Collective Action for Open Access.pdf
•
0 gostou•26 visualizações
Dr Kamran Naim (CERN) As open access continues to expand with increased emphasis on an building equitable and inclusive future for scholarly communications, a number of collective approaches have emerged, with libraries/consortia entering into partnerships with publishers. This talk will aim to clarify the various approaches undertaken, explaining their theoretical foundations and their grounding in collective action theory. Whether motivating partnership based on disciplinary interests (as in SCOAP3), mission alignment (PLOS CAP) or financial self-interest (Subscribe to Open), the talk will illuminate the levers and functional components of each model, to enable greater awareness of the diversity of collective approaches, and inform greater confidence in investment in collective open access models.
Recomendados
Recomendados
Mais conteúdo relacionado
Semelhante a Collective Action for Open Access.pdf
Semelhante a Collective Action for Open Access.pdf (20)
Mais de UKSG: connecting the knowledge community
Mais de UKSG: connecting the knowledge community (20)
Último
Último (20)
Collective Action for Open Access.pdf
- 1. Scientific Information Service Collective Action for Open Access Dr. Kamran Naim Head of Open Science European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) @kamrannaim
- 2. Scientific Information Service 2 Open Access is here to stay ▪ Increased momentum towards OA, motivated by ▪ Funder mandates ▪ Scholarly community values ▪ Mission imperative (in particular for non-profit publishers/societies) ▪ But supply-side (i.e. APC funded ) models don’t work across the board ▪ Lack of funding in some disciplines ▪ Incompatible with some form of research outputs
- 3. Scientific Information Service 3 “A Paywall Coming Down, Another Being Erected” ▪ APC supported OA models have exclusionary potential ▪ Most OA journals have APCs between USD 1500-2500 ▪ Article APCs can be as much as EUR 9,500 ▪ R&P deals primarily serve interests of authors affiliated with wealthy institutions ▪ Represent major impediment to researchers in developing countries Fontúrbel, F. E., & Vizentin‐Bugoni, J. A Paywall Coming Down, Another Being Erected: Open Access Article Processing Charges (APC) may Prevent Some Researchers from Publishing in Leading Journals. The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, e0179
- 4. Scientific Information Service 4 Waivers are NOT the Solution ▪ Although many publishers offer APC waivers for LMIC researchers ▪ Discounts aren’t enough, APCs remain too expensive ▪ Poorly communicated, low awareness of their availability ▪ Not automatically applied ▪ Waiver terms can change unexpectedly ▪ Hybrid journals are usually excluded from waiver programs ▪ Inconsistently applied ▪ Do not treat LMIC researchers as equal participants, rather as recipients of charity Beard, R., Brundy, C., Rouhi, S. (2022). Left in the Cold: The Failure of APC Waiver Programs to Provide Author Equity. Science Editor/ Available: https://www.csescienceeditor.org/article/left-in-the-cold-the-failure-of-apc-waiver-programs-to-provide-author-equity/
- 5. Scientific Information Service 5 Open Access & The Knowledge Commons ▪ The idea that knowledge belongs in a commons has strong historical roots ▪ But in the last 50 years a number of scholars have challenged this notion ▪ The most influential being “The Tragedy of the Commons” by Garret Hardin published in Science in 1968
- 6. Scientific Information Service 6 The Tragedy of the Commons
- 7. Scientific Information Service 7 The Tragedy of the Commons (1968) “Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all” (Hardin, 1968)
- 8. Scientific Information Service 8 But who was Garret Hardin?
- 9. Scientific Information Service 9 Debunking the Orthodoxy Elinor Ostrom (1933-2012) ▪ Author of Governing the Commons (2009) ▪ Professor of Political Science at Indiana University ▪ First woman to win the Nobel Prize in Economics ▪ Exploitation of commons resources is not inevitable ▪ Communities are able to develop and sustain commons based on trust, cooperation and reciprocity Carol Rose ▪ Professor of Law and Organization at Yale Law School ▪ Comedy of the Commons can ensue: Resources become more useful the more people use them
- 10. Scientific Information Service 10 Collective Action for the Provision of Public Resources In the Logic of Collective Action (1965), Mancur Olson argues that there are mechanisms to sustain public resources: • Small groups of institutions collaborating to provide resources that serve their needs, even if institutions beyond the group benefit from the investment. • Leverage group affinity and social incentives to encourage pro- collective behavior • Induce institutions to participate through economic self interest (provision of selective benefit that is contingent on participation)
- 11. Scientific Information Service 11 Varieties of Open Models ▪ Altruism-based Collective Models: relying on pro-social behavior on the part of libraries/contributors. ▪ The SCOAP3 Model ▪ Conditional Open Models with Incentives: provision of resource contingent on upfront commitments of support, adding private incentives excusive to participants. ▪ Subscribe to Open ▪ Direct to Open ▪ Cost-Sharing Approaches: Using a community-support model to transition away from APCs, while making collective participation cost-effective ▪ PLOS Community Action Publishing
- 12. Scientific Information Service 12 Altruism-Based Collective Models: Sustained support of SCOAP3 ▪ Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics ▪ Global collaboration launched in 2014 ▪ Over 3,000 institutions from 44 countries (and growing) and leading journal publishers ▪ Over 50K articles published OA ▪ Enabled APC-free publishing for authors from 120+ countries Partnership: 44 countries + 3 IGOs Beneficiaries: 120+ countries
- 13. Scientific Information Service 13 Altruism Based Collective Models: SCOAP3 Contributions
- 14. Scientific Information Service 14 Altruism-Based Collective Models: Sustained support of SCOAP3 ▪ SCOAP3 has effectively flipped the discipline of High Energy Physics to OA ▪ Concerns over free ridership have not borne out ▪ Instead support for the collaboration continues to grow ▪ Why hasn’t this model been replicated? ▪ Significant costs to coordinating collective support across globally diverse group ▪ Costs associated with maintaining/sustaining operations met by CERN
- 15. Scientific Information Service 15 Conditional Open Models with Incentives: Subscribe to Open ▪ Annual Reviews working with Raym Crow of Chain Bridge Group Consulting / SPARC ▪ Model targets existing subscription base of journals: • Provides an adequate local incentive for institutions to participate • Ensures that institutions continue to participate over time • Satisfy institutional procurement policies that forbid donative payments • Preserves vendor/customer relationship rather than an altruistic collective contribution See a list of journals converted with S20 : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Me7X0HtV4n4Q-KWIu7HxORMGg8aWfC6mSGo8hRvlF5k/edit.
- 16. Scientific Information Service 16 S2O Pilot Offer Presentation: Single Journal (2019) For the Annual Review of Public Health “Subscribe to Open” and Save 5% — ● We will “Subscribe to Open” for 2020 and receive a 5% discount. We understand that open access to the Annual Review of Public Health in 2020 is only guaranteed if all subscribers participate. We will receive the 5% discount even if the content remains gated.
- 17. Scientific Information Service 17 To summarize the basic elements of S2O, the offer: • Targets a journal's current subscriber base using existing subscription procurement processes. • Motivates participation via the economic self‐interest of subscribers. • Avoids reliance on altruism and pro‐collective behavior. • Recurs annually to ensure ongoing participation and stable revenue. Conditional Open Models with Incentives: S2O Summarized
- 18. Scientific Information Service 18 Conditional Open Models with Incentives: Subscribe to Open ▪ Not designed as solution for global OA ▪ List of publishers offering S2O offers is expanding ▪ Mechanisms for incentives differ ▪ Subscribe to Open Community of Practice including: ▪ Amsterdam University Press ▪ Berghahn Open Anthropology/LIBRARIA ▪ IWA Publishing (International Water Association) ▪ EMS Press (European Mathematical Association) ▪ Liverpool University Press ▪ Pluto Journals See a list of journals converted with S20 : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Me7X0HtV4n4Q-KWIu7HxORMGg8aWfC6mSGo8hRvlF5k/edit.
- 19. Scientific Information Service 19 Conditional Open Models with Incentives: Direct to Open ▪ Direct2Open by MIT Press aims to convert frontlist of monographs to OA ▪ Breaks the monograph titles into two subject collections to offer low participation costs and allow more institutions to participate ▪ Sets tiered participation fees that are low relative to the value delivered and to the resources of the institutions targeted for support ▪ Makes opening of the frontlist contingent on the offer reaching a specific financial support threshold ▪ Provides single-year term access to the monograph backfile for institutions that commit to supporting the offer for the corresponding frontlist, even if the collective frontlist offer were to fail
- 20. Scientific Information Service 20 Conditional Open Models with Incentives: Direct to Open ▪ MIT Press reached 50% participation threshold against 3 year target ▪ Full list of Spring 2022 monographs and edited collections published OA ▪ 216 libraries committed to date
- 21. Scientific Information Service 21 Cost Sharing Approaches: PLOS Community Action Publishing ▪ Designed to support highly-selective (typically higher-APC titles) ▪ PLOS Biology, PLOS Medicine, PLOS Sustainability & Transformation ▪ Transitioning from APC-supported OA to collective funding ▪ Collective fees from participants to cover a transparently communicated public cost target ▪ One annual fee for institutions providing unlimited, uncapped publishing ▪ Fees tiered based on publishing activity ▪ Authors from Non-member institutions pay a “non-member fee” ▪ Typically, institutional fees are less than non-member fees
- 24. Scientific Information Service 24 Cost Sharing Approaches: PLOS Community Action Publishing Goals ▪ Aim to achieve revenue targets in 3-4 years ▪ Redistribute above-target-revenues to members ▪ Eventually eliminate all author charges for both journals ▪ ““open-to-read and open-to-publish”
- 25. Scientific Information Service 25 In Conclusion ▪ In scholarly communications was may have been experiencing “A Tragedy of the Anti-Commons” where the imposition of excessive property rights on intellectual resources result in socially suboptimal use of scientific knowledge (Heller, 1998) ▪ Transparent, value-based collective action approaches are emerging to counter this trend ▪ Share common set of principles: seeking to achieve equitable, cost-efficient Open Access Heller, M. A. (1998). The tragedy of the anticommons: property in the transition from Marx to markets. Harvard law review, 621-688.