2. URINARY RETENTION
• Inability to partially or completely empty the bladder.
CAUSES
• It can be due to illness, medication effect or holding urine
intentionally.
• Pregnancy
• Pelvic injuries
• Neurologic disorders e.g. stroke, spinal cord injury
3. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• Acute or rapid onset urinary retention stretches the bladder , causing
feelings of pressure, discomfort and/pain and tenderness over
symphysis pubis.
• Restlessness
• Diaphoresis
• No urine output over several hours
• In some cases, frequency, agency, small volume voiding or
incontinence of small volumes of urine.
4. Cont.…
• Chronic urinary retention can be identified by report of decreased
voiding volumes ,straining to void and sensations of incomplete
emptying.
5. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Ensure privacy, ensure an environment and body position conducive
to voiding.
• Assist the patient with the use of the bathroom or bedside commode
rather bed pan to provide a more natural setting for urinating
• Apply warmth to relax the sphincter, e.g sitz baths, warm compresses
to the perineum.
• Simple trigger techniques such as turning on the water tap, or tapping
the pubic area.
• Insert urinary catheter to promote complete voiding.
6. URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
• Is the presence of bacteria in the urinary tract.
IT CAN BE CAUSED BY;
- An indwelling urinary catheter
-Escherichia coli
-Urinary retention
-Urinary and faecal incontinence
-poor perineal hygiene
-sexual activity
7. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• Burning or pain with urination or irritation of the bladder
• Frequent voiding with foul, smelling, cloudy urine
• In some cases blood in the urine
• If infection spreads to the upper urinary tract, patients frequently
experience fever
• Lower back pain
• Pelvic pain
• Urine incontinence
8. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Encourage the patient to drink more fluids
• Encourage patient to void frequently
• Educate patient on proper wiping (from front to back)
• Avoid urinary tract irritants such as alcohol, coffee or spices
• Promote personal hygiene
• Take antibiotics as prescribed
