1.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO
MANAGING THE MARINE, COASTAL AND
WATERSHED RESOURCES OF THE EAST
CENTRAL PORTLAND
STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS
Global Environmental Facility
Integrating Watershed and Coastal Areas Management
National Environment and Planning Agency

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 2
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO MANAGING THE
MARINE, COASTAL AND WATERSHED RESOURCES OF
THE EAST CENTRAL PORTLAND
STATUS OF THE CORAL REEFS
Prepared by:
Marcia Creary
Environmental Data Manager
Caribbean coastal Data Centre
Centre for Marine Sciences
University of the West Indies
Mona Campus
Kingston 7
Jamaica WI
&
Tracey Edwards,
Team Leader, Projects Coordinator
Portland Environment Protection Association &
Environmental Coordinator/Community Animator
IWCAM Project
March 2010

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
List of Plates ................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Section 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 10
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2 Background ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.1 The GEF‐IWCAM Project ............................................................................................................................ 10
1.2.2 Drivers River Watershed Management Unit .............................................................................................. 11
1.2.3 Environmental Monitoring Committee ...................................................................................................... 12
1.3 Site Selection and Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 13
1.3.1 Site selection .............................................................................................................................................. 13
1.3.2 Monitoring Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 13
1.3.3 Monitoring Team ....................................................................................................................................... 13
1.3.4 Data Processing and Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 15
1.3.5 Report Preparation .................................................................................................................................... 15
Section 2: Results of Monitoring ................................................................................................................. 16
2.1 Dragon Point ................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.1.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................. 16
2.1.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ......................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Alligator West ................................................................................................................................................. 19
2.2.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................. 19
2.2.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ......................................................................................................... 19
2.3 Pellew Island ................................................................................................................................................... 22
2.3.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................. 22
2.3.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ......................................................................................................... 22
2.4 Courtney’s Reef ............................................................................................................................................. 25
2.4.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................. 25
2.4.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ......................................................................................................... 25
2.5 Drapers .......................................................................................................................................................... 29
2.5.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................. 29
2.5.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ......................................................................................................... 29
2.6. Dragon Bay .................................................................................................................................................... 32
2.6.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................. 32
2.6.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ......................................................................................................... 32
2.7 Fairy Hill ......................................................................................................................................................... 35
2.7.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................. 35
2.7.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ......................................................................................................... 35
2.8 Boston Bay ..................................................................................................................................................... 38
2.8.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................. 38
2.8.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ......................................................................................................... 38
2.9 Policeman's Harbour ..................................................................................................................................... 41
2.9.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................. 41
2.9.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ......................................................................................................... 41
2.10 Black River ...................................................................................................................................................... 44

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2.10.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................. 44
2.10.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ......................................................................................................... 44
2.11 See Me No More ........................................................................................................................................... 47
2.11.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................ 47
2.11.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ........................................................................................................ 47
2.12 Banana House ................................................................................................................................................ 50
2.12.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................ 50
2.12.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ........................................................................................................ 50
2.13.1 Manchioneal Harbour ................................................................................................................................. 53
2.13.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................ 53
2.13.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ......................................................................................................... 53
2.14 Horse Savannah River .................................................................................................................................... 56
2.14.1 Site Description and Methodology ............................................................................................................ 56
2.14.2 Description of the Benthic Substrate ........................................................................................................ 56
2.15 Summary of Monitoring Results .................................................................................................................... 59
2.15.1 Corals ......................................................................................................................................................... 59
2.15.2 Macroalgae and Dead Coral with Algae .................................................................................................... 61
2.15.3 Gorgonians and Sponges ............................................................................................................................ 61
2.15.4 Other Benthic Substrate Categories ........................................................................................................... 62
Section3: Status of Coral Reefs in Jamaica and the Wider Caribbean ......................................................... 63
3.1 Coral Cover at various locations around Jamaica .......................................................................................... 63
3.1.1 Monkey Island (Pellew Island) ................................................................................................................... 63
3.1.2 Island wide Reef Check Survey .................................................................................................................. 64
3.2 Coral Cover in the Wider Caribbean .............................................................................................................. 66
3.2.1 the eastern Caribbean ............................................................................................................................... 66
3.2.1 Status of Coral Reefs in the Wider Caribbean. ........................................................................................... 67
Section 4: Conculsions and Recommendations ........................................................................................... 69
4.1 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................... 69
4.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................... 69
References ................................................................................................................................................... 71
Appendices .................................................................................................................................................. 72
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Drivers River Watershed located to the east of Portland
Figure 2: Map of the Divers River Watershed
Figure 3: Satellite photograph showing the locations of the monitoring sites along the east central coast of
Portland.
Figure 4: Dragon Point ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories.
(Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA–
Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased
coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown.)
Figure 5: Alligator West ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories.
(Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA–

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Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased
coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown).
Figure 6: Pellew Island ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories.
(Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA–
Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased
coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown.)
Figure 7: Courtney’s Reef ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories.
(Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA–
Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased
coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown.)
Figure 8: Drapers ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories.
(Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA–
Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased
coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown).
Figure 9: Dragon Bay ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories.
(Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA–
Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased
coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown.)
Figure 10: Fairy Hill ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories.
(Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA–
Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased
coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown.)
Figure 11: Boston Bay ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories.
(Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA–
Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased
coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown).
Figure 12: Policeman's Harbour ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate
categories. (Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN –
Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae;
DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown.)
Figure 13: Black River ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories.
(Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA–
Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased
coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown.)
Figure 14: Se Me No More ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate
categories. (Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN –
Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae;
DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown).
Figure 15: Banana House ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories.
(Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA–
Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased
coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown.)
Figure 16: Manchioneal Harbour ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate
categories. (Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN –
Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae;
DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown.)

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Figure 17: Horse Savannah River ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate
categories. (Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN –
Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae;
DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN – Unknown.)
Figure 18: Comparison of coral cover for the 14 sites monitored along the east central coastline of Portland
Figure19: Number of coral species found at the 14 monitoring sites along the east central coastline of Portland.
Figure 20: Macroaglae combined with dead coral with algae for the 14 monitoring sites along the east central
coastline of Portland.
Figure 21: Comparison of gorgonian cover at the 14 sites monitored along the east central coastline of Portland.
Figure 22: Comparison of sponge cover at the 14 sites monitored along the east central coastline of Portland.
Figure 23: Total observed change in mean percentage coral cover from 1977 to 200. (Source: Gardener et al, 2003)
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Dragon Point – the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. ...................................... 17
Table 2: Alligator West ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. ..................................... 20
Table 3: Courtney’s Reef ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. ................................... 27
Table 4: Drapers ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. ................................................ 30
Table 5: Dragon Bay ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. .......................................... 33
Table 6: Fairy Hill ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. .............................................. 36
Table 7: Boston Bay ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. .......................................... 39
Table 8: Policeman’s Harbour ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. ........................... 42
Table 9: Black River ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. ........................................... 45
Table 10: See Me No More ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. ............................... 48
Table 11: Banana House ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. ................................... 51
Table 12: Manchioneal Harbour ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. ....................... 54
Table 13: Horse Savannah River ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories. ....................... 57
Table 14: Coral species found along the east central coastline of Portland ................................................................ 60
Table 15: Summary of the mean percentage cover for the substrate categories found at Monkey Island (Pellew
Island) for the period 2000 –2003 (Source: Chevannes Creary, 2001; Centre for Marine Sciences, 2006) and 2009.63
Table 16: Coral species identified at Monkey Island (Pellew Island) for the period 2000‐2003 (Source: Chevannes
Creary, 2001; Centre for Marine Sciences, 2006) and 2009. ....................................................................................... 64

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Table 17: Mean percentage cover for corals and algae for 36 sites around Jamaica. (Source: NEPA, 2009) .............. 65
Table 18: Combined summary of the mean percentage cover for the substrate categories at the coral reef sites in
Antigua, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts, Saint Lucia, St Vincent and Tobago monitored over the period 2007 to 2009.
(Source: Creary 2008, Creary, 2009). ........................................................................................................................... 67
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1: Members of the monitoring team. Photo 1 ‐ (L‐R) Thomas Goreau, Tracey Edwards, Robert Hue and Elliott
Skyers. Photo 2 – (L‐R) Thomas Goreau, Tracey Edwards, Nelsia English and Tyrone Brown.
Plate 2: Dragon Point ‐ Image showing the general appearance of the reef.
Plate 3: Dragon Point ‐ Images of the substrate and some coral species
Plate 4: Alligator West ‐ Image showing the general appearance of the reef.
Plate 5: Alligator West ‐ Images of the substrate and some coral species.
Plate 6: Pellew Island – Image showing the general appearance of the reef.
Plate 7: Pellew Island – Images of the substrate and some coral species.
Plate 8: Courtney’s Reef ‐ Images showing the general appearance of the reef.
Plate9: Courtney's Reef ‐ Images of the substrate and some coral species.
Plate 10: Drapers: Image showing the general appearance of the reef.
Plate 11: Drapers – Images of the substrate and some coral species.
Plate 12: Dragon Bay – Image showing the general appearance of the reef.
Plate 13: Dragon Bay ‐ Images of the substrate and some coral species
Plate 14: Fairy Hill ‐ Image showing the general appearance of the reef.
Plate 15: Fairy Hill ‐ Images of substrate and some coral species.
Plate 16: Boston Bay ‐ Image showing the appearance of the reef.
Plate 17: Boston Bay ‐ Images of the substrate and some coral species.
Plate 18: Policeman's Harbour ‐ Image of the appearance of the reef.
Plate 19: Policeman's Harbour – images of the substrate and some coral species.
Plate 20: Black River ‐ image showing the appearance of the reef.
Plate 21: Black River ‐ images of the substrate and some coral species.

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Plate 22: See Me No More – image showing the general appearance of the reef.
Plate 23: See Me No More – Images of the substrate and some coral species.
Plate 24: Banana House – image of the appearance of the reef.
Plate 25: Banana House – images of the substrate and some coral species
Plate 26: Manchioneal Harbour: ‐ image showing the general appearance of the reef.
Plate 27: Manchioneal Harbour – images of the substrate and some coral species.
Plate 28: Horse Savannah River – image showing the general appearance of the reef.
Plate 29: Horse Savannah River – images of the substrate and some coral species.

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
BJCMNP Blue and John Crow Mountain National Park
CDC
CEHI Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
CMS Centre for Marine Sciences
CPACC Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Global Climate Change
CPCe Coral Point Count with Excel extensions
GEF‐IWCAM Global Environmental Facility ‐ Integrating Watershed and Coastal Areas Management
GCRA Global Coral Reef Alliance network
JSAC Jamaica Sub Aqua club
MACC Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change
NEPA National Environment and Planning Agency
NGO Non‐Governmental Organization
NSWMA National Solid Waste Management Authority
PAMP Port Antonio Marine Park and Forest Corridor
PEPA Portland Environmental Protections Association
PPCD Portland Parish Council Department
SIDS Small Island Developing States
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UWI University of the West Indies

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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The parish of Portland is located at the north‐eastern section of Jamaica. The majority of the upper and middle
watershed areas of the parish are within the Blue and John Crow Mountain National Park (BJCMNP), Jamaica’s first
terrestrial national park opened in 1993. A proposal exists, under the protected areas system plan, to establish the
Port Antonio Marine Park and Forest Corridor (PAMP) which would include approximately 20km of coastline
extending from Downer’s Bluff to North East Point. The Corridor would include all the inshore marine habitats
from the coast to 200m in depth as well as the interior watershed area draining into the sea between these points,
up to the northern boundary of the BJCMNP.
Portland’s inshore marine environment includes a variety of seafloor habitats including corals, algae, sand, and
mud plains. Historically the coral reefs in and around the Port Antonio Marine Park site has included some of the
healthiest remaining examples in Jamaica and as such is of critical national priority. However, these reefs are under
threat from land‐based anthropogenic activities such as the effects of sewage, solid waste, wastewater and
sediment brought to the reef by rivers, runoff and prevailing currents.1
Under the auspices of the Environmental Management Committee of the Drivers River Watershed Management
Project a survey was carried out to gather information on the current status of the reefs in eastern Portland to
provide up to date data for management action. The coral reef survey was coordinated and implemented by
Tracey Edwards, Coordinator for the GEF‐IWCAM Environmental Monitoring Committee. This report present the
result of the this survey conducted at fourteen (14) coral reef sites along the east central coastline of Portland
during the period July 15 to 24, 2009.
1.2 BACKGROUND
1.2.1 THE GEF‐IWCAM PROJECT
The Integrating Watershed and Coastal Areas Management (IWCAM) Project in Caribbean Small Island Developing
States (SIDS) commenced in 2005 and encompasses thirteen (13) participating SIDS. The main implementing
agencies for this GEF project were the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP). The National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) is the local
implementing agency for the Demonstration Project in Jamaica.
Caribbean coastal and watershed systems are among the most productive in the world, yet they are the most
threatened, due to rapid land use changes and coastal developments. The GEF‐IWCAM project aims to help
mitigate some of the impact of these developments across the Caribbean. The Demonstration Project therefore
proposes to develop and implement a model Watershed Area Management Mechanism for the eastern Portland
area, incorporating the lessons and experiences gained elsewhere in the country, and capturing relevant examples
from other SIDS. The final objective of this project would be to demonstrate an effective mechanism for such a
management strategy and to identify where and how this model could be replicated in other areas of the country.
The map of Jamaica in Figure 1 shows eastern Portland and the location of the Divers River watershed.
1
Demonstration Project Paper. Jamaica – An Integrated Approach to Managing the Marine, Coastal and
Watershed Resources of East‐Central Portland.

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Figure 1: Drivers River Watershed located to the east of Portland2
1.2.2 DRIVERS RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT UNIT
The Drivers River Watershed Project is among eight other demonstration projects across the Caribbean. The
watershed (Figure 2) which is rated one of the least degraded in the country and was chosen to help develop Best
Management Practices in environmental habits and activities. These were identified, planned and implemented
through a participatory process involving agency and community partnerships. Four committees were formed to
ensure the adaptation and implementation of these practices. These were;
• Governance & Enforcement
• Sanitation and Sustainable Livelihood,
• Environmental Monitoring
• Public Education and Awareness
Stakeholders were given the opportunity to choose the committee they wished to work with, based on special
interest or natural talent. All of these committees reported back to the stakeholders at the monthly Stakeholders
Meeting.
2
GEF‐IWCAM Drivers River Watershed Management Model (Draft). NEPA
Drivers River
Watershed

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Figure 2: Map of the Divers River Watershed3
1.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING COMMITTEE
The main objectives of the Environmental Monitoring Committee were:
1. To capture baseline data for the Watershed
2. To monitor fresh water and marine sites for pollution trends.
3. To assess the status of fresh water and coastal resources and identify keystone species.
4. To identify areas of rich biological significance for conservation and protection.
5. To identify human activities, if any, that negatively impact on the natural resources of the Drivers River
Management Unit and make recommendation/s for mitigation against these harmful practices
Activities included reef assessments, mangrove monitoring/resuscitation, water quality/quantity monitoring, boat
tours, household surveys, bio‐monitoring and clean‐ups (beach & community).
3
Ibid

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1.3 SITE SELECTION AND METHODOLOGY
1.3.1 SITE SELECTION
The site selection process included consultation with the members of the Environmental Monitoring Committee,
representatives from the Portland Environmental Protections Associations (PEPA), NEPA and the local dive
operators Lady G Divers. Monitoring sites were chosen to be representative of the entire Drivers River watershed
and were based on proximity to previous assessment sites (Goreau, 1996). Fourteen (14) sites were selected, four
shallow sites (Drapers, Dragon Bay, Pellew Island and Manchioneal Harbour) and ten (10) sites of intermediate
depth (Dragon Point, Alligator West, Courtney’s Reef, Fairy Hill, Boston Bay, Policeman’s Harbour, Black River, See
Me No More, Banana House and Horse Savannah). The location of the fourteen (14) monitoring sites is shown in
Figure 3.
1.3.2 MONITORING METHODOLOGY
The initial monitoring methodology called for five 20m transects to be established at each site, parallel to the
shoreline. However due to the bottom topography and reef structure, this procedure was later modified with
respect to the individual sites. The methodology was maintained for most sites but where challenges existed, a
single 100m transect was employed instead. Where five 20m transects were laid out, they were placed in parallel
at a distance of 5m between each transect.
Images were captured along the transect at a height of 1m above the substrate. This distance was maintained
with the use of a 1m PVC pipe which supported the diver. Still images was captured at every metre along the
transect line. Two cameras with flash attachment were used for image capture these were a Canon Powershot and
a Nikon D300 with a wide angle lens. Other equipment employed included a 100m measuring tape, nylon cord, a
one metre PVC pipe and a recording slate. The monitoring dives were carried out during the period July 15‐24,
2009. All dives were carried out between 7am and 10am each day.
1.3.3 MONITORING TEAM
The monitoring team included Tracey Edwards, the Team Leader and Project Coordinator for the Portland
Environment Protection Association (PEPA) and also the Environmental Coordinator/Community Animator for the
IWCAM Project. Other members of the team included Dr. Thomas Goreau, President of the Global Coral Reef
Alliance (GCRA) network and a worldwide consultant on coral reef ecology and restoration, Robert Hue of the
Jamaica Sub‐Aqua Club (JSAC), Tyrone Brown and Elliot Sykers (Lady G Divers). Nelsia English, Research Officer
for the GEF‐IWCAM Project also participated in the monitoring exercise (Plate 1).

14.
Figure 3: Satellite photograph showing the locations of the monitoring sites along the east central coast of Portland.
Key to Monitoring Sites:
DP ‐ Dragon Point PI‐ Pellew Island CR ‐ Courtney's Reef AL‐ Alligator West DR ‐ Drapers Reef
DB ‐ Dragon Bay FH ‐ Fairy Hill BB ‐ Boston Bay PH ‐ Policeman's Harbour BR ‐ Black River
SMNM ‐ See Me No More BH ‐ Banana House MH ‐ Manchioneal Harbour HS ‐ Horse Savannah

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Plate 1: Members of the monitoring team. Photo 1 ‐ (L‐R) Thomas Goreau, Tracey Edwards, Robert Hue and Elliott
Skyers. Photo 2 – (L‐R) Thomas Goreau, Tracey Edwards, Nelsia English and Tyrone Brown.
1.3.4 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
Images in electronic format were submitted to the Centre for Marine Sciences, University of the West Indies (CMS,
UWI). A total of 1731 images were analyzed from the fourteen (14) monitoring sites. The random point count
method was used to estimate the benthic substrate cover from the images. The Coral Point Count with Excel
extensions (CPCe) an automated random point count method designed for the statistical analysis of marine
benthic communities (Kohler & Gill, 2006) was used. The CPCe programme was used to randomly overlay 10
points on each image from which the benthic species or substrate category lying under each point was identified.
Once identified the codes are entered directly into an associate Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet.
1.3.5 REPORT PREPARATION
This report was prepared by the CMS on the request of the GEF‐IWCAM/NEPA Project and in collaboration with
Tracey Edwards, Environmental Coordinator/Community Animator for the GEF‐WCAM Project and Team Leader
and Project Coordinator for the Portland Environment Protection Association (PEPA). The report is divided into
four sections. Section 1 provides an introduction and background to the project. Section 2 contains the result of
the monitoring programme. Section 3 provides some coral reef data from other locations in Jamaica and the
Caribbean and Section 4 contains the conclusions and recommendations.
Photo 1
Photo 2

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SECTION 2: RESULTS OF MONITORING
2.1 DRAGON POINT
2.1.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The monitoring site at Dragon Point was located approximately 100m from the shoreline east of Pellew Island and
about 100m from the Blue Logoon Villas. The entry point from land was at the Turtle Cove Beach and the area had
an average depth of 13m. Monitoring was conducted on July 15, 2009. Five 20m transects were established and
156 images were taken at 1m intervals using a Nikon D300 camera. Resultant images were submitted in electronic
format to the CMS for data analysis.
From general observations the benthic topography was comprised of an undulating terrain, sloping gently to 13m.
The benthic substrate was comprised mainly of rocks and rubble with small areas of patch reef. The sandy bottoms
consisted of coarse white sand similar to that found on the small adjacent beach. Coral cover was low with the site
dominated by a variety of fleshy algal species. Visibility was good and but few fishes were observed. The general
appearance of the reef is shown in Plate 2.
Plate 2: Dragon Point ‐ Image showing the general appearance of the reef.
2.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
At Dragon Point a total of ten (10) coral species were identified and these made up 5.89% of the overall benthic
substrate. The most commonly occurring coral species were Porites astreoides and Siderastrea siderea which
made up 1.74% and 1.34% of the benthic cover respectively. Other species identified included Agaricia

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 17
agaricites(0.67%), Diploria labyrinthiformis (0.13%), Diploria strigosa (0.13%), Meandrina meandrites (0.07%),
Montastraea annularis (0.60%), Porites divaricata (0.04%), Porites furcata (0.20%) and Porites porites (0.60%). This
site was dominated by various species of macroalgae (83.1%) which included Halimeda (0.54%), Padina (0.07%)
and turf algae (3.08%). Also found in the area were gorgonians (0.13%), encrusting sponges (0.74%) and
anemones (0.07%). Dead coral and algae (0.87%) as well as recently dead coral (0.07%) were also observed. No
diseased corals were observed at this site. Pavement, rubble and sand made up 9.03% of the substrate while
0.20% was unknown. These results are presented in Table 1 and illustrated in Figure 4. Plate 3 shows images of
the substrate including selected coral species.
Table 1: Dragon Point – the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories.
Major Category Species/Categories Individual % cover Sub total
CORAL Agaricia agaricites 0.67
Diploria labyrinthiformis 0.13
Diploria strigosa 0.13
Meandrina meandrites 0.07
Montastraea annularis 0.60
Porites astreoides 1.74
Porites divaricata 0.40
Porites furcata 0.20
Porites porites 0.60
Siderastrea siderea 1.34 5.89
GORGONIANS Gorgonian 0.13 0.13
SPONGES Encrusting sponge 0.74 0.74
ZOANTHIDS Palythoa sp. 0.00 0.00
MACROALGAE Halimeda 0.54
Macroalgae 79.33
Padina 0.07
Turf algae 3.08 83.01
OTHER LIVE Anemones 0.07 0.07
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE Dead coral with algae 0.87
Recently dead coral 0.07 0.94
CORALLINE ALGAE Coralline algae 0.00 0.00
DISEASED CORALS Diseased coral 0.00 0.00
SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE Rubble 3.41
Sand 5.62 9.03
UNKNOWN Unknown 0.20 0.20
Total Percentage Cover 100.00 100.00
# of Coral Species 10

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 18
Figure 4: Dragon Point - graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories. (Substrate
categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live;
DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN –
Unknown.)
Plate 3: Dragon Point ‐ Images of the substrate and some coral species.
Porites astreoides
Diploria strigosa
Siderastrea siderea
Macroalgae

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 19
2.2 ALLIGATOR WEST
2.2.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The Alligator West monitoring site was located approximately 100m from shore with the entry point from land
located at Wilkes Bay, east of Frenchman’s Cove and the area had an average depth of 15m. The were no beches
associated with this monitoring site. Monitoring was carried out on July 15, 2009. Five 20m transects were
established and 195 images were taken at 0.5m intervals using a Nikon D300 camera. Resultant images were
submitted in electronic format to the CMS for data analysis.
General observations of the reef revealed a gently sloping, topography with a sudden shallow drop off. The benthic
substrate was comprised of small patch reefs with gorgonians, large bolder corals as well as rocks and rubble. The
substrate was dominated by a variety of fleshy algal species. Plate 4 shows the general appearance of the reef at
Alligator West.
Plate 4: Alligator West ‐ Image showing the general appearance of the reef.
2.2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
A total of ten (10) coral species were identified at the Alligator West site and these made up 4.83% of the total
benthic cover. The most abundant coral species was Porites astreoides and Siderastrea siderea which accounted
for 1.19% and 1.41% of the benthic cover respectively. Other species observed included Agaricia agaricites
(0.43%), Diploria labyrinthiformis (0.16%), Meandrina meandrites (0.22%), Millipora complanata (0.05%),
Montastraea annularis (0.16%), Porites divaricata (0.05%), Porites porites (0.60%) and Siderastrea siderea (0.54%).
Gorgonian cover was greater than that of corals (6.57%) while encrusting and erect sponges made up 2.12% and
0.98% of the benthic substrate. The site at Alligator West was dominated by macroalgae (81.33%) comprised

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 20
primarily of turf algae (77.28%), other macroalgae (3.42%) and Padian (0.43%). Dead coral and algae as well as
recently dead coral made of 0.98% of the benthic substrate while no diseased or bleached corals were observed.
Pavement, rubble and sand made up 2.60% of the substrate while 0.16% was unknown. These results are provided
in Table 2 and illustrated in Figure 5. Images of the substrates and some of the coral species identified are shown
in Plate 5.
Table 2: Alligator West ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories.
Major Category Species/Categories Individual % cover Sub total
CORAL Agaricia agaricites 0.43
Diploria labyrinthiformis 0.16
Meandrina meandrites 0.22
Millipora complanata 0.05
Montastraea annularis 0.16
Porites astreoides 1.19
Porites divaricata 0.05
Porites porites 0.60
Siderastrea radians 0.54
Siderastrea siderea 1.41 4.83
GORGONIANS Gorgonia 6.57 6.57
SPONGES Encrusting sponge 2.12
Erect sponge 0.98 3.09
ZOANTHIDS Palythoa sp. 0.00
Zoanthid 0.27 0.27
MACROALGAE Macroalgae 3.42
Padina 0.43
Turf algae 77.48 81.33
OTHER LIVE Other 0.16 0.16
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE Dead coral with algae 0.92
Recently dead coral 0.05 0.98
CORALLINE ALGAE Coralline algae 0.00 0.00
DISEASED CORALS Diseased coral 0.00 0.00
SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE Pavement 0.00
Rubble 0.16
Sand 2.44 2.60
UNKNOWNS Unknown 0.16 0.16
Total Percentage Cover 100.00 100.00
# of Coral Species 10

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 21
Figure 5: Alligator West ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories. (Substrate
categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live;
DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN –
Unknown).
Siderastrea siderea Macroalgae
Porites astreoides
Gorgonians and sponges

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Plate 5: Alligator West ‐ Images of the substrate and some coral species.
2.3 PELLEW ISLAND
2.3.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The monitoring site at Pellew Island (also called Monkey Island) is located in shallow water approximately 5m in
depth and is about 50m offshore. The island is surrounded by a white sand beach and is also near to the San San
Beach on the mainland. Access to the site is gained west of Pellew Island. Monitoring was conducted on July 20,
2009. Five 20m transects were established and 102 images were taken at 1m intervals using a Nikon D300 camera.
Resultant images were submitted in electronic format to the CMS for data analysis.
General observations of the area indicated that the topography was rugged with sand patches and patch reefs
covered with algae and dead coral. Several species of sea urchins (Lytechinus veriegatus, Tripneustes ventricosus
and Echinometra viridis) were observed along with some fishes. The general appearance of the reef is shown in
Plate 6.
Plate 6: Pellew Island – Image showing the general appearance of the reef.
2.3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
A total of seven (7) coral species were identified at the Pellew Island site which made up 9.04% of the benthic
cover. The most abundant coral species was Montastraea annularis (4.57%) and Montastraea faveolata (2.44%).
Other species identified included Agaricia agaricites (0.20%), Millipora complanata (0.30%), Porites astreoides

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 23
(0.41%), Porites porites (1.02%) and Siderastrea siderea (0.10%). Gorgonians (1.42%) and encrusting sponges
(0.81%) were also observed. The macroalgal cover was low (3.15%) but this was replaced with dead coral and
algae (83.96%). Sand and rubble made up 0.41% of the substrate and 1.22% was unknown. These data are
presented in Table 3 below and illustrated in Figure 6. Plate 7 contains images from the reef at Pellew Island
including some coral species.
Table 3: Pellew Island ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories.
Major Category Species/Categories Individual % cover Sub total
CORAL Agaricia agaricites 0.20
Millipora complanata 0.30
Montastraea annularis 4.57
Montastraea faveolata 2.44
Porites astreoides 0.41
Porites porites 1.02
Siderastrea siderea 0.10 9.04
GORGONIANS Gorgonian 1.42 1.42
SPONGES Encrusting sponge 0.81 0.81
ZOANTHIDS Palythoa sp. 0.00 0.00
MACROALGAE Dictyota 0.10
Halimeda 0.20
Macroalgae 2.74
Padina 0.10 3.15
OTHER LIVE Anemones 0.00 0.00
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE Dead coral with algae 83.96 83.96
CORALLINE ALGAE Coralline algae 0.00 0.00
DISEASED CORALS Diseased coral 0.00 0.00
SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE Rubble 0.20
Sand 0.20 0.41
UNKNOWN Unknown 1.22 1.22
Total Percentage Cover 100.00 100.00
# of Coral Species 7

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Figure 6: Pellew Island ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories. (Substrate
categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live;
DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN –
Unknown.)
Montastraea annularis
Montastraea faveolata
Dead coral with algae
Porities porities

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Plate 7: Pellew Island – Images of the substrate and some coral species.
2.4 COURTNEY’S REEF
2.4.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The Courtney’s Reef monitoring site was located west of the San San Beach House with access to the site from land
was gained to the west of the San San Beach restaurant. Monitoring was conducted on July 18, 2009. Five 20m
transects were established and 117 images were taken at 1m intervals using a Nikon D300 camera. Resultant
images were submitted in electronic format to the CMS for data analysis.
This site is similar in appearance o Dragon Point and Alligator West. The benthic topography was generally flat
with white sand patches, small patch reefs containing small coral heads, gorgonians and macro‐algae.Freshwater
upwelling was also evident at this site. The general appearance of this reef is shown in Plate 8.
Plate 8: Courtney’s Reef ‐ Images showing the general appearance of the reef.
2.4.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
A total of fourteen (14) coral species were identified at Courtney’s Reef and these made up 10.01% of the benthic
substrate cover. Siderastrea siderea (3.07%) was the most abundant coral species with others including Agaricia
agaricites (1.35%), Diploria labyrinthiformis (0.45%), Diploria strigosa (0.18%), Eusmilia fastigiata (0.27%),
Meandrina meandrites (0.27%), Millipora complanata (0.18%), Montastraea annularis (1.98%), Montastraea
cavernosa (0.27%), Montastraea faveolata (0.09%), Porites astreoides (1.08%), Porites divaricata (0.09%), Porites
furcata (0.09%) and Porites porites (0.63%). Gorgonians made up 4.60% and sponges (encrusting and erect) made
up 4.87% on the benthic substrate. The zooanthid Palythoa sp (0.09%) was also identified on this reef. The
macroalgae dominated the substrate (72.41%) with dead coral and algae making up 2.98%. Sand made up a small

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 26
proportion of the substrate (5.05%). These results are presented in Table 4 and illustrated in Figure 7. Images of
the substrates and some of the coral species identified are shown in Plate 9.

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 27
Table 4: Courtney’s Reef ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories.
Major Category Species/Categories Individual % cover Sub total
CORAL Agaricia agaricites 1.35
Diploria labyrinthiformis 0.45
Diploria strigosa 0.18
Eusmilia fastigiata 0.27
Meandrina meandrites 0.27
Millipora complanata 0.18
Montastraea annularis 1.98
Montastraea cavernosa 0.27
Montastraea faveolata 0.09
Porites astreoides 1.08
Porites divaricata 0.09
Porites furcata 0.09
Porites porites 0.63
Siderastrea siderea 3.07 10.01
GORGONIANS Gorgonian 4.60 4.60
SPONGES Encrusting sponge 4.15
Erect sponge 0.72 4.87
ZOANTHIDS Palythoa sp. 0.09 0.09
MACROALGAE Macroalgae 71.78
Padina 0.27
Turf algae 0.36 72.41
OTHER LIVE Anemones 0.00 0.00
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE Dead coral with algae 2.98 2.98
CORALLINE ALGAE Coralline algae 0.00 0.00
DISEASED CORALS Diseased coral 0.00 0.00
SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE Sand 5.05 5.05
UNKNOWN Unknown 0.00 0.00
Total Percentage Cover 100.00 100.00
# of Coral Species 14

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Figure 7: Courtney’s Reef ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories. (Substrate
categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live;
DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN –
Unknown.)
Plate 9: Courtney's Reef ‐ Images of the substrate and some coral species.
Montastraea annularis
Siderastrea siderea
Porites astreoides
Macroalgae

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2.5 DRAPERS
2.5.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The monitoring site at Drapers was shallow, approximately 2‐3m in depth with the entry point located at Drapers
Beach. This site was selected as a result of its history, and reputation as one of the most pristine reef remaining in
eastern Portland. Monitoring was conducted on July 22, 2009. A 100m transect was established at this site and 190
images were taken at 1m intervals using a Canon Powershot A540 camera. The images were subsequently
submitted in electronic format to the CMS for data analysis.
The patch reefs were located in very shallow water and in close proximity to shoreline exhibiting the typical spur
and groove formation. General observation indicated the presence of many Diademia antilarium and few reef
fishes. There were no visible macro‐algae. Conditions were generally calm and visibility high. The general
appearance of the reef is shown in Plate 10.
Plate 10: Drapers: Image showing the general appearance of the reef.
2.5.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
A total of eleven (11) coral species were identified at the Drapers reef site which made up 21.33% on the benthic
substrate. The most abundant coral species was Montastraea annularis which represented 4.29% of the benthic
cover. Other species identied at this site included Agaricia agaricites (2.84%), Diploria clivosa (0.39%), Diploria
labyrinthiformis (0.17%), Diploria strigosa (1.28%), Madracis mirabilis (0.95%), Millipora complanata (1.11%),
Porites astreoides (7.85%), Porites furcata (0.28%), Porites porites (1.78%) and Siderastrea siderea (0.39%).
Gorgonian and encrusting sponges made up 0.67% and 0.61% of the benthic substrate. Macroalgae made up only
0.17% of the substrate, however dead coral and algae accounted for 68.01%. Rubble and sand made up 8.13% of

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 30
the total benthic substrate. These results are presented in Table 5 and illustrated in Figure 8. Images of the
substrates and some of the coral species identified are shown in Plate 11.
Table 5: Drapers ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories.
Major Category Species/Categories Individual % cover Sub total
CORAL Agaricia agaricites 2.84
Diploria clivosa 0.39
Diploria labyrinthiformis 0.17
Diploria strigosa 1.28
Madracis mirabilis 0.95
Millipora complanata 1.11
Montastraea annularis 4.29
Porites astreoides 7.85
Porites furcata 0.28
Porites porites 1.78
Siderastrea siderea 0.39 21.33
GORGONIANS Gorgonian 0.67 0.67
SPONGES Encrusting sponge 0.61 0.61
ZOANTHIDS Palythoa sp. 0.00 0.00
MACROALGAE Macroalgae 0.17 0.17
OTHER LIVE Anemones 0.00 0.00
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE Dead coral with algae 69.10 69.10
CORALLINE ALGAE Coralline algae 0.00 0.00
DISEASED CORALS Diseased coral 0.00 0.00
SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE Rubble 0.22
Sand 7.91 8.13
UNKNOWN Unknown 0.00 0.00
Total Percentage Cover 100.00 100.00
# of Coral Species 11

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Figure 8: Drapers - graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories. (Substrate
categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live;
DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN –
Unknown).
Montastraea annularis
Porites astreoides
Agaricia agaricites Dead coral with algae

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Plate 11: Drapers – Images of the substrate and some coral species.
2.6. DRAGON BAY
2.6.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The monitoring site at Dragon Bay was located 65m from shoreline in shallow water of depth ranging from 3‐4m.
A small tributary, which runs parallel to the Dragon Bay Hotel, empties into this area. The entry point from land is
adjacent to the Dragon Bay Hotel. Monitoring was conducted on July 22, 2009. Five 20m transects were
established and 111 images were taken at 1m intervals using a Canon Powershot A540 camera. Resultant images
were submitted in electronic format to the CMS for data analysis.
The bottom topography at Dragon Bay was comprised of flat sandy bottom with small patch reefs dominated by
encrusting calcareous algae with very low levels of macroalgae. Some sea urchins (Diadema and Tripneustes) were
observed as well as a few fish species. The general appearance of the reef is shown in Plate 12.
Plate 12: Dragon Bay – Image showing the general appearance of the reef.
2.6.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
A total of nine (9) coral species were identified at Dragon Bay which made up 8.18% of the benthic substrate. Of
note was the presence of Acropora palmata (0.75%), a reef building species which has declines in abundance
Jamaica in the past decades (Gardener, 2003). Other coral species identified include Agaricia agaricites (0.38%),
Diploria clivosa (0.85%), Diploria strigosa (1.60%), Millipora complanata (1.60%), Montastraea annularis (1.60%),
Montastraea cavernosa (0.28%), Porites astreoides (1.03%) and Siderastrea radians (0.09%). Gorgonians and
encrusting sponges were also observed on this reef making up 0.56% and 2.92% respectively of the benthic
substrate cover. The zoanthid, Palythoa sp, (0.19%) was also observed. Macroalgae, comprised primarily of turf
algae accounted for 37.73% while dead coral and algae made up 36.59% on the benthic substrate. Pavement and

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 33
sand accounted for 13.63% of the benthic substrate while 0.19% was unknown. These results are presented in
Table 6 below and illustrated in Figure 9. Images of the substrates and some of the coral species identified are
shown in Plate 13.
Table 6: Dragon Bay ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories.
Major Category Species/Categories Individual % cover Sub total
CORAL Acropora palmata 0.75
Agaricia agaricites 0.38
Diploria clivosa 0.85
Diploria strigosa 1.60
Millipora complanata 1.60
Montastraea annularis 1.60
Montastraea cavernosa 0.28
Porites astreoides 1.03
Siderastrea radians 0.09 8.18
GORGONIANS Gorgonian 0.56 0.56
SPONGES Encrusting sponge 2.92 2.92
ZOANTHIDS Palythoa sp. 0.19 0.19
MACROALGAE Macroalgae 1.69
Turbinaria 0.28
Turf algae 35.65 37.63
OTHER LIVE Anemones 0.00 0.00
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE Dead coral with algae 36.59 36.59
CORALLINE ALGAE Coralline algae 0.00 0.00
DISEASED CORALS Diseased coral 0.00 0.00
SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE Pavement 3.01
Sand 10.72 13.73
UNKNOWN Unknown 0.19 0.19
Total Percentage Cover 100.00 100.00
# of Coral Species 9

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Figure 9: Dragon Bay - graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories. (Substrate
categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live;
DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN –
Unknown.)
Acropora palmata
Diplora strigosa
Montastraea annularis
Porites astreoides (also macroalgae and dead coral
with algae)

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Plate 13: Dragon Bay ‐ Images of the substrate and some coral species
2.7 FAIRY HILL
2.7.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The monitoring site at Fairy Hill was located approximately 90m from shore in water of averaged depths of 17m.
The entry point to this site is located adjacent to the Fairy Hill Beach houses east of Boston Bay. Monitoring was
conducted on July 16, 2009. Five 20m transects were established and 108 images were taken at 1m intervals using
a Nikon D 300 camera. Resultant images were submitted in electronic format to the CMS for data analysis.
The benthic topography of this site was comprised of gentle slopes, white sand patches and large dead coral
boulders covered with algae. Lobsters, reef fishes, sponges, other marine organisms were also observed. The
general appearance of the reef is shown in Plate 14.
Plate 14: Fairy Hill ‐ Image showing the general appearance of the reef.
2.7.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
A total of nine (9) coral species were identified at the Fairy Hill reef site which made up 3.98% of the benthic
substrate cover. Montastraea annularis (1.43%) was the most common coral species with other species such as
Agaricia agaricites (0.20%), Madracis mirabilis (0.10%), Meandrina meandrites (0.10%), Montastraea faveolata
(0.31%), Porites astreoides (0.41%), Porites porites (0.51%), Siderastrea radians (0.20%) and Siderastrea siderea
(0.72%). Other organisms observed include gorgonians (2.04%), encrusting sponges (0.82%) and erect sponges
(0.20%). This site was also dominated by macroaglae account for 86.41% of the total cover with Dictyota (0.51%),
Halimida (0.72%), Padina (0.82%) and turf algae (17.47%) specifically identified. There were no diseased corals
observed by dead coral an algae accounted for 0.51% of the substrate cover. Sand, pavement and rubble

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 36
accounted for 6.03% of the benthic substrate. These results are presented in Table 7 and illustrated in Figure 10.
Images of the substrates and some of the coral species identified are shown in Plate 15.
Table 7: Fairy Hill ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories.
Major Category Species/Categories Individual % cover Sub total
CORAL Agaricia agaricites 0.20
Madracis mirabilis 0.10
Meandrina meandrites 0.10
Montastraea annularis 1.43
Montastraea faveolata 0.31
Porites astreoides 0.41
Porites porites 0.51
Siderastrea radians 0.20
Siderastrea siderea 0.72 3.98
GORGONIANS Gorgonian 2.04 2.04
SPONGES Encrusting sponge 0.82
Erect sponge 0.20 1.02
ZOANTHIDS Palythoa sp. 0.00 0.00
MACROALGAE Dictyota 0.51
Halimeda 0.72
Macroalgae 66.91
Padina 0.82
Turf algae 17.47 86.41
OTHER LIVE Anemones 0.00 0.00
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE Dead coral with algae 0.51 0.51
CORALLINE ALGAE Coralline algae 0.00 0.00
DISEASED CORALS Diseased coral 0.00 0.00
SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE Sand 6.03 6.03
UNKNOWN Unknown 0.00 0.00
Total Percentage Cover 100.00 100.00
# of Coral Species 9

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Figure 10: Fairy Hill ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories. (Substrate
categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live;
DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN –
Unknown.)
Plate 15: Fairy Hill ‐ Images of substrate and some coral species.
Macroalgae
Montastraea annularis
Siderastrea siderea
Porites astreoides

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2.8 BOSTON BAY
2.8.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The monitoring site at Boston Bay was located approximately 100m from the shoreline in average depths of 18m.
The point of entry from land was west of Boston Beach. Monitoring was conducted on July 18, 2009. Five 20m
transects were established and 121 images were taken at 1m intervals using a Nikon D 300 camera. Resultant
images were submitted in electronic format to the CMS for data analysis.
The benthic topography was comprised of gentle slopes, deep trenches, rubble and sand. Also observed were a
wide variety of gorgonians (sea whips, sea plumes, sea rods and sea fans) and some fishes. The general appearance
of the reef is shown in Plate 16.
Plate 16: Boston Bay ‐ Image showing the appearance of the reef.
2.8.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
Twelve (12) species were identified at the Boston Bay site representing a total coral cover of 5.90%. The dominant
coral species was Siderastrea siderea (2.82%) with other species such as Agaricia agaricites (0.44%), Diploria
clivosa (0.09%), Diploria labyrinthiformis (0.09%), Eusmilia fastigiata (0.35%), Meandrina meandrites (0.18%),
Montastraea annularis (0.79%), Montastraea cavernosa (0.09%), Montastraea faveolata (0.09%), Porites
astreoides (0.62%), Porites porites (0.18%), Siderastrea radians (0.18%) also observed. The occurrence of
gorgonians was high, accounting for 8.11% of the benthic cover while encrusting and erect sponges accounted for
2.82% and 0.62% respectively. The macroalge dominated this site, accounting for 75.86% of the benthic cover
including Halimeda (0.18%) and Padina (0.09%). No dead coral and algae or diseased corals were observed and

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Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, UWI 39
sand accounted for 6.70% of the substrate. These results are presented in Table 8 below and illustrated in Figure
11. Images of the substrates and some of the coral species identified are shown in Plate 17.
Table 8: Boston Bay ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories.
Major Category Species/Categories Individual % cover Sub total
CORAL Agaricia agaricites 0.44
Diploria clivosa 0.09
Diploria labyrinthiformis 0.09
Eusmilia fastigiata 0.35
Meandrina meandrites 0.18
Montastraea annularis 0.79
Montastraea cavernosa 0.09
Montastraea faveolata 0.09
Porites astreoides 0.62
Porites porites 0.18
Siderastrea radians 0.18
Siderastrea siderea 2.82 5.90
GORGONIANS Gorgonian 8.11 8.11
SPONGES Encrusting sponge 2.82
Erect sponge 0.62 3.44
ZOANTHIDS Palythoa sp. 0.00 0.00
MACROALGAE Halimeda 0.18
Macroalgae 75.59
Padina 0.09 75.86
OTHER LIVE Anemones 0.00 0.00
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE Dead coral with algae 0.00 0.00
CORALLINE ALGAE Coralline algae 0.00 0.00
DISEASED CORALS Diseased coral 0.00 0.00
SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE Sand 6.70 6.70
UNKNOWN Unknown 0.00 0.00
Total Percentage Cover 100.00 100.00
# of Coral Species 12

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Figure 11: Boston Bay - graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories. (Substrate
categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live;
DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN –
Unknown).
Plate 17: Boston Bay ‐ Images of the substrate and some coral species.
Sponges and Gorgonians
Siderastrea siderea
Diploria labyrinthiformis
Macroalgae

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2.9 POLICEMAN'S HARBOUR
2.9.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The Policeman’s Harbour monitoring site was located 80m from the shore in water of average depth of 15m. The
entry point from land was at Long Road. Monitoring was conducted on July 14, 2009. Five 20m transects were
established and 117 images were taken at 1m intervals using a Canon Powershot A540 camera. Resultant images
were submitted in electronic format o the CMS for data analysis.
The general benthic topography of the Policeman’s Harbour monitoring site was undulating, with some massive
corals interspersed with rocks and rubble. The benthic substrate was mostly algae covered but gorgonians (sea
fans and sea whips) were also observed. The visibility at this site was low and there was evidence of high
sedimentation, possible as the results of inflows from the Black River. The general appearance of the reef is shown
in Plate 18.
Plate 18: Policeman's Harbour ‐ Image of the appearance of the reef.
2.9.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
Eleven (11) coral species were identified at the Policeman’s Harbour reef. This accounted for 13.64% of the total
benthic substrate cover. The most abundant species was Porites astreoides (3.69%), Siderastrea siderea (2.84%),
Montastraea annularis (2.18%), and Agaricia agaricites (2.08%). Other species present include Diploria
labyrinthiformis (0.57%), Diploria strigosa (1.23%), Millipora complanata (0.09%), Montastraea cavernosa (0.09%),
Montastraea faveolata (0.09%), Porites porites (0.66%) and Siderastrea radians (0.09%). Gorgonians (4.17%),
encrusting sponges (2.18%) and erect sponges (0.57%) were also observed. Macroalgae dominated this site
accounting for 72.82% of the benthic cover. The macroalgae component included turf algae (68.56%), Dictyota
(1.23%), Halimeda (0.28%), Padina (0.28%) and other macroalgae (2.46%). Dead coral and algae made up 2.08%
while sand made up 4.36% on the benthic cover. Unknown accounted for 0.19% 0f the benthic cover. These data

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are provided in Table 9 and illustrated in Figure 12. Plate 19 provides some images of the reef included selected
coral species.
Table 9: Policeman’s Harbour ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories.
Major Category Species/Categories Individual % cover Sub total
CORAL Agaricia agaricites 2.08
Diploria labyrinthiformis 0.57
Diploria strigosa 1.23
Millipora complanata 0.09
Montastraea annularis 2.18
Montastraea cavernosa 0.09
Montastraea faveolata 0.09
Porites astreoides 3.69
Porites porites 0.66
Siderastrea radians 0.09
Siderastrea siderea 2.84 13.64
GORGONIANS Gorgonian 4.17 4.17
SPONGES Encrusting sponge 2.18
Erect sponge 0.57 2.75
ZOANTHIDS Palythoa sp. 0.00 0.00
MACROALGAE Dictyota 1.23
Halimeda 0.28
Macroalgae 2.46
Padina 0.28
Turf algae 68.56 72.82
OTHER LIVE Anemones 0.00 0.00
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE Dead coral with algae 2.08 2.08
CORALLINE ALGAE Coralline algae 0.00 0.00
DISEASED CORALS Diseased coral 0.00 0.00
SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE Sand 4.36 4.36
UNKNOWN Unknown 0.19 0.19
Total Percentage Cover 100.00 100.00
# of Coral Species 11

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Figure 12: Policeman's Harbour - graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories.
(Substrate categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR –
Other, live; DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder;
UNKN – Unknown.)
Siderastrea siderea
Porites astreoides
Diploria strigosa
Gorgonian

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Plate 19: Policeman's Harbour – images of the substrate and some coral species.
2.10 BLACK RIVER
2.10.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The Black River monitoring site was located in Long Bay approximately 150m from shore in waters of average
depths of 18m. Entry point to the monitoring site was at the Black River Bridge at Long Bay. Monitoring was
conducted on July 20, 2009. Five 20m transects were established and 102 images were taken at 1m intervals using
a Nikon D300 camera. Resultant images were submitted in electronic format to the CMS for data analysis
The general benthic topography of the Black River site was slightly undulating with sudden shallow drop offs. This
site was also dominated by macroalgae with a few gorgonians observed. The currents were generally strong in
this area and heavily impacted by sediment as a result of the outflow from the Black River. Macroalgae were
common and lionfishes were also observed at this site. The general appearance of the reef is shown in Plate 20.
Plate 20: Black River ‐ image showing the appearance of the reef.
2.10.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
A total of six (6) coral species were identified at the Black River Reef and these made up 6.28% of the benthic
substrate. The species identified included Agaricia agaricites (1.06%), Montastraea annularis (0.43%), Porites
astreoides (2.02%), Porites divaricata (0.21%), Porites porites (0.75%) and Siderastrea siderea (1.81%). The
gorgonians and sponges (encrusting and erect) made up 1.17% each of the substrate while zoanthids accounted
for 0.11%. Macroalgae also dominated by algae which made up 84.45% with dead coral and algae making up only
0.11% of the total. Sand made up 6.71% of the total substrate. These data are provided in Table 10 and illustrated
in Figure 13. Plate 21 provides some images of the reef included selected coral species.

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Table 10: Black River ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories.
Major Category Species/Categories Individual % cover Sub total
CORAL Agaricia agaricites 1.06
Montastraea annularis 0.43
Porites astreoides 2.02
Porites divaricata 0.21
Porites porites 0.75
Siderastrea siderea 1.81 6.28
GORGONIANS Gorgonian 1.17 1.17
SPONGES Encrusting sponge 0.96
Erect sponge 0.21 1.17
ZOANTHIDS Zoanthid 0.11 0.11
MACROALGAE Dictyota 0.53
Halimeda 2.45
Macroalgae 81.47 84.45
OTHER LIVE Anemones 0.00 0.00
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE Dead coral with algae 0.11 0.11
CORALLINE ALGAE Coralline algae 0.00 0.00
DISEASED CORALS Diseased coral 0.00 0.00
SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE Rubble 0.11
Sand 6.60 6.71
UNKNOWN Unknown 0.00 0.00
Total percentage cover 100.00 100.00
# of Coral Species 6

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Figure 13: Black River ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories. (Substrate
categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live;
DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN –
Unknown.)
Plate 21: Black River ‐ images of the substrate and some coral species.
Agaricia agaricites
Montastraea annularis
Siderastrea siderea Porites astreoides

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2.11 SEE ME NO MORE
2.11.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The See Me No More monitoring site was located 280m from shore in water of average depth of 15m. The entry
point from land was at the See Me No More River. Monitoring was conducted on July 20, 2009. Five 20m transects
were established and 103 images were taken at 1m intervals using a Nikon D300 camera. Resultant images were
submitted in electronic format to the CMS for data analysis.
The benthic topography was gently sloping with numerous drop offs. The patch reefs contained large boulder
corals, some rocks, rubble, sand patches. Much of the reef was cover with macroaglae and the lionfish was
observed in this area. The reef was influenced by the Christmas and See Me No More Rivers which resulted in
suspended sediment impacting the reef. Also the currents were very strong in this area. The general appearance of
the reef is shown in Plate 22.
Plate 22: See Me No More – image showing the general appearance of the reef.
2.11.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
Coral cover at the See Me No More reef site was low accounting for only 2.76% of the benthic substrate. The
seven (7) species identified included Agaricia agaricites (0.92%), Diploria labyrinthiformis (0.10%), Montastraea
annularis (0.31%), Montastraea cavernosa (0.10%), Porites astreoides (0.10%), Siderastrea radians (0.20%) and
Siderastrea siderea (1.02%). Gorgonians and sponges (encrusting and erect) accounted or 5.10% and 1.73% of the
substrate respectively. Macroalgae, comprising mainly of turf algae, made up 80.41% of the benthic substrate,
while dead coral and algae accounted for 0.51%. Sand made up 1.94% of the substrate while 7.55% was unknown.
These data are provided in Table 11 and illustrated in Figure 14. Plate 23 provides some images of the reef
included selected coral species.

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Table 11: See Me No More ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories.
Major Category Species/Categories Individual % cover Sub total
CORAL Agaricia agaricites 0.92
Diploria labyrinthiformis 0.10
Montastraea annularis 0.31
Montastraea cavernosa 0.10
Porites astreoides 0.10
Siderastrea radians 0.20
Siderastrea siderea 1.02 2.76
GORGONIANS Gorgonian 5.10 5.10
SPONGES Encrusting sponge 1.33
Erect sponge 0.41 1.73
ZOANTHIDS Palythoa sp. 0.00 0.00
MACROALGAE Padina 0.20
Turf algae 80.20 80.41
OTHER LIVE Anemones 0.00 0.00
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE Dead coral with algae 0.51 0.51
CORALLINE ALGAE Coralline algae 0.00 0.00
DISEASED CORALS Diseased coral 0.00 0.00
SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE Sand 1.94 1.94
UNKNOWN Unknown 7.55 7.55
Total percentage cover 100.00 100.00
# of Coral Species 7

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Figure 14: Se Me No More ‐ graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories. (Substrate
categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live;
DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN –
Unknown).
Plate 23: See Me No More – Images of the substrate and some coral species.
Siderastrea siderea Turf algae (macroalgae)
Montastraea cavernosa
Agaricia agaricites and gorgonians

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2.12 BANANA HOUSE
2.12.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The reef at the Banana House monitoring site was located approximately 100m from shore in waters of 13m. The
point of entry for this site was at the Manchioneal fishing village. Monitoring was conducted on July 21, 2009. Five
20m transects were established and 104 images were taken at 1m intervals using a Nikon D300 camera. Resultant
images were submitted in electronic format to the CMS for data analysis.
The benthic topography at the Banana House monitoring site was similar to that at See Me No More with a
relatively undulating topography characterized by mainly rubble and macroalgae. A few bolder corals and some
gorgonians (sea fans and sea whips) were observed. Diadema and an encrusting black sponge were also observed
at this location. The current was generally moderate to strong with this reef reflecting the influence of the
Christmas and Weybridge Rivers. The general appearance of the reef is shown in Plate 24.
Plate 24: Banana House – image of the appearance of the reef.
2.12.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
At the site at Banana House ten (10) coral species were observed which accounted for 6.42% of the benthic
substrate cover. Siderastrea siderea (3.01%) was the most abundant species with Agaricia agaricites (0.30%),
Diploria clivosa (0.90%), Diploria labyrinthiformis (0.40%), Diploria strigosa (1.00%), Millipora complanata (0.20%),
Montastraea cavernosa (0.30%), Montastraea faveolata (0.10%), Porites porites (0.10%) and Siderastrea radians
(0.10%) also occurred in this area. Gorgonians made up 4.41%) of the benthic substrate while the sponges
(encrusting and erect) accounted for 6.42%. The zoanthids Palythoa sp (0.20%) was also detected. The site was
dominated by macroalgae (67.40%) with dead coral with algae making up only 0.90% of the benthic cover. Sand,
pave and rubble accounted of 14.04%. These data are provided in Table 12 and illustrated in Figure 15. Plate 25
provides some images of the reef included selected coral species.

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Table 12: Banana House ‐ the mean percentage cover for the benthic substrate categories.
Major Category Species/Categories Individual % cover Sub total
CORAL Agaricia agaricites 0.30
Diploria clivosa 0.90
Diploria labyrinthiformis 0.40
Diploria strigosa 1.00
Millipora complanata 0.20
Montastraea cavernosa 0.30
Montastrea faveolata 0.10
Porites porites 0.10
Siderastrea radians 0.10
Siderastrea siderea 3.01 6.42
GORGONIANS Gorgonian 4.41 4.41
SPONGES Encrusting sponge 6.32
Erect sponge 0.10 6.42
ZOANTHIDS Palythoa sp. 0.20 0.20
MACROALGAE Macroalgae 67.40 67.40
OTHER LIVE Other live 0.00 0.00
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE Dead coral with algae 0.80
Recently dead coral 0.10 0.90
CORALLINE ALGAE Coralline algae 0.00 0.00
DISEASED CORALS Diseased coral 0.00 0.00
SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE Sand 14.04 14.04
UNKNOWNS Unknown 0.20 0.20
Total Percentage Cover 100.00 100.00
# of Coral Species 10

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Figure 15: Banana House - graph illustrating the mean percentage cover of the major benthic substrate categories. (Substrate
categories: HCOR ‐ Hard coral; GORG ‐ Gorgonians; SPON – Sponge; ZOAN – Zoanthids; MACA– Macroalgae; OTHR – Other, live;
DCAL ‐ Dead coral with algae; CALG – Coralline algae; DCOR– Diseased coral; SAND – Sand, rubble, rock and boulder; UNKN –
Unknown.)
Plate 25: Banana House – images of the substrate and some coral species
Diploria labyrinthiformis and Diploria strigosa
Siderastrea siderea
Montastraea cavernosa
Gorgonians and macroalgae

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2.13.1 MANCHIONEAL HARBOUR
2.13.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
The monitoring site at Manchioneal Harbour was located approximately 200m from shore in shallow water with
average depths of 3m. The point of entry for this site was the Manchioneal fishing village. Monitoring was
conducted on July 24, 2009. A 100m transect was established at this site and 103 images were taken at 1m
intervals using a Canon Powershot A540 camera. The images were subsequently submitted in electronic format to
the CMS for data analysis
The benthic topography of the Manchioneal Harbour site was generally undulating and rocky with steep but
shallow drop offs. The visibility was generally low as a result of high levels of sedimentation from the Driver River
and the currents were very strong. The benthic substrate was comprised primarily of rocks and rubble with some
patch reefs, gorgonians and macro‐algae. A few sea urchins (Diadema and Echinometra) and encrusting sponges
were observed. The general appearance of the reefs is shown in Plate 26.
Plate 26: Manchioneal Harbour: ‐ image showing the general appearance of the reef.
2.13.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE BENTHIC SUBSTRATE
The reefs at Manchioneal Harbour exhibited low coral cover (4.40%) with only four coral species identified.
Diploria strigosa (2.76%) was the most abundant coral species with Diploria clivosa (1.43%), Montastraea annularis
(0.10%) and Porites astreoides (0.10%) also present. Gorgonians (0.10%) and encrusting sponges (2.86%) were also
observed. This site was dominated by macroalgae, accounting for 78.94% of the benthic substrate which was
comprised primarily of turf algae (76.89%) with Dictyota (0.92%), Halimeda (0.20%0, and Padina (0.31%) also
identified. Dead coral and algae was also observed making up 4.81% of the substrate and sand account for 8.79%
of the total. Unknown accounted for 0.10% of the substrate. These data are provided in Table 13 and illustrated in
Figure 16. Plate 27 provides some images of the reef included selected coral species.