosion of
net worth etc., will not touch due to the absence of
proper records in the sample enterprises.
163. • The objective of the study hence centered around the
causes of sickness of the sample enterprises, the result
of nursing and the factors that contribute to the
success or failure of the nursed enterprises.
• Problems faced and losses suffered by the banks in the
process of rehabilitation of the sick Micro and Small
Enterprises, causes for the poor response towards sick
enterprises by banks and other agencies, performance
of various agencies in respect of rehabilitation of sick
enterprises etc., are outside the purview of this study.
164. • ► Framework of the report
The Project Report will consist of seven chapters as fallows.
• Chapter I
The first chapter, “Introduction and the study design”,
provides a general introduction of the topic of study and
the methodology employed to collect the data and to
analyze them. The operational definitions of the concepts
used in the study are also dealt with in this chapter.
• Chapter II
The second chapter, “Industrial sickness among Micro and
Small Enterprises in India-an overview” explains the role
of these enterprises in the Indian economy. This chapter
covers the causes and extent of sickness in this sector.
165. • Chapter III
The third chapter, “Rehabilitation of the sick Micro and
Small Enterprises” describes the policies and schemes of
rehabilitation employed in India to cure sick enterprises in
the Micro and Small Enterprises sector.
• Chapter IV
The fourth chapter, “General Profiles of the Sample
enterprises” provides a birds’ eye view of the industrial
climate existing in Belagavi division, along with the nature
and working condition of the sample enterprises selected
for the study.
• Chapter V
The fifth chapter, “Causes of Sickness among the Micro
and Small Enterprises in Belagavi division” gives an
account of the warning signals shown as a prelude to these
enterprises falling sick. The causes of sickness as
identified from the study are also revealed in this chapter.
166. • Chapter VI
The sixth chapter “Rehabilitation of the Sick Micro and
Small Enterprises by Banks and other Promotional
Agencies in Belagavi division.” narrates the conditions
and nature of the rehabilitation measures implemented and
the results there of on these enterprises. Important factors
responsible for the success or failure of the nursed
enterprises are also analyzed here.
• Chapter VII
The final chapter, “Summary of the findings and the
suggestions” puts forth suggestions, based on the findings
and conclusions of the research, for the sake of
consideration by the various nursing agencies, to reduce
the incidences of sickness in accomplishing a healthy
Micro and Small Enterprises sector.
167. • ► Implications
The bank officials working in the branches as well as
most of the Entrepreneurs are not fully aware of the
concept of sickness and unaware of the relief and
concessions that can be provided to the sick
enterprises. Being The project Director feels that the
implications of sickness in MSEs for the bank, the
economy and the nation and the need to promptly act
after a enterprise is identified as sick needs to be
ingrained in the field staff and Entrepreneurs.
168. • ► References:
• http://dcmsme.gov.in/publications/comitterep/gupta.ht
ml dated 27/05/2017
• http://dcmsme.gov.in/publications/comitterep/nayak.ht
ml dated 27/05/2017
• http://dcmsme.gov.in/publications/comitterep/abid.ht
ml dated 27/05/2017
• RBI Report, “Incentives and facilities for small scale
industries: Magnitude to sickness – Chapter-VII:
Table-No.42”, @ http://www.rbi.org.in, 2002, p –
377.
169. .
Sl. No Particulars Period
1 Review of literature 6 months
2 Questioner design and Data collection
Secondary data 2 Months
Questioner design 2 Months
Pilot study 2 Months
Primary data collection 4 Months
Compilation of data 1 Month
3 Data analysis 2 Months
4 Compiling findings and observations 2 Months
5 Report writing 2Months
6 Submission formalities 1 Month
Total 24 Months
► Duration of the project:
The duration of the project is proposed to be two years as
estimated here below:
170. • ► Personnel:
• Since the project involves primary data collection and
compilation for its analysis, the project requires the
following personnel:
Sl. No Particulars No of Persons Remarks
1 Project Assistant 01Person For 24 Months
2 Field Investigators 04Persons For field Survey for 4 Months
3 Data Entry Operator 02Persons For 4 Months
Total 07
171. • ► Budget:
• The cost of the project
Sl. No Broad Expenditure Heads Amount
1 i) Research Associate (Rs. 16,000 × 24 = 3,84,000)
ii) Field Investigators
(Rs. 400/- par day × 120 day’s Rs. 48,000/- × 4 persons = 1,92,000/-)
iii) TA/DA
iv) Data Entry Operator (Rs 25/- × 400 pages (approx))
3,84,000/-
1,92,000/-
1,20,000/-
10,000/-
2 i) Travel (300 km p.d × Rs.10/- = Rs. 3,000/- ×26days = Rs. 78,000/- × 4 persons =
Rs.3,12,000/-)
ii) Lodging (Rs. 800/- per person × 26 = Rs. 20,800/- × 4 persons = Rs.83,200/-)
iii) Boarding (Rs. 400/- per person × 26 = Rs. 10,400/- × 4 persons = Rs.41,600/-)
iv) Materials (printer, Lap-top and etc.,)
v) Software (SPSS)
3,12,000/-
83,200/-
41,600/-
1,00,000/-
1,40,000/-
3 Contingency (5%) 69,140/-
4 Institutional Overheads (7.5%) 1,03,710/-
Total 15,55,650/-
