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Ch 13_lecture_presentation
1.
© 2012 Pearson
Education, Inc. 13 The Nervous System: Neural Tissue PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska
2.
Introduction • Nervous
System Characteristics • Controls and adjust the activity of the body • Provides swift but brief responses © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.
Introduction • The
nervous system includes: • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Associated with the brain and the spinal cord Integrating, processing, and coordinating Intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Associated with the tissue outside the CNS Neural tissue outside the CNS Provides sensory information to the CNS Carries motor commands to peripheral tissues © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4.
© 2012 Pearson
Education, Inc.
5.
An Overview of
the Nervous System • The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) can be subdivided into: • Afferent: Brings sensory information toward the CNS • Receptors, which transform different stimuli into Action Potential, belong to this division. • Which can be further subdivided into somatic and visceral • Efferent: Carries motor commands away from the CNS • Effectors, that respond to the CNS commands, belong to this division. • Which can be further subdivided into somatic nerves and autonomic nerves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6.
Figure 13.1 The
Nervous System © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain Spinal cord PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Peripheral nerves
7.
An Overview of
the Nervous System • The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Afferent • Sensory portion: monitors skeletal muscles and joints • Visceral portion: monitors smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and other internal organs • Efferent • Somatic nerves: controls skeletal muscle contraction • Autonomic nerves: controls internal organ activities © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
8.
Afferent division The
afferent division carries information from Somatic sensory receptors Skeletal muscles, joints, and the skin Visceral sensory receptors Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands Special sense organs Eye, nose, tongue, and ear © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9.
Efferent division The
efferent division begins inside the CNS and ends at an effector. The efferent division Somatic nervous system (SNS) Skeletal muscle contractions May be voluntary or involuntary Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Visceral motor system Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands Involuntary Includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.
Figure 13.2 A
Functional Overview of the Nervous System © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (brain and spinal cord) Information processing PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Sensory information within afferent division Motor commands within efferent division Includes Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Parasympathetic division RECEPTORS EFFECTORS Sympathetic division Skeletal muscle • Smooth muscle • Cardiac muscle • Glands Special sensory receptors (provide sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing) Somatic sensory receptors (monitor skeletal muscles, joints, skin surface; provide position sense and touch, pressure, pain, and temperature sensations) Visceral sensory receptors (monitor internal organs, including those of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems)
11.
Cellular Organization in
Neural Tissue • Neural tissue consists of two cell types: • Neurons • Nerve cells that are responsible for the transfer and processing of information in the nervous system • Consist of a soma, axon, and dendrites • Neuroglia • Supporting cells • Protect the neuron © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
12.
Figure 3.23a Histology
of Neural Tissue © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Brain Spinal cord Cell body Axon Nucleus of neuron Nucleolus Dendrites Diagrammatic view of a representative neuron
13.
Cellular Organization in
Neural Tissue • Functions of Neuroglia • Provide the framework for the neural tissue • Maintain the intercellular environment • Act as phagocytes • Over 100 billion • Roughly five times the number of neurons • Also called glial cells • Have the ability to reproduce © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
14.
Cellular Organization in
Neural Tissue • Neuroglia Cells • Neuroglia cells of the CNS • Astrocytes • Oligodendrocytes • Microglia • Ependymal cells • Neuroglia cells of the PNS • Satellite cells • Schwann cells © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
15.
Figure 13.4 The
Classification of Neuroglia © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Neuroglia are found in Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System contains contains Satellite cells Schwann cells Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia; regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia Surround all axons in PNS; responsible for myelination of peripheral axons; participate in repair process after injury Myelinate CNS axons; provide structural framework Maintain blood–brain barrier; provide structural support; regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved-gas concentrations; absorb and recycle neurotransmitters; form scar tissue after injury Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord); assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid
16.
Cellular Organization in
Neural Tissue • Neuroglia of the CNS • Astrocytes • Largest and most numerous glial cells • Have a large number of cytoplasmic processes • Control the chemical content of the interstitial environment • Maintain the blood–brain barrier • Isolate the neurons from general circulation Creating a three-dimensional framework for the CNS Performing repairs in damaged neural tissue Guiding neuron development © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
17.
Cellular Organization in
Neural Tissue • Neuroglia of the CNS • Oligodendrocytes • Cytoplasmic extensions contact the somas or axons • Cytoplasmic extensions tie axons together in a sheath of myelin • Microglia • Phagocytic cells • Protect the neuron by removing waste and debris © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
18.
Cellular Organization in
Neural Tissue • Neuroglia of the CNS • Ependymal cells • Line the ventricles of the brain • Line the central canal of the spinal cord • Monitor the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) composition • Some ependymal cells secrete CSF © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
19.
Figure 13.5 Histology
of Neural Tissue in the CNS Gray matter White matter © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Internode Neurons Myelinated axons Myelin (cut) Axon Axolemma Oligodendrocyte Myelin sheath gap Unmyelinated axon Basal lamina Capillary Astrocyte Microglial cell Ependymal cells CENTRAL CANAL
20.
Figure 13.6a The
Ependyma Light micrograph showing the ependymal lining of the central canal © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. POSTERIOR ANTERIOR LM ´ 450 Gray matter White matter Central canal Ependymal cells Central canal Central canal
21.
Cellular Organization in
Neural Tissue • Neuroglia of the PNS • Satellite cells • Regulate the exchange of material between the cell body and the environment • Schwann cells • Also called neurolemmocytes • Form a myelin sheath © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
22.
Figure 13.7 Satellite
Cells and Peripheral Neurons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Nerve cell body Nucleus Satellite cells Connective tissue Peripheral ganglion LM ´ 25
23.
Figure 13.8a Schwann
Cells and Peripheral Axons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Axon hillock Axon Nucleus Dendrite Myelinated internode Initial segment (unmyelinated) Myelin sheath gaps Schwann cell nucleus Axon neurolemma neurolemma Myelin covering internode Axon Axolemma Axons Myelin Myelin sheath TEM ´ 20,600 A single Schwann cell forms the myelin sheath around a portion of a single axon. This situation differs from the way myelin forms inside the CNS. Compare with Figure 13.5.
24.
Figure 13.8b Schwann
Cells and Peripheral Axons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Schwann cell nucleus neurolemma neurolemma Schwann cell Axons Myelin sheath gap Schwann cell nucleus Axons Axons Unmyelinated axons TEM ´ 27,625 A single Schwann cell can encircle several unmyelinated axons. Unlike the situation inside the CNS, every axon in the PNS has a complete neurolemmal sheath.
25.
Cellular Organization in
Neural Tissue • Neuron Structure • Cell body • Nucleus • ER • Ribosomes (Nissl bodies) • Neurofilament • Cell extensions • Dendrite • Axone • Initial segment: the very beginning of the axon • Axon terminal: the very end of the axon • Axon collateral: the side branches of axon. • Axolemma: the outermost covering of an unmyelinated axon. • Nodes: areas of myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
26.
Figure 13.3 A
Review of Neuron Structure Dendrites Cell body Axon Terminal boutons Stimulated by environmental changes or the activities of other cells © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Contains the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and other organelles and inclusions Conducts nerve impulse (action potential) toward synaptic terminals Affect another neuron or effector organ (muscle or gland) Axon hillock Mitochondrion Nucleus Nucleolus Nissl bodies (clusters of RER and free ribosomes) Dendritic spines
27.
Figure 13.9 Anatomy
of a Representative Neuron Multipolar neuron 1. Synapses with another neuron Synapses with another neuron Neuron Dendrites Axolemma 2. Neuromuscular synapses Collateral branch Terminal arborization 3. Neuroglandular synapses Nerve cell body LM ´ 1600 Skeletal muscle A neuron may innervate (1) other neurons, (2) skeletal muscle fibers, or (3) gland cells. Synapses are shown in boxes for each example. A single neuron would not innervate all three. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Neuroglandular synapses Gland cells Neuromuscular synapses Terminal boutons Neuron Dendrite Nucleus Nucleolus Dendritic spines Chromatophilic substance Neurofilament Nerve cell body Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Axon hillock Initial segment of axon Nerve cell body Nucleolus Nucleus Axon hillock Initial segment of axon Chromatophilic substance Neurofilament Terminal boutons Postsynaptic cell Axon (may be myelinated)
28.
Figure 13.10 A
Structural Classification of Neurons Anaxonic neuron Bipolar neuron Pseudounipolar neuron Multipolar neuron © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Dendrites Dendrite Axon Dendrites Dendrites Initial segment Axon Axon Axon Terminal boutons Terminal boutons Terminal boutons Anaxonic neurons have more than two processes, but axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites. Bipolar neurons have two processes separated by the cell body. Pseudounipolar neurons have a single elongate process with the cell body situated to one side. Multipolar neurons have more than two processes; there is a single axon and multiple dendrites.
29.
Cellular Organization in
Neural Tissue • Functional Classification of Neurons • Sensory • Sends information from the PNS to the CNS • Somatic sensory and visceral sensory • Motor • Sends information from the CNS to the periphery • Interneurons • Situated between the motor and sensory neurons • Analyze sensory input and coordinate motor outputs • Can be excitatory or inhibitory © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
30.
Figure 13.2 A
Functional Overview of the Nervous System © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (brain and spinal cord) Information processing PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Sensory information within afferent division Motor commands within efferent division Includes Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Parasympathetic division RECEPTORS EFFECTORS Sympathetic division Skeletal muscle • Smooth muscle • Cardiac muscle • Glands Special sensory receptors (provide sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing) Somatic sensory receptors (monitor skeletal muscles, joints, skin surface; provide position sense and touch, pressure, pain, and temperature sensations) Visceral sensory receptors (monitor internal organs, including those of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems)
31.
Cellular Organization in
Neural Tissue Receptors are monitored by the sensory neurons Exteroceptors = external environment Touch, temperature, and pressure sensations Special senses of sight, smell, and hearing Proprioceptors = internal environment Position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints Information carried in somatic sensory neurons Interoceptors = internal environment Digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems Sensations of deep pressure and pain as well as taste © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
32.
Figure 13.11 A
Functional Classification of Neurons RECEPTORS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Interoceptors Exteroceptors Proprioceptors EFFECTORS Skeletal muscles Skeletal muscle fibers Visceral effectors Smooth muscles Glands Cardiac muscle Adipose tissue © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Afferent fibers Efferent fibers Postganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers Sensory neurons in peripheral ganglia Visceral motor neurons in peripheral motor ganglia Somatic motor neurons Visceral motor neurons in CNS Interneurons = Somatic (sensory & motor) = Visceral (sensory & motor)
33.
The Nerve Impulse
Excitability is the ability of a plasmalemma to conduct electrical impulses. An electrical impulse, or action potential, develops after the plasmalemma is stimulated to its threshold. Nerve impulse is an action potential traveling along an axon. The rate of impulse conduction depends on the properties of the axon, specifically: Presence or absence of myelin sheath The diameter © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
34.
Figure 13.9b Anatomy
of a Representative Neuron 1. Synapses with another neuron Synapses with another neuron Neuron Dendrites Axolemma 2. Neuromuscular synapses Collateral branch Terminal arborization 3. Neuroglandular synapses Skeletal muscle A neuron may innervate (1) other neurons, (2) skeletal muscle fibers, or (3) gland cells. Synapses are shown in boxes for each example. A single neuron would not innervate all three. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Neuroglandular synapses Gland cells Neuromuscular synapses Terminal boutons Neuron
35.
Figure 13.13a The
Structure of a Synapse © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Dendrites Terminal arborization Terminal boutons Postsynaptic neurons Axon Myelin Diagrammatic view of a vesicular synapse between two neurons Synapse Terminal arborization Impulse conduction Endoplasmic reticulum Terminal bouton Mitochondrion Synaptic vesicles Presynaptic membrane Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic membrane
36.
Figure 13.14 Organization
of Neuronal Circuits Divergence Convergence Serial processing Parallel processing Reverberation Divergence, a mechanism for spreading stimulation to multiple neurons or neuronal pools in the CNS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Convergence, a mechanism providing input to a single neuron from multiple sources Serial processing, in which neurons or pools work in a sequential manner Parallel processing, in which individual neurons or neuronal pools process information simultaneously Reverberation, a feedback mechanism that may be excitatory or inhibitory
37.
Figure 13.15 Anatomical
Organization of the Nervous System PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Collections of neuron cell bodies in the PNS RECEPTORS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTORS PATHWAYS GRAY MATTER GRAY MATTER ORGANIZATION Neural Cortex Nuclei WHITE MATTER WHITE MATTER ORGANIZATION Tracts Centers Higher Centers Columns Ganglia Nerves Bundles of axons in the PNS Centers and tracts that connect the brain with other organs and systems in the body Ascending (sensory) pathway Descending (motor) pathway Bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin and destination Several tracts that form an anatomically distinct mass Collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS The most complex centers in the brain Gray matter on the surface of the brain Collections of neuron cell bodies in the CNS; each center has specific processing functions
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