2. Common Sense in Philosophical and Scientific Perspective

3. Modern
Philosophical Scientific

4. Common Sense in Philosophical and Scientific Perspective

6. • Plato’s writings, to distance
philosophers from the
common people and to
differentiate true scientific
knowledge (episteme) from
the misguided and murky
opinion (doxa) of the
multitude.
• He advanced the notion that
knowledge of absolute truths is in some
sense innate->Dialectical Reasoning.

7. Influenced by the discoveries and methodologies of modern science, but mirrored this
trend and the long term-effect was to place into DOUBT—SELF-EVIDENTLY TRUE

8. He demonstrate the limitations of the
senses, Descartes proceeds with what is known as
the Wax Argument.
He considers a piece of wax: SENSES such as
•shape
•texture
•size
•color
•Smell
•When he brings the wax towards a flame, these
characteristics change completely
Therefore, in order to properly grasp the
nature of the wax, he cannot use the
senses: He must use his mind. Descartes
concludes:
“Thus what I thought I had seen with my
eyes, I actually grasped solely with the
faculty of judgment, which is in my mind”.

9. Influenced by the discoveries and methodologies of modern science, but mirrored this
trend and the long term-effect was to place into DOUBT—SELF-EVIDENTLY TRUE

10. Hobbes rejected the approach of
Descartes. Deriving all ideas from
the senses in ways that would
become standard fare for later British
Empiricists.
IDEA OF SPACE
derived from mental images - present
things to us as though they were
distinct from us
IDEA OF EXISTENCE
derived from the thought of empty
space being filled.

11. Influenced by the discoveries and methodologies of modern science, but mirrored this
trend and the long term-effect was to place into DOUBT—SELF-EVIDENTLY TRUE

12. •An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding
- “sense that is common to the others”
• The “common” sense, the sense that
unites disparate impressions under a
single concept or experience. It is
therefore allied with "fancy," and
opposed to "judgment," or the
capacity to divide like things into
separates
• All believed that there is a sense in
the human understanding that sees
commonality and does the
combining—this is "common sense."

13. Influenced by the discoveries and methodologies of modern science, but mirrored this
trend and the long term-effect was to place into DOUBT—SELF-EVIDENTLY TRUE

14. Hume believes that all human
knowledge comes to us
through our senses.
2 CATEGORIES OF
PERCEPTIONS:
1. ideas
2. impressions

15. By the term impression, then, I
mean all our more lively
perceptions, when we hear, or
see, or feel, or love, or hate, or
desire, or will. And impressions
are distinguished from
ideas, which are the less lively
perceptions, of which we are
conscious, when we reflect on any
of those sensations or movements
above mentioned.

16. He further specifies ideas, saying,
It seems a proposition, which will not admit
of much dispute, that all our ideas are
nothing but copies of our impressions, or, in
other words, that it is impossible for us to
think of anything, which we have not
antecedently felt, either by our external or
internal senses.
This forms an important aspect of Hume's
skepticism, for he says that we cannot be certain a
thing, such as God, a soul, or a self, exists unless we
can point out the impression from which the idea of
the thing is derived.

17. Influenced by the discoveries and methodologies of modern science, but mirrored this
trend and the long term-effect was to place into DOUBT—SELF-EVIDENTLY TRUE

18. Common Sense in Philosophical and Scientific Perspective

19. SCIENTIFIC

20. Foundation and starting
point of Scientific Inquiry.
-Scientific Reasoning must
begin with known as
obvious truths and
assumptions

21. SCIENTIFIC

22. Bacon used to be called the
father of experimental
science, but his claim to this
title was denied because his
method of tables and
exclusions is not the procedure
of modern science whereby an
experimenter somehow
formulates a guess, tentative
theory, or hypothesis and then
tests it in experiments.

23. Read between the lines and
interprets Bacon with common
sense, it is clear that he realized
the impossibility of reaching final
truth by means of tables and
exclusions or from the 'axioms' or
hypotheses which emerged from
them. Hypothesizing inevitably
was involved in the classifying, in
the selection of prerogative
instances, and in the formulation
of the 'axioms'. Scientific truths
would emerge when these were
tested by systematic
experiments.

24. SCIENTIFIC

25. Johannes Kepler contributed
importantly to every field he
addressed. He changed the face of
astronomy by abandoning
principles that had been in place
for two millennia, made important
discoveries in optics and
mathematics, and was an
uncommonly good philosopher.
Kepler's philosophical ideas have
been dismissed as irrelevant and
even detrimental to his legacy of
scientific accomplishment

27. Galileo was a great scientist and was
surely a genius. He was the first person on
earth to have ever told that the laws of
nature were purely based on
mathematics.

29. For Boyle, the acquisition of
knowledge was an end in itself. He had
a lot to say about experimenting as a
means to gain knowledge about the
natural world.
He was the first natural philosopher to
establish that the suppositions
employed in setting up an experiment
must be validated before proceeding
with the experiment itself.
Something in this approach is akin to a
mathematician's insistence on fundamental truths
(such as the establishment of geometrical theorems)
before proofs can be produced.

30. SCIENTIFIC

31. When Isaac Newton published his
Principia, he stated that he intended to
illustrate a new way of doing natural
philosophy that overcomes some of the
limitations of the axiomatic method. This
method is now called the empirical scientific
method. The goal of Newton’s method was
to find empirically the forces of nature.

32. SCIENTIFIC

33. Common Sense in Philosophical and Scientific Perspective

35. Thomas Reid defended the
common sense, or natural
judgment, of human beings, by
which the real existence of both
subject and object is directly
known (natural realism).

36. He argued that if there is no logical or scientific
proof of a real external world or continuously
existing mind, it is not because they do not exist
or cannot be known, but because human
consciousness of them is
an ultimate fact, which
does not require proof but
is itself the ground of all
proof. Common-sense
beliefs automatically
govern human lives and
thought.

37. Thomas Reid did not give a definition
of common sense per se, but offered
several "principles of common sense:"
• Principles of common sense
are believed universally (with
the apparent exceptions of
some philosophers and the
insane)

38. • It is appropriate to ridicule the denial of
common sense
• The denial of principles
of common sense leads to
contradictions

39. "All knowledge and all science must be
built upon principles that are self-
evident; and of such principles every
man who has common sense is a
competent judge"

41. Pinkers refers to these core truths and
rules as features of common sense, and
argues convincingly that the preciously
dominant understanding of the mind
as a “blank slate” at birth is false.

43. Common Sense in Philosophical and Scientific Perspective
III-H BSE Social Studies
•Caliwagan, Cholo •Dela Cerna, Cindy Joy
•Bombane, Christine •Sison, Lyka Marie
Prof. Sagadraca