By administering assessments and analyzing the results, targeted and individualized interventions can be determined to best serve the needs of students with disabilities. The actual implementation of the interventions provides teachers opportunities to collect data and gauge the effectiveness of the interventions in addressing documented student needs. Teachers can also gain important skills and knowledge on how to best advocate for practical classroom interventions. Teachers will also be able to collaborate with colleagues and families in mentoring students to take ownership of learning strategies. Allocate at least 2 hours in the field to support this field experience, Part 1: Assessment and Interventions Select at least one student to whom you will administer the informal RTI assessment created in Clinical Field Experience A. Score the assessment and share the results with the student to increase understanding of his or her strengths and areas for improvement. Collaborate with the certified special education teacher and the student to develop 2-3 interventions based on the student assessment data to support the student’s progress in the classroom. In addition, detail one intervention that can be incorporated at home with family support. Use any remaining field experience hours to assist the teacher in providing instruction and support to the class. Part 2: Reflection In 250-500 words, summarize and reflect upon the following: · Describe each intervention, including teacher, student, and family roles, where applicable. · Your experiences administering the assessment, analyzing the results, and providing the student feedback on his or her performance. · Explain how you expect the interventions you developed to meet the needs of the student, incorporating his or her assessment results in your response. · Explain how you will use your findings in your future professional practice. APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. This assignment uses a rubric. Review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance. 6 Annotated Bibliography Student’s Name Course Instructor’s name. Institutional Affiliation October 7, 2021. Annotated Bibliography Ali, H., Ibrahem, S. Z., Al Mudaf, B., Al Fadalah, T., Jamal, D., & El-Jardali, F. (2018). Baseline assessment of patient safety culture in public hospitals in Kuwait. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-2960-x The researchers conducted a cross-sectional study in 16 public hospitals in Kuwait using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC). The study aimed to assess patient safety culture in public hospitals as perceived by hospital staff and relate the findings similar to regional and international ...

1. By administering assessments and analyzing the results,
targeted and individualized interventions can be determined to
best serve the needs of students with disabilities. The actual
implementation of the interventions provides teachers
opportunities to collect data and gauge the effectiveness of the
interventions in addressing documented student needs. Teachers
can also gain important skills and knowledge on how to best
advocate for practical classroom interventions. Teachers will
also be able to collaborate with colleagues and families in
mentoring students to take ownership of learning strategies.
Allocate at least 2 hours in the field to support this field
experience,
Part 1: Assessment and Interventions
Select at least one student to whom you will administer the
informal RTI assessment created in Clinical Field Experience A.
Score the assessment and share the results with the student to
increase understanding of his or her strengths and areas for
improvement.
Collaborate with the certified special education teacher and the
student to develop 2-3 interventions based on the student
assessment data to support the student’s progress in the
classroom. In addition, detail one intervention that can be
incorporated at home with family support.
Use any remaining field experience hours to assist the teacher
in providing instruction and support to the class.
Part 2: Reflection
In 250-500 words, summarize and reflect upon the following:
· Describe each intervention, including teacher, student, and
family roles, where applicable.
· Your experiences administering the assessment, analyzing the
results, and providing the student feedback on his or her
performance.
· Explain how you expect the interventions you developed to
meet the needs of the student, incorporating his or her

2. assessment results in your response.
· Explain how you will use your findings in your future
professional practice.
APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is
expected.
This assignment uses a rubric. Review the rubric prior to
beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A
link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in
Class Resources if you need assistance.
6
Annotated Bibliography
Student’s Name
Course
Instructor’s name.
Institutional Affiliation
October 7, 2021.
Annotated Bibliography
Ali, H., Ibrahem, S. Z., Al Mudaf, B., Al Fadalah, T., Jamal, D.,
& El-Jardali, F. (2018). Baseline assessment of patient safety

3. culture in public hospitals in Kuwait. BMC Health Services
Research, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-2960-x
The researchers conducted a cross-sectional study in 16 public
hospitals in Kuwait using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety
Culture (HSOPSC). The study aimed to assess patient safety
culture in public hospitals as perceived by hospital staff and
relate the findings similar to regional and international study
findings. There was a low representation from physicians but
the authors managed to obtain input from different healthcare
providers which gave a more comprehensive view on patient
safety culture. According to the authors, the overall hospital
culture reflects on the actions of the facility regarding patient
safety and it is evident in patient outcomes. Patient safety
culture is important for healthcare facilities wishing to improve
the safety and quality of medical services.
Alquwez, N., Cruz, J. P., Almoghairi, A. M., Al-otaibi, R. S.,
Almutairi, K. O., Alicante, J. G., & Colet, P. C. (2018). Nurses’
perceptions of patient safety culture in three hospitals in Saudi
Arabia. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 50(4), 422-
431. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12394
The authors of this article used a descriptive cross-sectional
design to assess the patient safety culture of chosen general
hospitals in Saudi Arabia based on nurses’ perceptions. Nurses
play a bigger part in safeguarding patients since they act as the
frontline advocates as the key implementers of quality and
safety initiatives in the clinical setting. The purpose of the
study was to provide an assessment of the safety culture in the
specified hospitals as a way of understanding the strengths and
weaknesses of the existing culture. The study evaluated the
beliefs, norms, and practices in three public hospitals. The
study recommended the establishment of non-punitive culture
and training of nurses working across all hospital units to
promote a safety culture.
Amiri, M., Khademian, Z., & Nikandish, R. (2018). The effect
of nurse empowerment educational program on patient safety
culture: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Medical

4. Education, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1255-6
A patient safety culture is where healthcare workers are aware
of errors and are encouraged to discuss them to improve the
quality and safety of care. patient safety culture is associated
with few adverse events and lower rates of patient
complications as a result of medical errors. It improves the
ability of nurses to learn from mistakes and improve patient
care. The study involved a randomized controlled trial of 60
nurses and 20 supervisors of three selected hospitals. The study
aimed at providing valuable information on patient safety
culture. The authors recommended healthcare facilities and
hospitals improve patient safety culture by employing adequate
staff and encouraging health care staff to report cases of
medical errors.
Carvalho, R. E., Arruda, L. P., Nascimento, N. K.,
Sampaio, R. L., Cavalcante, M. L., & Costa, A. C. (2017).
Assessment of the culture of safety in public hospitals in
Brazil. Revista Latino-Americana de
Enfermagem, 25(0). https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-
8345.1600.2849
The authors administered Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ)
to healthcare practitioners in three public hospitals in Brazil.
The study hypothesis is that the in-depth assessment of patient
safety culture allows a wider view of the factors affecting
patient safety in the hospitals. The assessment of patient safety
culture entails planning of actions targeting the quality care for
patients emphasizing organizational improvement. The findings
of this study complemented similar studies conducted in
Hungary and Norway, in all these studies, the health care
professionals presented a good perception of stressing factors in
their working environment. The findings show that problems
concerning workload and restrictions on autonomy result in
aversion and emotional exhaustion to the patient.
Danielsson, M., Nilsen, P., Rutberg, H., & Årestedt, K. (2017).
A national study of patient safety culture in hospitals in
Sweden. Journal of Patient Safety, 15(4), 328-

5. 333. https://doi.org/10.1097/pts.0000000000000369
According to Danielsson et al., 2017, failures in health care
have been associated with weak patient safety culture which
contributes to adverse events. Safety culture is how safety is
seen and treated by members of organizations. The study
involved cross-sectional surveys of health care practitioners in
Swedish health care. The findings indicated that culture
dimensions HSPSC contributes to the overall patient safety than
background characteristics, showing that the dimensions are
vital in the efforts to improve the patient safety culture. The
findings were consistent with other studies concerning specific.
A greater level of patient safety culture implies an increased
possibility for high patient safety. High overall patient care
among providers was associated with age, professional
experience, and leadership position.
Farokhzadian, J., Dehghan Nayeri, N., & Borhani, F. (2018).
The long way ahead to achieve an effective patient safety
culture: Challenges perceived by nurses. BMC Health Services
Research, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3467-1
This study aimed to explore the nurses’ experiences of the
factors influencing the implementation and incorporation of a
safety culture in healthcare. The prevalence of safety incidents
and clinical risks are on the rise every day and this has become
an increasing challenge in healthcare. Although there is little
information concerning the extent of the problem, many people
suffer injuries or death as a result of clinical errors. The study
employed a content analysis method. The essential components
for improving safety culture in hospitals include leadership
support, teamwork, communication, and an objective culture
while prioritizing learning and reporting in the facility. Patient
safety culture emphasizes predictive and preventive measures of
safety.
Gutberg, J., & Berta, W. (2017). Understanding middle
managers’ influence in implementing patient safety
culture. BMC Health Services
Research, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2533-4

6. Gutberg, 2017 responds to the calls for research on explicating
factors affecting efforts to implement fundamental changes in
healthcare contexts, and emphasizes patient safety culture as the
radical change implementation. Leadership is the most
impactful aspect promoting the move towards a patient safety
culture. Gutberg proposed that middle managers can use their
position in the organization to engage upper and lower-level
managers in promoting a patient safety culture. Middle
managers can do this through their communication role as a link
between the upper and low-level managers. According to the
study, organizations' leadership plays an important role in the
implementation of change and it affects substantial reforms in
organizations, particularly the organizational culture change
efforts.
Lawati, M. H., Dennis, S., Short, S. D., & Abdulhadi, N. N.
(2018). Patient safety and safety culture in primary health care:
A systematic review. BMC Family
Practice, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0793-7
Millions of patients globally suffer injuries, disabilities, or
death every year due to unsafe medical practices. This has
increased the recognition of the significance of patient safety
and the integration of patient safety approaches into the
strategic plans of healthcare organizations. This study involved
the review of articles on the topic. The important step to
improve patient safety culture is addressing and understanding
the safety culture of the organization. This will enable the
organization to identify its weaknesses and areas of
improvement. Other essential aspects to improve patient safety
culture include; communication openness, patient care follow-
up, and work pressure. The area that requires attention in
ensuring patient safety is the number of staff and providers to
handle patients.
Smith, S. A., Yount, N., & Sorra, J. (2017). Exploring
relationships between hospital patient safety culture and
consumer reports safety scores. BMC Health Services
Research, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2078-6

7. The authors hypothesized that patient safety culture is
associated with hospital outcomes. Smith et al. assessed health
care staff and provider perceptions on patient safety issues,
event reporting, and medical errors. Other studies have linked
patient safety culture with patient experience. Some authors
have found that there is a relationship between patient safety
culture and the indicators of safety, which are normally used to
calculate Hospital Safety Score. Higher patient safety culture
scores indicate were fewer adverse events associated with
medical errors in hospitals. This research lays the groundwork
for further research on the relationships between care staff and
provider perceptions of patient safety culture and the reported
patient safety scores.
Wu, C., Wu, H., Lee, Y., & Huang, C. (2019). What attributes
determine overall satisfaction in patient safety culture? An
empirical study of the perceptions of hospital staff in
Taiwan. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 49(1),
20180713. https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20180713
The authors administered Safety Attitudes Questionnaires
(CSAQ) to staff in hospitals through an online survey
application. The findings of the study were similar to those of
previous research, the understanding of patient safety culture
perceptions among different medical staff helps hospital
management to implement policies that are explicitly oriented
toward improving safety and quality strategies. Wu et al.
recommend that health care organizations should consider
employing well-trained personnel and promoting concordant
teams and higher-level managers must adopt policies that
improve the working environment. Patient safety culture is not
only important for patients but also impacts the overall
satisfaction of nurses, physicians, other health care
professionals, and administrative staff.
6

8. Selecting sources
Student’s Name
Course
Instructor’s name.
Institutional Affiliation
September 20, 2021.
Selecting sources
Patient safety culture.
Culture is the shared values and beliefs that interact with a
system’s control mechanism and structures to produce
behavioral norms. Culture impacts patient safety by
determining appropriate practices and acting as an enabler and
barrier to accepting behaviors that promote patient safety. It is
crucial to understanding the components and factors affecting
culture and evaluating a safety culture to developing strategies
to create a culture committed to providing the safest care for
patients. Patient safety remains a developmental challenge in
many countries. Safety culture assessment helps health care
organizations assess areas that need improvement and identify
changes over time. The most effective strategy for improving
the quality of care is influencing the perception of health care
professionals towards patient safety.
Empirical studies.
The safety culture dimensions, including teamwork,

9. management support for patient safety, and staffing, contribute
to overall patient safety (Danielsson et al., 2017). The research
involved a cross-sectional survey of Sweden healthcare
professionals; the researchers analyzed the associations between
patient safety and 12 culture dimensions. I chose this article
because it contributes to nursing practice. Empowering nurses
improve the overall patient safety culture (Amiri et al., 2018).
This article is essential for this topic; the insights are important
for healthcare leaders, managers, and decision-makers wishing
to improve or create a patient safety culture in their
organization.
The purpose of the article by (Alquwez et al., 2018) is to assess
the patient safety culture of three general hospitals in Saudi
Arabia, as perceived by nurses. This article provides valuable
insights into the topic of interest. It analyses the perception of
nurses on factors contributing to patient safety culture. The
statistically significant factors contributing to patient safety
culture include teamwork within units, organizational training
on continuous improvement, communication and feedback about
the error, staffing, and reporting frequency. According to
(Carvalho et al., 2017), managerial actions contribute to patient
safety culture weakness. The article provides insights that are
important in preventing poor patient care.
The risk of harm to staff, patients, and organizations increases
due to factors including a shortage of resources, lack of staff
empowerment and professional competence, and unfavorable
working conditions (Farokhzadian et al., 2018). Shortage of
resources hinders the implementation of safety programs. This
article is important to improving future healthcare culture and
patient safety. There is a relationship between hospital staff
perceptions of patient safety culture and the Consumer Reports
Hospital Safety Score (Smith et al., 2017). The analysis lay a
background groundwork for future research assessing the
relationships between staff perceptions of patient safety culture
and widely reported patient safety scores. The overall
satisfaction with patient safety culture is highly influenced by

10. perceptions of the management (Wu et al., 2019). I chose the
article by (Wu et al., 2019) because the methods used for the
study are appropriate and reliable.
Other studies.
According to (Lawati et al., 2018), incident reporting is crucial
in achieving patient safety. Healthcare facilities should develop
a culture of incident reporting which helps in tracking and
investigating incidents. I chose the article because it is relevant
to the topic; it provides information on developing a patient
safety culture. Managers play an essential role in creating
stronger patient safety cultures (Gutberg & Berta, 2017). The
part of middle management includes facilitating communication
throughout the organization. Improving patient safety culture is
important to the quality and safety of medical services (Ali et
al., 2018)
References
Ali, H., Ibrahem, S. Z., Al Mudaf, B., Al Fadalah, T., Jamal, D.,
& El-Jardali, F. (2018). Baseline assessment of patient safety
culture in public hospitals in Kuwait. BMC Health Services
Research, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-2960-x

11. Alquwez, N., Cruz, J. P., Almoghairi, A. M., Al-otaibi, R. S.,
Almutairi, K. O., Alicante, J. G., & Colet, P. C. (2018). Nurses’
perceptions of patient safety culture in three hospitals in Saudi
Arabia. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 50(4), 422-
431. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12394
Amiri, M., Khademian, Z., & Nikandish, R. (2018). The effect
of nurse empowerment educational program on patient safety
culture: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Medical
Education, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1255-6
Carvalho, R. E., Arruda, L. P., Nascimento, N. K.,
Sampaio, R. L., Cavalcante, M. L., & Costa, A. C. (2017).
Assessment of the culture of safety in public hospitals in
Brazil. Revista Latino-Americana de
Enfermagem, 25(0). https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-
8345.1600.2849
Danielsson, M., Nilsen, P., Rutberg, H., & Årestedt, K. (2017).
A national study of patient safety culture in hospitals in
Sweden. Journal of Patient Safety, 15(4), 328-
333. https://doi.org/10.1097/pts.0000000000000369
Farokhzadian, J., Dehghan Nayeri, N., & Borhani, F. (2018).
The long way ahead to achieve an effective patient safety
culture: Challenges perceived by nurses. BMC Health Services
Research, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3467-1
Gutberg, J., & Berta, W. (2017). Understanding middle
managers’ influence in implementing patient safety
culture. BMC Health Services
Research, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2533-4
Lawati, M. H., Dennis, S., Short, S. D., & Abdulhadi, N. N.
(2018). Patient safety and safety culture in primary health care:
A systematic review. BMC Family
Practice, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0793-7
Smith, S. A., Yount, N., & Sorra, J. (2017). Exploring
relationships between hospital patient safety culture and
consumer reports safety scores. BMC Health Services
Research, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2078-6
Wu, C., Wu, H., Lee, Y., & Huang, C. (2019). What attributes

12. determine overall satisfaction in patient safety culture? An
empirical study of the perceptions of hospital staff in
Taiwan. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 49(1),
20180713. https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20180713