This document discusses gene cloning and its applications. It begins by defining gene cloning as making many identical copies of a particular gene that has been extracted from an organism. It then describes the two main methods of cloning genes - cell-based DNA cloning using restriction enzymes and cell-free DNA cloning using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Examples are given of commercially important cloned crops including Flavr Savr tomato, golden rice, Bt cotton, and Bt brinjal. The document concludes by outlining some biotechnological applications of gene cloning in medicine, including producing protein pharmaceuticals, vaccines, gene therapy, and stem cell research.

3. A wide ranging scientific
field which includes the
manipulation of living
organisms that results in
new products or
processes by that cell.

4. Gregor Johann Mendel
Discovered the Laws
Governing the Genetic
Inheritance of Traits by
Scientific Experimentation.
Founded Modern Genetics.

5. *Creation of RECOMBINANT
DNA
*GENE CLONING
*GENE TRANSFER

7.  When DNA is
extracted from
an organism, all
its genes are
obtained
 In gene (DNA)
cloning a
particular gene is
copied (cloned)

8. WHAT IS GENE CLONING ?
• To "clone a gene" is to
 make many copies of
it
• Act of making many
 identical copies of
gene
• Gene can be an exact
 copy of a natural gene
• Gene can be an altered
 version of a natural

9. Cell based DNA cloning Cell-free DNA cloning (PCR)

10. Blood sample
 DNA is extracted-
here from blood
DNA
 Restriction
enzymes, e.g.
EcoRI, HindIII, etc.,
cut the DNA into
small pieces
 Different DNA
pieces cut with the
same enzyme can
join, or recombine.
RESTRICTION
ENDONUCLEASE

12. PCR technique
ds DNA
Step 1 Denature
Step 2 Anneal
Step 3 Extend

13. 1st cycle
2nd cycle
3rd cycle
4th cycle
5th cycle
6th cycle

14. * Flavr Savr Tomato
*Golden Rice
*BT Cotton
* BT Brinjal

15. DELAYED RIPENING IN TOMATO

16. VIRUS RESISTANT TOMATO

17. NORMAL GOLDEN
RICE RICE

21. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL
APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE
 ProteinPharmaceuticals
 Vaccines & Therapeutic
Agents
 Diagnostics: Protein or DNA
Based
 Gene Therapy
 Stem Cell Research
 Cancer Treatment

22.  Insertion of a new “healthy” gene into the
organism to provide needed (usually)
proteins, hormones etc.
 Gene is carried into the host by a viral
vector that has been disabled
 Can provide relief for many genetic
diseases
 Problems: Jessie Gelsinger, xscid babies
immune responses, and cancer

23. ORAL
VACCINE
HUMULIN

25. 1983 Transgenic Mice 1997 Cloned sheep

26. THANKSSS !!!