Psychological Foundations of Leadership 1 Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 6. Examine characteristics leaders exhibit to achieve organizational objectives. 6.1 Examine knowledge management. 6.2 Explain the benefit for a learning organization to develop a strategy toward effectively competing with ecommerce. 6.3 Examine the need for a leadership development program to guide a learning organization toward sustainability. Course/Unit Learning Outcomes Learning Activity 6.1 Unit Lesson Chapter 13 Unit VI Case Study 6.2 Unit Lesson Chapter 13 Unit VI Case Study 6.3 Unit Lesson Chapter 13 Chapter 15 Unit VI Case Study Required Unit Resources Chapter 13: Strategic Leadership and Knowledge Management Chapter 15: Leadership Development and Succession Unit Lesson Introduction Welcome to Unit VI! As our vibrant learning continues, we will now examine essential characteristics for leaders needed to drive organizational success. As we continue to reflect upon the psychological foundations, we are led to consider characteristics that directly correlate to each of these dimensions. For the purposes of initiation, please pause and think about a successful leader who influenced and guided an organization that you were a part of. What characteristics did they display? Perhaps they displayed authenticity, self- confidence, and exceptional verbal skills? Logically, one will contemplate these characteristics in the context of key leadership functions, two of which we will examine in this unit. For the purposes of this lesson, we will first identify critical characteristics needed for the formulation and execution of business strategy, and we will contemplate the role of knowledge management. Second, we will explore important characteristics needed for successful development and execution of leadership development programs. Finally, we will conclude with an examination of how these characteristics in these important activities relate to the psychological foundations of leadership. UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE Leadership Characteristics for Organizational Success Psychological Foundations of Leadership 2 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Strategy We continue to learn that the success of any business necessitates a clearly expressed vision and mission statement that leaders utilize in order to gain followership and influence activities that lead to the attainment of organizational goals. Given that one of the critical functions of organizational leadership is the development of strategy, it is essential to translate the vision and mission statement into a viable plan for execution. DuBrin (2019) posits that strategy is the mechanism that supports the planning process, which provides inspiration and direction. Recognizing that leaders must possess essential characteristics to gain followership for this strategy, let’s consider three most critica ...

1. Psychological Foundations of Leadership 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
6. Examine characteristics leaders exhibit to achieve
organizational objectives.
6.1 Examine knowledge management.
6.2 Explain the benefit for a learning organization to develop a
strategy toward effectively
competing with ecommerce.
6.3 Examine the need for a leadership development program to
guide a learning organization
toward sustainability.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
6.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 13
Unit VI Case Study
6.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 13
Unit VI Case Study

2. 6.3
Unit Lesson
Chapter 13
Chapter 15
Unit VI Case Study
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 13: Strategic Leadership and Knowledge Management
Chapter 15: Leadership Development and Succession
Unit Lesson
Introduction
Welcome to Unit VI! As our vibrant learning continues, we will
now examine essential characteristics for
leaders needed to drive organizational success. As we continue
to reflect upon the psychological foundations,
we are led to consider characteristics that directly correlate to
each of these dimensions. For the purposes of
initiation, please pause and think about a successful leader who
influenced and guided an organization that
you were a part of. What characteristics did they display?
Perhaps they displayed authenticity, self-
confidence, and exceptional verbal skills? Logically, one will
contemplate these characteristics in the context
of key leadership functions, two of which we will examine in
this unit.
For the purposes of this lesson, we will first identify critical
characteristics needed for the formulation and
execution of business strategy, and we will contemplate the role

3. of knowledge management. Second, we will
explore important characteristics needed for successful
development and execution of leadership
development programs. Finally, we will conclude with an
examination of how these characteristics in these
important activities relate to the psychological foundations of
leadership.
UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE
Leadership Characteristics for
Organizational Success
Psychological Foundations of Leadership 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Strategy
We continue to learn that the success of any business
necessitates a clearly expressed vision and mission
statement that leaders utilize in order to gain followership and
influence activities that lead to the attainment of
organizational goals. Given that one of the critical functions of
organizational leadership is the development of
strategy, it is essential to translate the vision and mission
statement into a viable plan for execution. DuBrin
(2019) posits that strategy is the mechanism that supports the
planning process, which provides inspiration
and direction. Recognizing that leaders must possess essential
characteristics to gain followership for this
strategy, let’s consider three most critical to success. First and
foremost, leaders must demonstrate a

4. commitment to personal integrity. This establishes follower
trust and the willingness to commit to strategy
conveyed. Further, leaders must be self-aware and express
gratitude; this will allow for approachability of
followers to question and gain insights from the individual in
charge.
Now, let’s view these critical characteristics in context of
developing a knowledge management system that
will support planning, development, and execution of a strategy.
DuBrin (2019) describes knowledge
management as a concerted effort to both corner, foster, and
maintain the intellectual capital of the
organization. Hence, a leader, through the demonstration of
integrity, must regularly and consistently
survey and assess capability; this necessitates the leader to be
self-aware, hence promoting approachability
by followers. As a result, the leader is able to determine,
through the use of tools (e.g., a strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats [SWOT] analysis), the
current state of knowledge and need for
development. Practically, strategy deployment and execution are
contingent upon the abilities, knowledge,
and skills of followers. Now, we will turn our attention toward
examining characteristics critical to leadership
development, which directly integrates into the development
and maintenance of knowledge management
within the organization.
Leader Success
We may often ponder where leaders come from. Some may
contest that leaders are born with intrinsic traits
that separate their abilities from the rest. Given there are
critical traits for a leader to possess, arguably they
must be developed through a defined continuum. DuBrin (2019)

5. states that leadership development occurs
through the presence of self-awareness and self-discipline,
possessed by the individual at the helm of the
Psychological Foundations of Leadership 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
organization. After this personal contemplation and reflection,
leaders stand ready to assess the capabilities
of followers to grow in the organization into positions of
responsibility.
As organizations do not exist in a vacuum and clearly are very
dynamic in nature, change is inevitable. A
leader’s sense of awareness and cunning ability to discern
proactively what knowledge, skills, and abilities
are requisite to support the sustainability of the organization are
key. Characteristics inherit for a successful
leader are self-confidence, the ability to clearly and concisely
communicate, as well as demonstrate empathy
supporting the learning process. As noted earlier, knowledge
management is essential for the leader to
harness and continue to drive expansion.
As the leader assesses the current knowledge and strives to
develop a learning organization, efforts toward
identifying the potential of followers are certainly enabled. It is
essential for a leader to be kind and
understanding and often communicative of acceptance where
failure occurs. Anecdotally, Thomas Edison
was one of the great leaders in history who successfully guided
his organizations through maintaining self-

6. confidence despite regular failure. This level of commitment to
his followers led him to unparalleled success.
Now, we shall turn our attention toward examining how these
characteristics are related to leadership efficacy
in developing strategy as well as how followers relate to the
psychological foundations.
Leader Characteristics
Our objective within this lesson has focused upon identifying
characteristics critical for leaders to form
strategy, foster knowledge management, and develop followers
to enable growth and sustainability of the
organization. Regarding the cognitive foundation of leadership,
self-discipline and self-awareness are core
components essential for success. As earlier noted, a leader
inspires confidence through these
characteristics that further inspire confidence of followers. The
social foundation of leadership calls for the
capability of the leader to clearly and concisely communicate
while demonstrating empathy. Further, the
organizational foundation necessitates the leader to understand
the needs of followers versus the
requirements for business unit success. It is only through
establishing integrity, as an earlier noted
characteristic, that open communication and relatability emerge.
Finally, the industrial foundation
encompasses the requirement for a leader to create and
dynamically craft strategy aligned to the needs of the
organization. This foundation also necessitates self-discipline,
self-awareness, empathy, and self-confidence.
Summary
We have examined several characteristics critical to
organizational success that directly relate to the

7. psychological foundations of leadership. Firstly, we analyzed
and defined strategy supported by knowledge
management. We further identified the essential characteristics
for leadership success in this regard. Second,
we explored what characteristics are essential for the leader to
develop followers, a critical function of
sustainable organizations. Finally, we reflected upon each of the
psychological foundations and which of the
identified characteristics apply.
Reference
DuBrin, A. J. (2019). Leadership: Research findings, practice,
and skills (9th ed.). Cengage Learning.
https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780357382837
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VILearning
ActivityRequired Unit ResourcesUnit
LessonIntroductionStrategyLeader SuccessLeader
CharacteristicsSummaryReference
Name: Pt. Encounter Number:
Date: Age: Sex:
SUBJECTIVE
CC:
Reason given by the patient for seeking medical care “in
quotes”
HPI:
Describe the course of the patient’s illness, including when it
began, character of symptoms, location

8. where the symptoms began, aggravating or alleviating factors,
pertinent positives and negatives, other
related diseases, past illnesses, and surgeries or past diagnostic
testing related to the present illness.
Medications: (List with reason for med )
PMH
Allergies:
Medication Intolerances:
Chronic Illnesses/Major traumas
Hospitalizations/Surgeries
“Have you ever been told that you have diabetes, HTN, peptic
ulcer disease, asthma, lung disease, heart
disease, cancer, TB, thyroid problems, kidney problems, or
psychiatric diagnosis?”
Family History
Does your mother, father, or siblings have any medical or
psychiatric illnesses? Is anyone diagnosed with:

9. lung disease, heart disease, HTN, cancer, TB, DM, or kidney
disease?
Social History
Education level, occupational history, current living
situation/partner/marital status, substance use/abuse,
ETOH, tobacco, and marijuana. Safety status
ROS
General
Weight change, fatigue, fever, chills, night sweats,
and energy level
Cardiovascular
Chest pain, palpitations, PND, orthopnea, and
edema
Skin
Delayed healing, rashes, bruising, bleeding or skin
discolorations, and any changes in lesions or moles

10. Respiratory
Cough, wheezing, hemoptysis, dyspnea, pneumonia
hx, and TB
Eyes
Corrective lenses, blurring, and visual changes of
any kind
Gastrointestinal
Abdominal pain, N/V/D, constipation, hepatitis,
hemorrhoids, eating disorders, ulcers, and black,
tarry stools
Ears
Ear pain, hearing loss, ringing in ears, and
discharge
Genitourinary/Gynecological
Urgency, frequency burning, change in color of
urine.
Contraception, sexual activity, STDs

11. Female: last pap, breast, mammo, menstrual
complaints, vaginal discharge, pregnancy hx
Male: prostate, PSA, urinary complaints
Nose/Mouth/Throat
Sinus problems, dysphagia, nose bleeds or
discharge, dental disease, hoarseness, and throat
pain
Musculoskeletal
Back pain, joint swelling, stiffness or pain, fracture
hx, and osteoporosis
Breast
SBE, lumps, bumps, or changes
Neurological
Syncope, seizures, transient paralysis, weakness,
paresthesias, and black-out spells
Heme/Lymph/Endo
HIV status, bruising, blood transfusion hx, night
sweats, swollen glands, increase thirst, increase

12. hunger, and cold or heat intolerance
Psychiatric
Depression, anxiety, sleeping difficulties, suicidal
ideation/attempts, and previous dx
OBJECTIVE
Weight BMI Temp BP
Height Pulse Resp
General Appearance
Healthy-appearing adult female in no acute distress. Alert and
oriented; answers questions appropriately.
Slightly somber affect at first and then brighter later.
Skin
Skin is brown, warm, dry, clean, and intact. No rashes or
lesions noted.
HEENT
Head is normocephalic, atraumatic, and without lesions; hair
evenly distributed. Eyes: PERRLA. EOMs
intact. No conjunctival or scleral injection. Ears: Canals patent.
Bilateral TMs pearly gray with positive
light reflex; landmarks easily visualized. Nose: Nasal mucosa
pink; normal turbinates. No septal deviation.
Neck: Supple. Full ROM; no cervical lymphadenopathy; no

13. occipital nodes. No thyromegaly or nodules.
Oral mucosa, pink and moist. Pharynx is nonerythematous and
without exudate. Teeth are in good repair.
Cardiovascular
S1, S2 with regular rate and rhythm. No extra sounds, clicks,
rubs, or murmurs. Capillary refills two
seconds. Pulses 3+ throughout. No edema.
Respiratory
Symmetric chest wall. Respirations regular and easy; lungs
clear to auscultation bilaterally.
Gastrointestinal
Abdomen obese; BS active in all the four quadrants. Abdomen
soft, nontender. No hepatosplenomegaly.
Breast
Breast is free from masses or tenderness, no discharge, no
dimpling, wrinkling, or discoloration of the skin.
Genitourinary
Bladder is nondistended; no CVA tenderness. External genitalia
reveals coarse pubic hair in normal
distribution; skin color is consistent with general pigmentation.
No vulvar lesions noted. Well estrogenized.
A small speculum was inserted; vaginal walls are pink and well
rugated; no lesions noted. Cervix is pink

14. and nulliparous. Scant clear to cloudy drainage present. On
bimanual exam, cervix is firm. No CMT.
Uterus is antevert and positioned behind a slightly distended
bladder; no fullness, masses, or tenderness.
No adnexal masses or tenderness. Ovaries are nonpalpable.
(Male: Both testes are palpable, no masses or lesions, no
hernia, and no uretheral discharge.)
(Rectal as appropriate: No evidence of hemorrhoids, fissures,
bleeding, or masses—Males: Prostrate is
smooth, nontender, and free from nodules, is of normal size,
and sphincter tone is firm).
Musculoskeletal
Full ROM seen in all four extremities as the patient moved
about the exam room.
Neurological
Speech clear. Good tone. Posture erect. Balance stable; gait
normal.
Psychiatric
Alert and oriented. Dressed in clean slacks, shirt, and coat.
Maintains eye contact. Speech is soft, though
clear and of normal rate and cadence; answers questions
appropriately.
Lab Tests

15. Urinalysis—pending
Urine culture—pending
Wet prep—pending
Special Tests
Diagnosis
o Include at least three differential diagnosis
o Final diagnosis
Subjective and
Objective exams.
PLAN including education
o Plan:
-up
Unit VI Case Study
Instructions
In Chapter 13 of the textbook, locate and read Leadership Case

16. Problem A. In a two-page essay, address the prompts below.
· Based upon the scenario, identify the role of knowledge
management at the Saratoga Supply Company. Discuss the
company’s effectiveness of knowledge management given the
60-year history and past success.
· Given the changing marketplace, assess the value that CEO
Wes could create by fostering and driving a learning
organization to develop a strategy toward effectively competing
with ecommerce.
· Discern the need for a leadership development program to
guide this learning organization toward sustainability. Analyze
this process as it is utilized to control and manage
organizations.
Please provide a meaningful introduction stating the purpose of
the paper and key points to be addressed. Also, ensure you
include a synthesizing conclusion. At a minimum, please
include the textbook as a source. The required title page and
reference page do not count toward the page requirement.
Adhere to APA Style when constructing this assignment,
including in-text citations and references for all sources that are
used. Please note that no abstract is needed.Resources
The following resource(s) may help you with this assignment.
LEADERSHIP CASE PROBLEM A
The Saratoga Supply Company Needs a Strategy
The Saratoga Supply Company is a distributor of a wide
variety of industrial supplies to small and medium-size
companies, as well as schools, hospitals, and government
agencies. The range of supplies number in the thousands
including paper clips, copying paper, office furniture, desktop
computers, pencil sharpeners, paper towels, and cleaning
solvents. Saratoga Supply uses state-of-the-art information
technology for purchasing, selling, and delivering products.
Although the company has been in business for sixty years,

17. CEO Wes is worried about the future of Saratoga Supply. In
consultation with CFO, Darleen, and head of sales, Gary, Wes
notices a disturbing and steady decline in sales for almost all
the products the company sup-plies. Wes agrees with Darleen
that the downward trend in sales is accelerating (sales are
decelerating) at an unhealthy rate. He also agrees with Gary’s
analysis that too many customers are now ordering directly from
manufacturers through online sales. In the past, most
manufacturers did not want to bother with small
sales to individual companies. But with e-commerce, sales can
be implemented more readily without going through
intermediaries such as Saratoga Supply Company.
With a concerned look on his face, Wes says to Darleen
and Gary, “We need to develop a business strategy to prevent
going out of business. Maybe we should meet for an all-day
strategy session real soon.”
Questions
1. How should Wes and his team go about developing a survival
strategy for Saratoga Supply?
2. Does Saratoga Supply really need a survival strategy? Or
should the company just begin to downsize to fit the demand for
its products and services?
3. From the limited evidence presented, how effectively do you
think Wes is carrying out the role of a strategic leader?