Mughal Garden Persian Garden English Garden Japanese Garden

1. STYLES AND TYPES
OF GARDENS
•Formal
•Informal
•Free
•Wild

2. Features of a formal gardens
•First plan is made on paper and then land is selected accordingly
•Land is levelled
•Symmetrical design
•Geometrical: Square, rectangular, circular beds and borders
•Roads and paths cut at right angle
•Balance is symmetrical as same feature replicated on both sides of
central axis
•Hedges, edges and topiary are trimmed
•Trees can be selected as individual feature
•Mughal, Persian, Italian, French and American gardens

3. Rashtrapati Bhavan

4. Features of informal gardens
• Plan is forced to fit the land
• Main aim is to capture natural scenery
• Land is not levelled
• Asymmetrical design
• Non-geometrical beds and borders
• Untrimmed hedges, edges and topiary
• Individual plants are not selected as feature
• Japanese, Chinese, English gardens

7. Free and Wild style of gardening
In Free style gardening best of both formal
and informal styles are selected to secure the
most picturesque effect
Wild style gardening no rules are followed but
aim is to make the garden beautiful and
natural.

9. Types of Gardens
•Formal garden:
–Persian/ Islamic
–Mughal
–French
–Italian
–American
•Informal gardens:
–English
–Japanese
–Chinese

10. Mughal gardens
Mughal gardens are a group of gardens built by the
Mughals in the Islamic style of architecture.
This style was influenced by Persian gardens.
Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within
the walled enclosures.
Some of the typical features include Pools, fountains
and canals inside the gardens.

11. Features of Mughal gardens
• Site and Style of design
• Walls and Gates
• Terraces
• Running water
• Baradari
• Tomb and Mosque
• Fruit plants and flowers

12. • Site and style: Hill slopes and Perennial revulet
• Gates made out of strong wooden gates at the entrance
which was studded with bold iron nails and pointed iron
spikes.
• Walls:Residences and gardens are surrounded by high
walls (for Security)
• Terraces: 8 terraces, symbol of Paradise, Some time 7 also
• Running water; Streams and fountains
• Baradari: Arbour like stracture made up of Stone masonry
items, 12 doors
• Tomb and Mosaue: common practice of Mughals
• Trees and plants: Fruit trees, flowers(rose, jasmine,
hollyhock etc.)

13. Nishat Bagh

16. Founatains on terraces in Nishat Bagh

17. Mughal Gardens in Pinjore in Haryana

18. Mughal Gardens in Pinjore in Haryana

19. Safdarjung tomb, New Delhi
Safdar Jung

20. Shahdara Bagh
Shahdara Bagh, is a northern suburb of Lahore, Pakistan

21. 410 fountains
Almond
Apple
Apricot
Cherry
Gokcha
Mango
Mulberry
Peach
Plum
Poplar
Quince Seedless
Sapling of
Cypress
Shrubs
Sour & sweet
oranges
Trees of the Gardens

22. Some examples of Mughal gardens are
Shalimar garden-Lohare
Lalbagh fort at Dhaka
Shalimar garden (J&K)

23. Sites of Mughal gardens
India
Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (Nizamuddin)
Taj Mahal, Agra
Ram Bagh, Agra
Mehtab Bagh, Agra
Safdarjung's Tomb
Shalimar Bagh(Srinagar), Jammu and
Kashmir
Nishat Gardens, Jammu and Kashmir
Yadvindra Gardens, Pinjore
Khusro Bagh, Allahabad
Roshanara Bagh
Pakistan
Chauburji (The Gate to the
Mughal Gardens)
Lahore Fort
Shahdara Bagh
Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)
Hazuri Bagh

24. Features of Persian gardens
• Based on idea of heaven
• Strictly formal and symmetrical
• Beautiful architectural work
• Laid out after cutting terraces
• Water flowing canals- main feature
• Planted cypress as symbol of eternity
• Fruit tree as symbol of life
They used for their gardens all crafted materials such as masonry,
carved and pierced marble stones, and highly polished stones.

25. French garden
Symmetry and geometry
very intricate and artificial
In the sixteenth-century France, the court life was
shrouded with stiff formality and exactness. Matching with
that the French style of garden designs were also very
intricate and artificial.
Until this time the French gardens were nothing but copies
of Italian style.

26. The new style of gardening now known as French style is
largely, rather solely, due to the efforts of Le Notre who
served in the Royal Garden of Louis XIV from 1643 to 1700.
He elevated the art of garden design to a standard which
had never since been reached. It was Le Notre who showed
to the world the impact in impressiveness of scale, on
garden design.
His main creations, the gardens at Versailles, have avenues
which are memorable for their tremendous length and width.
To design a garden at Vauxe-le-Vicomte, his first master
piece, Le Notre had removed three villages to create his
vista. The moral of French garden style of Le Notre seems
to teach the lesson “How to Think Big”.

28. vaux le vicomte garden

31. vaux le vicomte garden
HOW TO THINK BIG
evolution and mastery of the art of formal garden

32. Key Features of a French Garden Design
The focus of the garden -house, usually a palace and paths
radiate out of this creating long axial views.
A geometric plan
A central axis leads away from the house
Paths tend to be gravel and edged with clipped hedges and
topiary laid out in symmetrical patterns.
Water is often a key feature of French garden
Close to the house planting is kept low (no trees) and tends
to consist of parterres.
Trees are always planted in straight lines adding
perspective and reinforcing the symmetry of the garden.
Statuary is often used in French Garden Design.
In the great French formal gardens there is almost always a
terrace from where the garden and its symettry can be seen
from above

33. Italian Garden
• There is a similarity between the Persian and
Mughal styles - Use of heavy masonary features
• Glamorous outdoor hall - Showing off wealth and
status
• Prominent features are massive flight of stairs,
generally of marble, to connect the different levels in
the garden

34. Features of Italian garden
• Decorative urns
• Fountains generally in combination with
stone sculptures
• Statues

39. Italian Garden Fountain

44. ❖ The English garden, also called English landscape park
❖ Is a style of Landscape garden which emerged in England
in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe
Replacing the more formal, symmetrical of the 17th
century as the principal gardening style of Europe.
The English garden presented an idealized view of nature,
English garden

45. Key factors of English gardening
•Typical grassland climate in England
•High annual rainfall
•Gardening is hobby of rich peoples
•English men were very fond of flowers
•British garden architects Repton and Capability
Brown advocated the concept that British gardens
should look like the countryside

46. Essential features of English
gardens
• Lawn
• Herbaceous border, and
• Rockery
• Shrubbery

47. Kew garden, London

48. Kew garden, London

49. Kew garden, London

53. Japanese Gardens

54. are traditional gardens whose designs are
accompanied by
Japanese aesthetic and philosophical ideas, avoid
artificial ornamentation, and highlight the natural
landscape
The main purpose of a Japanese garden is to
attempt to be a space that captures the natural
beauties of nature.

55. ❖Japanese garden based on idea of heaven
❖Informal style
“Unless a garden has an air of peace, it is not
worth place for visiting and garden should be a
place where mind finds rest and relaxation”

56. Features of Japanese gardens
•Ornamental water: pond or stream, or, in the dry
rock garden, represented by white sand,
waterfalls, fountains, wells, water basins
•Islands
•Bridges
•Stone lanterns
•Stones
•Pergolas
•Fences and gates
•Plants

57. In Buddhist symbolism, water and stone are
the yin and yang, two opposites that complement
and complete each other. A traditional garden
will usually have an irregular-shaped pond or, in
larger gardens, two or more ponds connected by
a channel or stream, and a cascade, a miniature
version of Japan's famous mountain waterfalls.
Ornamental water: pond or stream, or, in the
dry rock garden, represented by white sand,
•waterfalls, fountains, wells, water basins

58. In traditional gardens, the ponds and streams
are carefully placed according to
Buddhist geomancy, the art and science of
putting things in the place most likely to attract
good fortune.
"The Creation of Gardens“ Manual
"ocean style"
"broad river style"
marsh pond"
mountain torrent style
rose letters

61. Traditional Japanese gardens have small islands in the
lakes. In sacred temple gardens, there is usually an island
which represents Mount Penglai or Mount Hōrai, the
traditional home of the Eight Immortals.
Islands
"mountainous island
rocky island
"cloud island
misty island

66. Garden bridges
The bridge symbolized the path to paradise and
immortality.

73. Rocks and sand
Rock, sand and gravel are an essential feature of
the Japanese garden.
A vertical rock may represent Mount Horai, the
legendary home of the Eight Immortals.
A flat rock might represent the earth.
Sand or gravel can represent a beach, or a flowing
river.
Rocks and water also symbolize yin and yang
(in and yō in Japanese) in Buddhist philosophy; the
hard rock and soft water complement each other,
and water, though soft, can wear away rock.

74. Rocks are arranged in careful compositions of
two, three, five or seven rocks, with three being
the most common. In a three-arrangement, a
tallest rock usually represents heaven, the
shortest rock is the earth, and the medium-sized
rock is humanity, the bridge between heaven
and earth.
White sand represented purity

79. Stone lanterns and water basins
During the Momoyama period they were introduced to the
tea garden by the first great tea masters, and in later
gardens they were used purely for decoration.

80. It represents the five elements of Buddhist cosmology. The piece
touching the ground represents chi, the earth; the next section
represents sui, or water; ka or fire, is represented by the section
encasing the lantern's light or flame, while fū (air) and kū (void or
spirit) are represented by the last two sections, top-most and pointing
towards the sky. The segments express the idea that after death our
physical bodies will go back to their original, elemental form.

82. Stone water basins,
(tsukubai) were originally
placed in gardens for
visitors to wash their hands
and mouth before the tea
ceremony. The water is
provided to the basin by a
bamboo pipe, or kakei, and
they usually have a
wooden ladle for drinking
the water. In tea gardens,
the basin was placed low
to the ground, so the
drinker had to bend over to
get his water.

83. Garden fences, gates

86. Tree and flower
Trees are carefully chosen and arranged for their autumn
colors.
Moss is often used to suggest that the garden is ancient.
Flowers are also carefully chosen by their season of
flowering.
Formal flowerbeds are rare in older gardens, but more
common in modern gardens.
Some plants are chosen for their religious symbolism, such
as the lotus, sacred in Buddhist teachings, or the pine,
which represents longevity.

88. The trees are carefully trimmed to provide attractive
scenes, and to prevent them from blocking other views
of the garden.

90. Fish
The use of fish, particularly colored carp or goldfish as
a decorative element in gardens was borrowed from
the Chinese garden.

91. Japanese gardens style
• Hill gardens (Tsukiyama-sansui)
• Flat gardens (Hira-niwa)
• Tea gardens (Soto-roji and Uchi-roji)
• Passage gardens ( Roji-niwa)
• Sand gardens ( Ryoanji)

92. The tea garden was created during the Muromachi
period (1333–1573) and Momoyama period(1573–1600) as a
setting for the Japanese tea ceremony, or chanoyu.
The style of garden takes its name from the roji, or path to
the teahouse, which is supposed to inspire the visitor to
meditation to prepare him for the ceremony.

93. There is an outer garden, with a gate and covered arbor
where guests wait for the invitation to enter. They then pass
through a gate to the inner garden, where they wash their
hands and rinse their mouth, as they would before entering a
Shinto shrine, before going into the teahouse itself. The path
is always kept moist and green, so it will look like a remote
mountain path, and there are no bright flowers that might
distract the visitor from his meditation.
Early tea houses had no windows, but later teahouses have a
wall which can be opened for a view of the garden.