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Activated carbon and UV
treatment in TOC
removal field tests

Tero Luukkonen, 20.10.2011
Main participants in the project
Contents

 Active carbon tests
 TOC reductions
 Effects on conductivity of water
 Silica

 UV treatment tests
 TOC reductions
 Effects of number of UV lamps, wavelenght, H2O2 and
TiO2 catalyst

 LC-OCD measurement results
Active carbon tests: experimental
set-up

Water treatment process of Stora Enso Oulu mill
Active carbon tests: experimental
set-up

Test scheme of pilot scale AC filters.

demineralized water

Test scheme of full scale AC filters.
AC 1

MB

AC 2
Active carbon: TOC reductions
Pilot scale AC filters
Full scale AC filters

Residual TOC removal 38 – 57 %
Residual TOC removal 40 – 65 %
Active carbon: LC-OCD results
(after ~ 10 months in use)
demineralized water: 155 ppb
5

29

AC1: 62 ppb

2

3

18

22

72

0

31

0

26

MB: 125 ppb 14

9

0

AC2: 37 ppb

32

2

0
14

0
49

17
0

30
5
AC vs. RO (LC-OCD)
AC + MB + AC: 37 ppb
2

0
14

RO (Ahlholmens Kraft): 42 ppb
17
3
0
5

AC: 62 ppb

3

2
18

34
31

0
9

0

3

0 2
Active carbon: conductivity
Pilot scale AC filters and MB unit
0,090

Full scale AC filter

0,070

0,300

0,060
0,250

0,050
0,040
0,030
0,020
0,010
0,000
18.12.10

3.3.11
AC1

17.5.11
MB

31.7.11

AC2

Conductivity (mS/m)

Conductivity mS/m

0,080

0,200
0,150
0,100
0,050
0,000
23.3.11

2.5.11

Full scale AC

11.6.11
MB
Active carbon: conductivity,
some remarks

 MB unit needed after AC to decrease conductivity
 Correlation between TOC removal efficiency and
conductivity was a bit unclear (linear R2 only ~ 0,5)
 Conductivity rise at AC bed was due release of ionized
compounds from AC itself – not ionization of TOC
 AC bed was not operating as biological filter because
of low nutrient content of water
Active carbon: silica

0,250
0,200
Silica (g/l)

 Silica causes severe
scale problems in
water-steam cycle
 Measured on-line
during full scale test
 New AC bed released
silica for ~ 2 weeks
 Silica was removed
with subsequent MB

0,150
0,100
0,050
0,000
23.3.11

12.5.11

1.7.11
UV treatment: experimental set-up
Influent water

UV champers

Demineralized
water

UV

MB unit
MB
UV treatment: results

 One chamber: max. 30 % TOC removal
 Four chambers: only 4 % increase in TOC removal
 Effect of TiO2 catalyst: negligible
 Effect of H2O2: ? (experimental set-up failed: plastic piping
released organic compounds)
 Effect of wavelenght:
 Medium pressure lamp (wavelenght peaks at 254 nm and 185
nm): better (30 % TOC removal)
 Low pressures lamp (wavelengh peak sharply at 185 nm): not
that effective
TiO2 catalyst

 TiO2
should
enhance
hydroxyl radical
formation
 This type of
catalyst (porous
net) had no
effect
UV treatment: H2O2 dosing

H2O2 (35 %), elevated to ~ 40 m from dosing point

Flowmeter
 Unknown peaks in
LC-OCD
chromatogram
which are probably
plastic additives
UV treatment: LC-OCD
demineralized water: 155 ppb
5

29

UV: 108 ppb
19

0 6 0

22

72

36

0
26

UV + MB: 113 ppb
4 0

47

7 0
16

87
Conclusions: AC

 Active carbon can remove up to 40 - 60 % of residual
organic material (TOC)
 AC bed lifetime before regeneration is at least 10
months
 Subsequent MB is needed to remove elevated
conductivity and silica
 AC works fine in full scale
Conclusions: UV

 UV treatment was able to remove up to 30 % of residual
TOC
 Removal efficiency did not improve with:





Lower wave lenght (more energy)
H2O2 (oxidant)
TiO2 (catalyst)
Number of UV chambers (contact time)

 Possible reason for this: water should be pretreated with
e.g. RO (this is normal procedure in microelectronic or
pharmaceutical industry water treatment)

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Presentation given at SKYREC seminar, 2011

  • 1. Activated carbon and UV treatment in TOC removal field tests Tero Luukkonen, 20.10.2011
  • 2. Main participants in the project
  • 3. Contents  Active carbon tests  TOC reductions  Effects on conductivity of water  Silica  UV treatment tests  TOC reductions  Effects of number of UV lamps, wavelenght, H2O2 and TiO2 catalyst  LC-OCD measurement results
  • 4. Active carbon tests: experimental set-up Water treatment process of Stora Enso Oulu mill
  • 5. Active carbon tests: experimental set-up Test scheme of pilot scale AC filters. demineralized water Test scheme of full scale AC filters.
  • 7. Active carbon: TOC reductions Pilot scale AC filters Full scale AC filters Residual TOC removal 38 – 57 % Residual TOC removal 40 – 65 %
  • 8. Active carbon: LC-OCD results (after ~ 10 months in use) demineralized water: 155 ppb 5 29 AC1: 62 ppb 2 3 18 22 72 0 31 0 26 MB: 125 ppb 14 9 0 AC2: 37 ppb 32 2 0 14 0 49 17 0 30 5
  • 9. AC vs. RO (LC-OCD) AC + MB + AC: 37 ppb 2 0 14 RO (Ahlholmens Kraft): 42 ppb 17 3 0 5 AC: 62 ppb 3 2 18 34 31 0 9 0 3 0 2
  • 10. Active carbon: conductivity Pilot scale AC filters and MB unit 0,090 Full scale AC filter 0,070 0,300 0,060 0,250 0,050 0,040 0,030 0,020 0,010 0,000 18.12.10 3.3.11 AC1 17.5.11 MB 31.7.11 AC2 Conductivity (mS/m) Conductivity mS/m 0,080 0,200 0,150 0,100 0,050 0,000 23.3.11 2.5.11 Full scale AC 11.6.11 MB
  • 11. Active carbon: conductivity, some remarks  MB unit needed after AC to decrease conductivity  Correlation between TOC removal efficiency and conductivity was a bit unclear (linear R2 only ~ 0,5)  Conductivity rise at AC bed was due release of ionized compounds from AC itself – not ionization of TOC  AC bed was not operating as biological filter because of low nutrient content of water
  • 12. Active carbon: silica 0,250 0,200 Silica (g/l)  Silica causes severe scale problems in water-steam cycle  Measured on-line during full scale test  New AC bed released silica for ~ 2 weeks  Silica was removed with subsequent MB 0,150 0,100 0,050 0,000 23.3.11 12.5.11 1.7.11
  • 13. UV treatment: experimental set-up Influent water UV champers Demineralized water UV MB unit MB
  • 14. UV treatment: results  One chamber: max. 30 % TOC removal  Four chambers: only 4 % increase in TOC removal  Effect of TiO2 catalyst: negligible  Effect of H2O2: ? (experimental set-up failed: plastic piping released organic compounds)  Effect of wavelenght:  Medium pressure lamp (wavelenght peaks at 254 nm and 185 nm): better (30 % TOC removal)  Low pressures lamp (wavelengh peak sharply at 185 nm): not that effective
  • 15. TiO2 catalyst  TiO2 should enhance hydroxyl radical formation  This type of catalyst (porous net) had no effect
  • 16. UV treatment: H2O2 dosing H2O2 (35 %), elevated to ~ 40 m from dosing point Flowmeter
  • 17.  Unknown peaks in LC-OCD chromatogram which are probably plastic additives
  • 18. UV treatment: LC-OCD demineralized water: 155 ppb 5 29 UV: 108 ppb 19 0 6 0 22 72 36 0 26 UV + MB: 113 ppb 4 0 47 7 0 16 87
  • 19. Conclusions: AC  Active carbon can remove up to 40 - 60 % of residual organic material (TOC)  AC bed lifetime before regeneration is at least 10 months  Subsequent MB is needed to remove elevated conductivity and silica  AC works fine in full scale
  • 20. Conclusions: UV  UV treatment was able to remove up to 30 % of residual TOC  Removal efficiency did not improve with:     Lower wave lenght (more energy) H2O2 (oxidant) TiO2 (catalyst) Number of UV chambers (contact time)  Possible reason for this: water should be pretreated with e.g. RO (this is normal procedure in microelectronic or pharmaceutical industry water treatment)