1. Social Media for Marketing:
An Analysis of Digg.com Engagement
and User Behavior
j e f f r e y b a r d z e l l , p h . d . • s h a owe n b a r d z e l l , p h . d . • t y l e r p a c e

2. Social media is a broadly used term that includes a wide range of techniques and tools
for leveraging and supporting the sharing of information among people. Internet
enabled tools are the locus for social media activity as they provide low-cost access
to many people allowing for a new wave of targeted advertising to develop. As social
media continues to grow at a near exponential rate, marketers and researchers alike
are becoming increasingly interested in the practices of the users who help shape the
content at highly participatory social media sites. Digg.com is an exemplar site for
user participation in social media and is the focus of this report. Understanding the
behavior of Digg.com users will help marketers to better represent and promote their
material on Digg.com as well as provide insights into the practices of social media
users in general.
In this report, we present an analysis of user engagement with social media via
Digg.com. Viewer engagement was measured with OTOinsight’s Quantemo™ neuro-marketing
research system. Quantemo™ utilizes a multi-modal approach that combines
self-report, physiological and neurological data to holistically and reliably measure user
engagement with digital media. Analyzing the results from the Quantemo™ sources,
we present a set of four insights concerning how users engage with social media and
how the cues in social media systems positively inform user behavior.
Insights
1. Users Seek Tailored News Experience and Not “Mass Media” Stories
2. Story Headlines Are the Chief Determinant of Digg Behavior
3. Short, Direct, and Branded Headlines Dominate Digg.com
4. Positive Engagement Scores Associated with Desirable Digg Behavior
e x e c u t i v e summ a r y : :
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i n t r o d u c t i o n : :
social media
Social media is a broadly used term that includes a wide range of techniques and tools
for leveraging and supporting the sharing of information among people. Internet enabled
tools are the locus for social media activity as they provide low-cost access to many people
allowing for a new wave of targeted messaging to develop. Many consider social media to
be a significant divergence for mass media which is traditionally controlled by corporate
interests. The inherent expense of participating in traditional media (television, print, radio)
prevents the average consumer or small, niche business from fully leveraging the media.
However, social media with cheap and distributed tools enables anyone to participate in the
dissemination and discussion of information (marketing related or otherwise).
Table 1 offers a breakdown of social media systems. It is not exhaustive by any means—
social media tends to reinvent itself on a regular basis—but the list does provide concrete
examples of popular social media systems used at the time of this report’s development.
table 1: Examples of social media platforms.
Social Media Em phasis P latform Type Example
Communication Blogs, Microblogs WordPress, Twitter
Collaboration Wikis, Social Bookmarking Wikipedia, Delicious
Multimedia Video, Photo YouTube, Flickr

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DIGG
Launched in December 2004, Digg.com is one of the oldest and most successful social
media platforms (Figure 1). Digg.com facilitates the social promotion of “news” via the
Internet. News is broadly interpreted on Digg.com to include essentially anything that can
be linked to Digg.com. Pictures, videos, technical reports, blog posts, corporate websites,
almost anything and everything can serve as acceptable and desirable news on Digg.com.
The diversity of content on Digg.com makes it a very broad-based social media system,
which covers several of the platform types listed in Table 1.
figure 1: Screenshot of Digg.com.

5. The essential activity on Digg.com is the submission and propagation of stories. Any user
can submit a story to Digg.com by providing a URL, headline and description. New stories
are then added to the “upcoming” pages on Digg.com where users can browse through
and vote, or “digg,” stories they believe belong on Digg.com and should be seen by other
users. As a story accumulates “diggs” (votes), it rises towards the top of the “upcoming”
page and eventually transfers to the “main” page of Digg.com. Main page content is seen
as the premier content of Digg.com which has been vetted by the larger Digg.com
community and deemed worthy of viewing by all Digg.com users. It is worth noting that
the specific mechanics by which a story is elevated from upcoming to main page are not
public knowledge so as to prevent some users from “gaming” the system to harmfully
promote their own content.
Digg.com is one of the most broadly trafficked social media sites on the Internet with
about 50% of traffic coming from outside the US [DIGG]. Additionally, Digg.com is the
33rd most trafficked site on the Internet and receives substantially more traffic than its
closest competitors, Delicious and Reddit [COMPETE]. Table 2 provides a breakdown of
traffic of Digg, Delicious and Reddit. Even though Delicious is experiencing a phenomenal
period of growth, Digg.com has a traffic margin of over 20 million unique monthly visitors.
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table 2: Traffic data for Digg.com and its peers.
Social News Site Unique Visitors (Monthly) Yearly Growth
Digg 22,810,196 44%
Delicious 1 ,595,342 10,505%
Reddit 2 ,833,135 105%

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study
As social media continue to grow at a near exponential rate, marketers and researchers
alike are becoming increasingly interested in the practices of the users who help shape
the content at highly participatory social media sites. Digg.com is an exemplar site for
user participation in social media and is the focus of this report. Understanding the
behavior of Digg.com users will help marketers to better represent and promote their
material on Digg.com as well as provide insights into the practices of social media users
in general.
OTOinsight’s Quantemo™ system serves as the foundation of this multipart study on social
media practices. Quantemo™ allows for the simultaneous capture of multiple biophysical
responses (breath rate, galvanic skin response, heart rate) in addition to eye tracking
information. After recording the biophysical measures, Quantemo™ combines all of the
measures into a single, representative measure of physiological engagement. The
Quantemo™ Physiological Index or QPI serves as a single point of reference of the overall
level of physical engagement (or disengagement) exhibited by a research participant.
Positive QPI scores represent stronger physiological engagement while negative QPI
scores represent weaker physiological engagement. Analysis of eye tracking footage,
QPI and interrogative data provide the basis for the insights put forth in this report.
Specifically, this study asked Digg.com users of varying levels of Digg.com experience
to visit Digg.com on a control account and browse through the first three pages of the
most popular/main page content. Users were encouraged to browse, digg and bury
stories as they would during one of their regular sessions at Digg.com. After completing
their Digg.com sessions, participants engaged in a debriefing interview with researchers
in which their Digg.com practices were discussed using events from their session as
stimulants for questions.
Seven individuals participated in the study. The average age of participants is 28 with
1 female and 6 male participants. On a scale of 1 (low) to 5 (high) experience with Digg.com,
participants reported an average of 4. Finally, participants in this study visit Digg.com an
average of two times per day and have been members of the Digg.com community for
more than one year.

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insights
In the following sections, we summarize the findings from this study under the headings
of the primary insights derived from analysis of the QPI, eye tracking and interview data.
Insight 1: Users Seek Tailored News Experiences and Not “Mass Media” Stories
Every participant in the study commented that they enjoyed very specific categories of
Digg.com content. Whether it was news about current events, video games, lifestyles,
etc., Digg.com users are looking for stories which specifically appeal to them and not a
broad spectrum of news representative of the structure of traditional media network
sites like CNN.com or MSNBC.com. Additionally, participants expressed that they
expected the Digg.com system to “automatically” present them with the tailored news
experience they desire.
Participants identified two methods that create the tailored news experience provided by
Digg.com. First, participants shared a universal belief in the ability of the computer-based
story promotion system to properly filter “good” stories to wider audiences and to remove
“bad” stories from the Digg.com system. Our previous research on Emotion, Engagement
and Internet Video identified a similarly steadfast belief in the capability of computer-based
systems to successfully filter and recommend Internet videos. Similar to our research
on Internet video, participants in the Digg.com study noted a lack of trust in their fellow
Digg.com users to always filter stories correctly. Instead, participants believe that the
computer-based system will compensate for the errors of their peer human users.
Regardless of how stories were delivered to participants, they were expected to be
tailored to the interests of user. In other words, Digg.com users desire “context sensitive”
stories that appeal directly to the desires and interests (“context”) of the individual user
and not a more general demographic. Insight 3 highlights an important method through
which Digg.com users facilitate the promotion of contextually appropriate stories
through the Digg.com system.

8. Insight 2: Story Headlines Are the Chief Determinant of Digg Behavior
All stories on Digg.com are composed of four primary components: headline, description,
image and the “digg button” which both displays the current number of diggs for a story
as well as serving as the interface element through which users digg a story (Figure 2).
The Digg.com system limits the amount of text that can be used for the headline
and description (350 characters) fields. Additionally, only one image may be selected
from a story’s content page to represent that story on Digg.com. During the course of
this study, we identified 73 pairs of headlines, descriptions, images and digg buttons
with sufficient eye tracking data for analysis. For this study, participants were shown
their eye tracking data and assisted the researchers with the interpretation of
their eye movement and Digg.com behavior.
Our analysis reveals that the digg button and the number of diggs associated with each
study are the least important criteria for viewing or promoting content. Only in the rare
cases where the number of diggs reaches an extreme high (4000+) did users consider
it to be a valuable criteria. For the vast majority of stories, participants spent no time
considering the current number of diggs. Additionally, the image component, while
regularly viewed, was considered to be of minimal value by all participants when
evaluating content.
digg bu tton Headline Description image
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figure 2

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Headlines and descriptions were more important to users and commanded much more
of their eye tracking time. Interesting, headlines and descriptions were almost equal in the
amount of viewing time received. Descriptions and headlines were similar (p > .05) in all
measures of eye tracking calculated for this study. Figures 3 and 4 depict heat maps and
gaze plots of digg activity while Table 3 outlines the eye tracking results for headlines
and descriptions.
figure3: Heatmap of a Digg page.
figure 4: Gaze plot of a Digg.com page.

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The most compelling part of the eye tracking data is the fact that they are so similar
considering how descriptions contain much more textual content than headlines. All
participants spent dramatically more time looking at each headline word compared to
each description word. Participant self-reports upon viewing their eye tracking data
confirmed the claim that headlines were the single most important factor for influencing
their Digg.com behavior. Additionally, participants identified the critical role of headlines
in setting expectations for the associated content. If expectations were set too low, users
avoid the content. However, if expectations are set too high then the disappointment in
the content makes it unlikely the user will digg submission. Insight 3 offers a detailed
analysis of Digg.com headlines with recommendations for maximizing the effectiveness
of headlines for the promotion of content via Digg.com.
Insight 3: Short, Direct, and Branded Headlines Dominate Digg.com
As noted in Insight 2, headlines are the single most important factor for influencing
user behavior on Digg.com. The importance of headlines on Digg.com has not gone
unnoticed by the larger Digg.com community and a complex and nuanced use of
headlines has developed on Digg.com. For this study, we analyzed the headlines of
all 91 stories dugg by our participants. Open-ended analysis of the headlines led to
the creation of a set of six heuristics which were then used for further analysis of the
91 dugg headlines. Headline heuristics were developed along two dimensions:
categorical and descriptive. Categorical heuristics (Table 4) represent the rhetorical
structure of the headline. Descriptive heuristics (Table 5) represent the type of
content emphasized in the headline.
table 3: Analysis of eye tracking data from Digg.com.
Measu re Description Headline
Avg. Fixation Coun t 4.78 4.96
Avg. Gaze Time 913.59ms 1146.08ms
Avg. Fixation Du ration 179.19ms 230.61ms

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Even though the heuristics were not intended to be exclusive of each other as headlines
might overlap in their structure or content, no single headline was simultaneously a list,
question and/or statement. Digg.com headlines are clearly delineated along their categorical
heuristics. The stark clarity of the rhetorical structure of Digg.com headlines reinforces the
fact that Digg.com users are constantly looking for ways to reduce the effort required
to read and interpret headlines. Conforming to the primary rhetorical categories of lists,
questions and statements facilitates quick headline consumption by Digg.com users.
Conversely, multiple descriptive heuristics were regularly identified within single headlines.
For example, a headline might be structured as a question, contain a branded quote and
identify the linked media. For example, a headline might read “What did Google say about
the Android phone platform?.” The headline conforms to the categorical heuristic of a
“question,” includes the brands Google and Android, and identifies that the story links to an
image. Headlines with complex uses of descriptive heuristics are very common on Digg.com
and do not need to be strayed from by marketers when submitting content.
table 4: Categorical heuristics used to analyze dugg headlines.
Heuristic Description Example
List Headline suggests content in list form.
Question Headline written as a question.
Statement Headline written as a statement.
“8 CSS Techniques for Charting Data”
“The 10 Greatest Movie Summers in History”
“Best school name ever?”
“What Sex Is Your Brain?”
“I am an Honest Business Man”
“Brain Freeze”
table 5: Descriptive heuristics used to analyze dugg headlines.
Heuristic Description Example
Identify Headline identifies content type.
Quote
Branded
“Higher! Higher! [PIC ]”
“Results may vary … [COMIC ]”
“Building the ‘Big Bang Machine’”
“MIT Tool Aims to ‘Cut Airline Delays’”
“Google Censorship”
“Microsoft calling up Gurus to take on
Apple’s Geniuses”
Headline contains a direct quote
from linked story.
Headline contains an official
brand name.

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Statement headlines were the most common, followed much less frequently by questions
and lists. Brands were frequently mentioned in headlines, though few quotes were used.
These findings suggest that Digg.com users are both interested and accepting of news
about popular brands and prefer to have their news delivered in a direct manner (state-ment)
which, as many participants put it, reveals the “gist” of the story upon a quick
reading. Headlines requiring more effort from the user (question, list) are less frequently
dugg. Table 6 lists the complete results of the heuristic analysis.
In addition to the heuristic analysis of Digg.com headlines, we analyzed the number
of words per headline. As previously stated, Digg.com allows for up to 60 characters
(approximately 10 words) per headline. The average headline length for the 91 dugg
headlines in this study was 7 words. Comparing the number of words in a headline with
the number of diggs revealed a negative relationship (r = -.348, p < .001) among the two
criteria. In other words, stories with fewer words in the headline were more likely to have
more diggs than stories with more words in the headline. Table 8 provides a breakdown
of headline length and average number of diggs.
table 6: Breakdown of heuristic categories of dugg headlines.
Heuristic % of Dugg Stories
List 9
Question 14
Statement 79
Identify 14
Quote 4
Branded 45
Headline Length Average # Diggs
5 2213
7 2025
10 1187
table 7: Headline length and number of diggs.

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Our analysis of Digg.com headlines suggest Digg.com users prefer short, direct and
revealing headlines. Underestimating the importance of headlines on Digg.com almost
guarantees the failure of your submission. As one participant, a very successful Digg.com
user and web development blogger, stated “I spend almost as much time researching
and writing my headline as I do my entire post!”
Insight 4: Positive Engagement Scores Associated with Desirable Digg Behavior
As previously mentioned, the Quantemo™ system measures a suite of physiological
signals (heart rate, breath rate, body temperature, skin conductance) and combines
those measures into a single measure of physiological engagement called the QPI or
Quantemo™ Physiological Index. Positive QPI numbers reflect heightened physiological
activity while a negative QPI represents depressed physiological activity. The QPI is useful
in measuring engagement because heightened physiological activity is associated with
positive emotional states while depressed physiological activity is associated with
negative emotional states.
For this study, QPI was calculated for each participant while they were engaged with the
Digg.com system (interactions with content sites were not consistent enough for valid
QPI data). Participants were then separated into high (top 25%) and low QPI (bottom
25%) groups.
Separating participants into high and low QPI groups based on their interactivity with
Digg.com itself allows us to compare engagement with desirable social media outcomes
(digging stories, viewing content). Table 8 provides a comparison of social media
behavior in relation to high and low engagement scores.
average QPI % Stories Dugg % Content Viewed
High Eng agement 1.36 84 71
Low Eng agement -1.72 28 13
table 8: Average engagement scores for high and low QPI compared to social media behavior.

14. Participants in the high QPI group were more likely to digg stories, had a higher average
gaze time, number of fixations and fixation duration. Consequently, participants in the low
QPI group dugg fewer stories, had fewer fixations, lower fixation duration and gaze time.
While these trends are not yet statistically significant (p < .1), they show promise for
demonstrating a relationship between user engagement and desirable social media
behaviors. As these trends suggest, the engagement level of the social media platform
itself may impact the behaviors of users. Those who contribute to social media platforms
should consider how their involvement (via the submission of content and crafting of
headlines/descriptions) might heighten user engagement which in turn facilitates the
creation and maintenance of a more desirable and receptive audience.
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CONCL USION
Digg.com represents a “long tail” approach to marketing [ANDERSON]. As our study
demonstrates, Digg.com users intentionally seek out tailored, niche news experiences
on Digg.com. While “mass media” styled stories can find success on Digg.com, all of our
participants felt that the real benefit of Digg.com is filtering the niche story and turning it
into a main stream (for Digg.com) headline. The careful crafting and interpretation of story
headlines is the chief mechanism by which Digg.com users develop their tailored news
experience. Crafting proper headlines is no easy task, but marketers (much more so than
the average Digg.com users) are extremely experienced in crafting precise messages with
limited space and should have no problem crafting successful Digg.com headlines after
understanding the expectations set forth by the Digg.com community for story headlines.
The insights discussed in this study offer some guidelines on how to maximize exposure on
Digg.com and generate interest a submission. Collectively, the insights in this report form
two major pieces of advice for marketers submitting and monitoring stories on Digg.com.
Headlines are the key to success. Without a contextual, direct and short
headline Digg.com users are much less likely to proceed to viewing the
associated content. Including brands and branded messages in headlines
is both acceptable and encouraged. Digg.com users are not put off
by marketing efforts, so long as those efforts conform to the general
expectations of Digg.com use outlined in this report.
Marketers have some control over how engaging the Digg.com experience
is to visitors via the comment section associated with each story submission.
An active comment section on a Digg.com story page increased engagement
for all participants and was a key indicator for digging or viewing a story.
Marketers are encouraged to participate in the comments on their own
Digg.com submissions in order to promote activity regarding the story.
This study represents the first in a multipart series on social media. This study presents a
developing association between engagement (as measured through the QPI) with social
media systems and desirable social media behaviors (digging stories, viewing content,
etc). Future work in this series will focus on the content itself and how engaging content
influences social media decisions. Finally, the series will connect the two threads, system
engagement and content engagement, to determine how exactly the two types of
engagement interact with each other and inform user decisions on social media systems.
•
•

16. References
Anderson, Chris. (2006). The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More.
Digg. http://blog.digg.com/?p=256
Compete. http://www.compete.com/
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17. amp lifying USER engagement
New knowledge about human behavior brought to light by social and neuroscience
has fundamentally called into question the old mental models of how advertising
and marketing work. Gone is the notion that consumers make decisions in a
linear think-feel-do way and behavior is guided by rational-only principles. Instead,
memories, emotions, associations, and thoughts play a primary role in how
individuals relate and ultimately engage with brands.
OTOinsights is a primary research offering that is breaking new ground in neuro-marketing
to offer clients advanced and scientific levels of insights into how their
consumers engage with them across the landscape of new media channels.
To learn more about OTOinsights, visit www.otoinsights.com
Comp lete One-To-One Solutions for Brands, Agencies, and Pub lishers
OTOinsights is a One to One Interactive company. Established in 1997, One to One
Interactive is the first enterprise to assemble a complete solution for brands, agencies,
and publishers executing one-to-one marketing strategies. By bringing together one
of the nation’s leading digital marketing agencies, the world’s most comprehensive
portfolio of permission marketing platforms, unique performance-based social media
networks, and cutting-edge neuromarketing research techniques, the companies
of One to One Interactive build informed and creative customer/constituent strategies
on the belief that digital media’s ability to enable engaging one-to-one dialogues is
the future of marketing.
To learn more about One to One Interactive, visit www.onetooneinteractive.com
OTOinsights
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617.425.7300
www.otoinsights.com
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