An armed conflict concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in battle-related death 1948 war over Kashmir 1965 India-Pakistan war 1971 India-Pakistan and Fall of Dhaka Siachen Dispute and Sir creek Kargil conflict 99

1. ARMED CONFLICTS IN PAKISTAN-1
TOPICS
1948 war over Kashmir
1965 India-Pakistan war
1971 India-Pakistan and Fall of Dhaka
Siachen Dispute and Sir creek
Kargil conflict 99

2. What is an armed conflict?
An armed conflict concerns government
and/or territory where the use of armed
force between two parties, of which at least
one is the government of a state, results in
battle-related deaths.

3. Difference Between War And Conflict
• War is intentional, disclosed, wide spread and long
duration between countries while a conflict is
disagreement between parties where parties perceive
threat to their interests and needs and it can be between
individuals, communities, or even countries.
• War requires mobilization of troops and use of arms and
ammunition to destroy enemy targets while in conflicts
there are mechanisms to resolve them but when they
fail, conflicts can give rise to full scale wars

4. Armed Conflicts In Pakistan
The Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan have fought numerous armed conflicts with
each other since their creation following the end of
the British Raj and the subsequent partition of India in
August 1947.Pakistan has faced several waves of
regional conflicts and separatism that have their roots in
partition.

5. Kashmir War 1948

6. • Also known as First Kashmir War.
• Fought over the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu.
• Under the partition plan provided by the Indian
Independence Act of 1947, Kashmir was free to accede to
India or Pakistan.
• Kashmir had a Muslim majority population but was ruled
by Sikh Hari Singh Nalva.

7. Reasons That Lead To War:
• Lack of trust between India and Pakistan after Partition.
• Kashmir had a Muslim majority ruled by Hindu,s.
• Pakistan believed that Hindu ruler might merge Kashmir
with India.

8. Start Of War
• Kashmir signed a stand still agreement with Pakistan and
was allowed to accede to any country.
• Geographical location and wishes of people were to be
looked upon.
• Hari singh delayed the decision in an effort to remain
independent.
• Internal revolt begins in Poonch region against oppressive
taxation imposed by the Maharaja.
• Maharaja's forces fire upon demonstrations in favour of
Kashmir joining Pakistan, burn whole villages and massacre
innocent people.
• Unrest and violence turned into an organised rebellion
which also resulted in a number of killings of Hindus and
Sikhs.

10. • The rebells spread to Mirpur and Muzaffarabad.
• Pathan tribesmen from Pakistan invaded Kashmir
along with the Poonch rebels.
• The tribesmen engage in looting and killing along
the way.
• India accused Pakistan of violating the Standstill
Agreement with Kashmir.
• Pakistan refutes the charges.
• Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession with
India acceding the 75% majority Muslim region to
the Indian in return for military aid and a promised
referendum.

11. Operation Gulmerg :
• To capture sarinagar the capital of kashmir.
• The state forces stationed in the border regions
around Muzzafrabadand and were defeated by AZK forces.
• The conflict was mired by acts of sabotage and other crimes
committed against the native Kashmiris by Pakistani-backed
tribals.
India,s Defence of Kashmir:
• Airlifted troops and equipment to Srinagar established a
defense perimeter and defeated the AZK forces.
• Baramula and Uri were recaptured.
• In Gilgit, the Gilgit Scouts joined the invading AZK forces,
who later obtained control of this region They were also
joined by troops from Chitral, whose ruler, the Mehtar of
Chitral, had acceded to Pakistan.

12. Linkup In Poonch :
• Indian forces ceased pursuit of AZK forces and sent a relief
column southwards, in an attempt to relieve Poonch but was
not succesful.
• Second relief column reached Kotli, but was forced to
evacuate its garrison.Mirpur was captured by AZK forces and
many of its inhabitants, particularly the Hindus, were killed.
Fall of Jhanger :
• The AZK forces attacked and captured Jhanger. They then
attacked Naoshera unsuccessfully.
• Other AZK forces made a series of unsuccessful attacks on
Uri.

13. Operation Vijay :
• Indian forces launched a counterattack recapturing
Jhanger and Rajauri in south.
• AZK forces continued attacking the Uri garrison. In
the north Skardu was brought under siege by AZK
forces.
Spring Offensive :
• Indians held onto Jhanger against numerous
counterattacks from the AZK, who were increasingly
supported by Pakistani Forces.
• Indians attacked, recapturing Tithwail. The AZK
made good progress in the High Himalayas sector,
infiltrating troops to bring Leh under siege,
capturing Kargil and defeating a relief column
heading for Skardu.

15. Operation Gulab and Erase :
• Indians continued attack in Kashmir Valley driving north to
capture Keran and Gurais.
• Repelled a counterattack aimed at Tithwail.
• Forces besieged in Punch broke out and temporarily linked up
with the outside world again. The Kashmir State army defended
Skardu from the Gilgit Scouts and thus they were not able to
proceed down the Indus valley towards Leh.
• Chitral Forces under Mata-ul-Mulk were able to take Skardu.
This freed the Gilgit Scouts to push further into Ladakh.
Towards End To War :
• India moved the issue to UN Security council and was confident
of winning a plebiscite, since the most influential Kashmiri mass
leader, Sheikh Abdullah, was firmly on its side.
• An emergency government was formed on October 30, 1948
with Sheikh Abdullah as the Prime Minister.

16. • Sheikh abdullah was not in favour of India seeking UN intervention as he
was sure Indian army could free the entire state of invaders.
• The UN security council passed resolution 47 on 21st April 1948 which
imposed an immediate ceasefire and called on Pakistan to withdraw all
military presence.
• In addition, it stated that India could retain a minimum military presence,
while Pakistan would have no say in administration and “the final
disposition of the State of Jammu and Kashmir will be made in
accordance with the will of the people expressed through the democratic
method of a free and impartial plebiscite conducted under the auspices of
the United Nations.
• Pakistan ignored the UN mandate and continued fighting, holding on to
the portion of Kashmir under its control.On January1, 1949, a ceasefire
was agreed, with division of Indian occupied and Pakistan occupied
Kashmir.

17. Conclusion :
• Kashmir dispute involves a large number of legal issues
relating to questions of accession.aggression,self
determination and status of UN resolutions.
• This was the first of four wars fought between the two newly
independent nations.
• Pakistan gained 25 percent of Kashmir.
• Each side played the blame game at a great cost of civilian
collateral damage.
• Pakistan insits that Kashmir is a disputed territory and that it
is merely providing moral and diplomatic support for
indigineous freedom struggle in kashmir.
• Indians on the other hand are equally as fierce in contending
islamic fundamentalism as being the cause of much of the
problem.

18. 1965 India-Pakistan War

19. Background:
• The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 took place between April
1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India.This
conflict became known as the Second Kasmir War and was
fought by India and Pakistan over the disputed region of
Kashmir.
• The war began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar,
which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and
Kashmir to precipitate against rule by India.
• The five-month war caused thousands of casualties on both
sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire.
• Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in
Kashmir and along the International Border between India
and Pakistan.
• Most of the battles were fought by
opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial
backing from air forces, and naval operations.

20. Pre War Escalation:
• Since Partition of British India in 1947, Pakistan and India remained in
contention over several issues. Although the Kashmir conflict was the
predominant issue dividing the nations, other border disputes also existed
between the two countries.
• The issue first arose in 1956 which ended with India regaining control over
the disputed area.Pakistani patrols began patrolling in territory controlled
by India in January 1965, which was followed by attacks by both countries
on each other's posts on 8 April 1965.
• In June 1965, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson successfully persuaded
both countries to end hostilities and set up a tribunal to resolve the dispute.
The verdict, which came later in 1968, saw Pakistan awarded 350 square
miles of the Rann of Kutch, as against its original claim of 3,500 square
miles.
The War:
• Pakistan, under the leadership of General Ayub Khan, believed the Indian
Army would be unable to defend itself against a quick military campaign in
the disputed territory of Kashmir as the Indian military had suffered a loss
to China in 1962.Pakistan believed that the population of Kashmir was
generally discontented with Indian rule and that a resistance movement
could be ignited by a few infiltrating saboteurs

22. Operation Gibraltar :
• Pakistan attempted to ignite the resistance movement by means of a covert
infiltration, named Operation Gibraltar.
• The Pakistani infiltrators were soon discovered, however, their presence
reported by local Kashmiris, and the operation ended unsuccessfully.
• On 5 August 1965 between 26,000 and 33,000 Pakistani soldiers crossed
the Line of Control dressed as Kashmiri locals headed for various areas within
Kashmir. Indian forces, tipped off by the local population, crossed the cease fire
line on 15 August.
• Initially, the Indian Army met with considerable success, but by the end of
August, both sides had relative progress; Pakistan had made progress in areas
such as Tithwal,Uri and Poonch and India had captured the Haji Pir Pass, 8 km
into Pakistan-Administered Kashmir.
Operation Grand Slam:
• On 1 September 1965, Pakistan launched a counterattack, called Operation
Grand Slam, with the objective to capture the vital town of Akhnoor in Jammu,
which would sever communications and cut off supply routes to Indian troops.
• Ayub Khan calculated that "Hindu morale would not stand more than a couple
of hard blows at the right time and place"although by this time Operation
Gibraltar had failed and India had captured the Haji Pir Pass.Pakistan
retaliated, its air force attacked Indian forces and air bases in
both Kashmir and Punjab.
• India's decision to open up the theater of attack into Pakistani Punjab forced the
Pakistani army to relocate troops engaged in the operation to defend Punjab.

23. India Crossed International Border:
• Operation Grand Slam therefore failed, as the Pakistan Army was unable
to capture Akhnoor; it became one of the turning points in the war when
India decided to relieve pressure on its troops in Kashmir by attacking
Pakistan further south.
• India crossed the International Border on the Western front on 6
September, marking an official beginning of the war. These developments
brought the Indian Army within the range of Lahore International Airport.
• As a result, the United States requested a temporary ceasefire to allow it to
evacuate its citizens in Lahore. However, the Pakistani counterattack took
Khem Karan from Indian forces which tried to divert the attention of
Pakistanis from Khem Karan by an attack on Bedian and the adjacent
villages.
• The war was heading for a stalemate, with both nations holding territory of
the other.The territory occupied by India was mainly in the fertile Sialkot,
Lahore and Kashmir sectors,while Pakistani land gains were primarily
south in deserts opposite to Sindhand in Chumb sector near Kashmir in
north.
• The war saw aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Pakistan Air
Force (PAF) engaging in combat for the first time since independence.
Pakistan ended the war having depleted 17 percent of its front line
strength, while India's losses amounted to less than 10 percent.Moreover,
the loss rate had begun to even out.Thus 1965 was a stalemate in terms of
the air war with neither side able to achieve complete air superiority.

24. Ceasefire:
• The United States and the Soviet Union used significant diplomatic tools to
prevent any further escalation in the conflict between the two South Asian
nations.
• The Soviet Union, led by Premier Alexei Kosygin, hosted ceasefire
negotiations inTashkent (now in Uzbekistan), where Indian Prime
Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan signed
the Tashkent Agreement, agreeing to withdraw to pre-August lines no later
than 25 February 1966.
• Despite strong opposition from Indian military leaders, India bowed to
growing international diplomatic pressure and accepted the ceasefire.
• On 22 September; the UNSC unanimously passed a resolution that called
for an unconditional ceasefire from both nations. The war ended the
following day.
Reactions Of The Ceasefire:
• India's Prime Minister, Shastri, suffered a fatal heart attack soon after the
declaration of the ceasefire. As a consequence, the public outcry in India
against the ceasefire declaration transformed into a wave of sympathy for
the ruling Indian National Congress.
• The ceasefire was criticized by many Pakistanis who, relying on fabricated
official reports and the controlled Pakistani press, believed that the
leadership had surrendered military gains. The protests led to student riots.
• Pakistan State's reports had suggested that their military was performing
admirably in the war which they incorrectly blamed as being initiated by
India and thus the Tashkent Declaration was seen as having forfeited the
gains.

25. Indian claims Pakistan claims
Casualties – –
Combat flying effort 4,073+ combat sorties 2,279 combat sorties
Aircraft lost 59 IAF (official), 43 PAF. In addition, Indian
sources claim that there were 13 IAF
aircraft lost in accidents, and 3 Indian
civilian aircraft shot down.[
19 PAF, 104 IAF
Aerial victories 17 + 3 (post war) 30
Tanks destroyed 128 Indian tanks, 152 Pakistani tanks
captured, 150 Pakistani tanks destroyed.
Officially 471 Pakistani tanks destroyed and
38 captured
165 Pakistan
tanks[dubious – discuss]
[citation needed]
Land area won 1,500 sq mi (3,900 km2) of Pakistani
territory
250 sq mi (650 km2) of
Indian territory

26. Independent Sources:
Casualities:
• 3,000 Indian soldiers, 3,800 Pakistani soldiers.
Aircraft Lost:
• 20 PAF, Pakistan claims India rejected neutral arbitration.
Land Area:
• India held 710 sq mi (1,800 km2) of Pakistani territory and
Pakistan held 210 sq mi (540 km2) of Indian territory

27. Conclusion:
• Overall, the war was militarily inconclusive; each side held
prisoners and some territory belonging to the other. Losses were
relatively heavy--on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks,
and 3,800 troops.
• Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a
continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses
and ultimate defeat for Pakistan.
Lessons Learned:
• Pakistan was rudely shocked by the reaction of the United States to
the war. Judging the matter to be largely Pakistan s fault, the United
States not only refused to come to Pakistan s aid under the terms
of the Agreement of Cooperation, but issued a statement declaring
its neutrality while also cutting off military supplies.
• The Pakistanis were embittered at what they considered a friend's
betrayal, and the States withdrew its military assistance advisory
group in July 1967.
• Iran, Indonesia, and especially China gave political support to
Pakistan during the war, thus suggesting new directions in Pakistan
that might translate into support for its security concerns.

28. 1971 India – Pakistan And Fall Of Dhaka

29. Introduction:
• The IndoPakistani War of 1971 was a major military c
onflict between India and Pakistan.The war is closely
associated with the Bangladesh Liberation War.
East Bengal 1947-1971:
• Following the Partition of India on August 1947,
Dhaka became the capital of East Bengal under the
Dominion of Pakistan. The city witnessed serious
communal violence that left thousands of people
dead.

30. President Ayub Martial Law:
• Ayub khan’s so called firm government closed down
all those safety valves which helped the politicians to
be aware of the critical situation of East Pakistan.
Six Points Of Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rehman:
• Sheikh Mujeeb Ur Rehman was the only recognized
leader of East Pakistan in 1966 he presented his six
points which play a vital role in separation of East
Pakistan.
Agaralta Conspiracy:
• In Dec 1967 a conspiracy of kidnapping and killing of
General Ayub was reveled.

31. Bhutto, Mujeeb And Yahya Triangle:
• Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, sheikh Mujeeb Ur Rehman, and
General Yahya, this triangle undoubtedly is the
biggest factor in fall of Dhaka.Pakistan could have
been united today if these three had thought of nation
al interest and not of their own personal interests.
Military Operation Of Takka Khan:
• Yahya ordered for a military operation, general
Takka khan conducted the notorious operation and
thousands of innocent people were killed, this really
added to the hatred of Bengali people.

32. High Jacking Of Ganga Plane:
• India knew that East Pakistan is at the distance of 1000 miles from West
Pakistan.India played a clever trick and got one of its planes high jacked
by its own agents and made it land on Pakistani soil. Later on they
accused Pakistan for its high jacking and banned all Pakistani planes to fly
over Indian air way.
Operation Search Light:
• This led to the arrests, torture and killing of hundreds of thousands of
people. As a result,on behalf of East Pakistan leader Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman, a Bengali army Major named Ziaur Rahmnan declared
Bangladesh's independence on March 26, 1971. This resulted in further
mass genocide of approximately 3 million people.
May 1971:
• Indian Eastern Command began drafting an operational plan for military
action in Bangladesh from May 1971. Indian planners assumed that
Pakistani army would try to defend the whole of the province in order to
prevent Mukti Bahini from establishing the government inside Bangladesh.

33. Pakistan Defence Plan: June 1971:
• By mid June Pakistan army had occupied all the towns and fortifie
d 90 of the 370 BoPs and deployed in all the sensitive
towns,while the other Para military units were deployed
around the country to maintain internal security.
Indian Attack On Pakistan:
• India attacked Pakistan directly on 24th Nov1971. Pakistan
army resisted this attack for a month or so but it was
very difficult for army to fight without air support and its public.
Role Of Mukti Bahini And The 14 Days Of War Events:
• On 3rd December, 1971 at 5 Pm Pakistani air force made,what ha
s been described as its preemptive strike on the forward
airbases of India.The threat to Dacca materialized when the
Mukti Bahini activities were suddenly stepped up and the
Indian air force commenced bombardment.The enemy reached M
udafarganj and finding it vacant occupied the defensive
positions prepared by our own troops at the end Brigade
succeeded in organizing the troops and those who had
exfilterated from the defensive line.

35. Surrender Orders:
• The orders for surrendering came on 16th December 1971
and on the 17th December 1971 General Niazi himself surrendered
at a disgraceful ceremony held at the Dacca Race Course the same day.
Results Of War 1971:
• On 6 December 1971East Pakistan is recognized as Bangladesh by
India. On 16 December 1971, Lt. Gen A. K. Niazi, CO of Pakistan Army
forces located in East Pakistan signed the Instrument of Surrender. Over 93
,000 Pakistani troops surrendered to the Indian forces, making it the
largest surrender since World War II.
After War Effects:
• Pakistan practically lost 55% of the country. Over 90 thousand Pakistani mili
tary and civil personals were imprison. New stories of tyranny over
Bengalis were written. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to power in remaining
Pakistan a commission under supervision of Chief Justice of Pakistan Justic
e Hamood Urehman was formed to investigate the factors involved in
fall of Dhaka, but its report could never have been published.

36. Siachen Dispute And Sir Creek

37. Introduction:
• Sometimes referred to as the Siachen War, is a military conflict between
India and Pakistan over the disputed Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir.
The conflict began in 1984 with India's successful Operation Meghdoot
during which it gained control of the Siachen Glacier (unoccupied and
undemarcated area).
• India has established control over all of the 70 kilometres (43 mi) long
Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main
passes of the Saltoro Ridge. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys
immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge.According to some estimates, 97%
of the casualties in Siachen have been due to weather and altitude, rather
than actual fighting. In 2012, an avalanche hit Pakistan's Gayari military
base, killing 129 soldiers and 11 civilians.
• The Siachen glacier is the highest battleground on earth, where India and
Pakistan have fought intermittently since April 13, 1984. Both countries
maintain permanent military presence in the region at a height of over
6,000 metres (20,000 ft). More than 2000 people have died in this
inhospitable terrain, mostly due to weather extremes and the natural
hazards of mountain warfare.The conflict in Siachen stems from the
incompletely demarcated territory on the map beyond the map coordinate
known as NJ9842.
• The 1972 Simla Agreement did not clearly mention who controlled the
glacier, merely stating that from the NJ9842 location the boundary would
proceed "thence north to the glaciers." UN officials presumed there would
be no dispute between India and Pakistan over such a cold and barren
region.

38. Background:
• In 1949, a Cease-Fire Line Agreement (CFL) was signed and
ratified by India, Pakistan and the UN Military Observer Group
that delineated entire CFL. In 1956-58, a scientific team led by
the Geological Survey of India recorded its findings publicly
including information about the Siachen and other glaciers.In
the 1970s and early 1980s several mountaineering expeditions
applied to Pakistan to climb high peaks in the Siachen area
due in part to US Defense Mapping Agency and most other
maps and atlases showing it on the Pakistani side of the line.
• Pakistan granted a number of permits. This in turn reinforced
the Pakistani claim on the area, as these expeditions arrived
on the glacier with a permit obtained from the Government of
Pakistan.Attempts to reclaim positions were launched by
Pakistan in 1990,1995,1996 and even in early 1999, just prior
to the Lahore Summit. The 1995 attack by Pakistan SSG was
significant as it resulted in 40 casualties for Pakistan troops
without any changes in the positions. An Indian IAF MI-17
helicopter was shot down in 1996.

39. The Conflict:
• In 1978 a German Siachen-Kondus Expedition under the leadership
of Jaroslav Poncar entered Siachen via Bilafond La and established
the base camp on the confuence of Siachen and Teram Shehr.The
Indian government and military took notice, and protested the
cartography. Prior to 1984 neither India nor Pakistan had any
permanent presence in the area.
• Having become aware of the US military maps and the permit
incidents, Colonel Narendra Kumar, then commanding officer of the
Indian Army's High Altitude Warfare School, mounted an Army
expedition to the Siachen area as a counter-exercise. In 1978 this
expedition climbed Teram Kangri II, claiming it as a first ascent in a
typical 'oropolitical' riposte. Unusually for the normally secretive
Indian Army, the news and photographs of this expedition were
published in The Illustrated Weekly of India, a widely circulated
popular magazine.

41. Conclusion:
• The Indian army controls all of the 76 kilometres long Siachen
Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main
passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacier—Sia
La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La.Since 1984, the Indian army has
been in physical possession of most of the heights on the Saltoro
Range west of the Siachen Glacier, while the Pakistan army has
held posts at lower elevations of western slopes of the spurs
emanating from the Saltoro ridgeline.
• The Indian army has secured its position on the ridgeline.The
Pakistanis control the glacial valley just five kilometers southwest of
Gyong La. The Pakistanis have been unable get up to the crest of
the Saltoro Ridge, while the Indians cannot come down and
abandon their strategic high posts.The line between where Indian
and Pakistani troops are presently holding onto their respective
posts is being increasingly referred to as the Actual Ground Position
Line (AGPL).

42. Sir Creek
Introduction:
• Sir Creek is a 96 km strip of water that is disputed
between India and Pakistan in the Rann of Kutch marshland. The creek,
which opens up into the Arabian Sea, divides the Kutch region of the
Indian state of Gujarat with the Sindh province of Pakistan.Originally and
locally it is called 'Baan Ganga'. Sir Creek is named after
the British representative.
Dispute:
• The dispute lies in the interpretation of the maritime boundary line
between Kutch and Sindh. Before India's independence, the provincial
region was a part of Bombay Presidency of British India. After India's
independence in 1947, Sindh became a part of Pakistan while Kutch
remained a part of India.Pakistan lays claim to the entire creek as
per paras 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914
signed between the then Government of Sindh andRao Maharaj, the ruler
of the princely state of Kutch.

43. • The Green Line is the boundary as claimed by Pakistan, the
red line is the boundary as claimed by India. The black line is
the undisputed section.The resolution, which demarcated the
boundaries between the two territories, included the creek as
part of Sindh, thus setting the boundary as the eastern flank of
the creek.
• The boundary line, known as the "Green Line", is disputed by
India which maintains that it is an "indicative line", known as a
"ribbon line" in technical jargon.India sticks to its position that
the boundary lies mid-channel as depicted in another map
drawn in 1925, and implemented by the installation of mid-
channel pillars back in 1924.

44. Conclusion:
• Since 1969, there have been twelve rounds of talks between the two
nations, without a breakthrough. The twelfth round was completed in June
2012.Steps to resolve the dispute include:
1.Allocation
2.Delimitation
3.Demarcation
4.Administration
• Though the creek has little military value, it holds immense economic gain.
Much of the region is rich in oil and gas below the sea bed, and control over
the creek would have a huge bearing on the energy potential of each
nation. Also once the boundaries are defined; it would help in the
determination of the maritime boundaries which are drawn as an extension
of onshore reference points.
• The demarcation would also prevent the inadvertent crossing over of
fishermen of both nations into each other's territories.Since neither side has
conceded ground, India has proposed that the maritime boundary could be
demarcated first, as per the provisions of Technical Aspects of Law of
Sea (TALOS).
• Pakistan has also proposed that the two sides go in for international
arbitration, which India has flatly refused. India maintains that all bilateral
disputes should be resolved without the intervention of third parties.

45. Kargil Conflict 99

46. Introduction:
• The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict
signifies an armed conflict between India and Pakistan
that took place between May and July 1999 in the
Kargil district of Kashmir The war represents one of
the most recent examples of high altitude warfare in
mountainous terrain, and posed significant logistical
problems for both the combating sides.
• That constituted the first ground war between the two
countries after they had developed nuclear weapons.
• Violence the conflict is also referred to as “Operation
Koh-e-Paima”.Moreover, because probably about 750
to 950 soldiers died in the heights near Kargil.
• This conflict did not meet the classical definition of war
as an armed conflict with at least 1,000 battlefield
deaths.

47. Location:
• Kargil is basically a mountainious region but before
the Partition of India in 1947, Kargil belonged to
Gilgit-Baltistan,
• After the first Kashmir war (1947-1948) resulted in
most of the region in Indians territory.And after the
1971 war the important stragetic military posts were
also passed into the Indian territory.
• Kargil sat just 173 km from the Pakistani controlled
town of Skardu, enhancing logistical and artillery
support to the Pakistani combatants. All those tactical
reasons, plus the Kargil district having a Muslim
majority, contributed to Pakistan's choice of Kargil as
the location to attack.
• District of kargil lies in Jammu and Kashmir

49. History Leading To Main Conflict:
• After the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, a long period of relative
calm was there and after that the nuclear tests and the conflict with the
separatists in Kashmir totally changed the scenario.
• Although the peace declaration for Kashmir was signed between the
2 countries but Pakistan sent troops in the guise of mujahedeen and
hence sever the link between Kashmir and ladakh and cause the
Indian forces to withdraw from siachen glacier and hence cause the
Indians to negotiate for the Kashmir borderline on its broader dispute.
• Keeping this plan top secret Pakistan sent fresh troops in the battle
region and hence named this infiltration as OPERATION BADR.
• Due to extreme weather the troops left the region and reoccupied them
in spring.this infiltration started due to the by a local shepherd in the
Batalik sector, led to the exposure of the infiltration
• Pakistan had a clear sight of laying an artillery fire on the highway
which lead to the leh region thorough the himanchal Pradesh.Which
posed a serious problem for the Indians
• The initial Indian attacks aimed at controlling the hills overlooking
highway, with high priority being given to the stretches of the highway
near the Kargil. The majority of posts along the Line of Control stood
to the highway. The protection of that route and the recapture of the
forward posts constituted ongoing objectives

50. • The majority of posts along the Line of Control stood to the highway.
Though India had cleared most of the posts in the vicinity of the highway
by mid-June, but shelling was observed until the end of the war.
• Once again when india took control over the they turned towards the main
line of control but Some of the posts put up a stiff resistance, including
Tiger Hill (Point 5140) that fell only later in the war.Tiger Hill were re-
captured on July 5, 1999
• The Indian Army mounted direct frontal ground assaults made on peaks.
Meanwhile, the Indian Navy also readied itself for an attempted blockade
of Pakistani ports (primarily Karachi port) to cut off supply routes
• After this pakistan revealed their fuel condition the army had covertly
planned a nuclear strike on india. a skilful use of naval power in the form
of 'Operation Talwar', the 'Eastern Fleet' joined the 'Western Naval Fleet'
and blocked the Arabian sea routes of Pakistan
• As in kargil area they did not lend themselves for air attack so Pakistan
was safe for their loc couldn’t be smashed.hence afterwards Supply lines,
logistic bases and enemy strong points were destroyed. As a result, the
Army was able to pursue its operations at a faster rate and with fewer
losses.According to official count, an estimated 75–80 percent of the
intruded area and nearly all high ground had come under Indian control.
• The Pakistanis decided to fight and not climb down as a result of which
Indian army made its final attacks in the last week of July. The fighting
ceased on July 26. The day has since been marked as Kargil Vijay
Diwas (Kargil Victory Day) in India. By the end of the war, India had
resumed control of all territory south and east of the Line of Control.

52. Strategic Fails of Pakistan And Gains on Both Sides:
• The strategy of Pakistan which was mainly to capitulate the kargil region in
jammu to get India to negotiate for the Kashmir issue,and then fighting the
war which was basically intrigued by them was lost with not a good
strategy.and thus To preclude strategic failure of the kind represented by
Kargil in the future.
• Pakistani economy weakened further.The morale of its forces after the
withdrawal declined as many units of the Northern Light Infantry suffered
annihilation,
• The government refused to even recognize the dead bodies of its
soldiers,an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern
Areas.Pakistan initially refused to acknowledge many of its casualties. The
Pakistani government failed to set up a public commission of inquiry to
investigate the people responsible for initiating the conflict.
• While in india due to victory saw the rise of the Indian stock market by
over 30 percent.Its next budget included a special amount for the military.
Indians felt angered by the death of pilot Ajay Ahuja.Resultantly they shot
down a Pakistan navy plane.
• One U.S. Intelligence study states that Kargil served as yet another
example of Pakistan’s (lack of) grand strategy, repeating the follies of the
previous wars.All those factors contributed to a strategic failure for
Pakistan in Kargil.which was a serious comment from the western world

53. Media Warfare:
• The conflict became the first "live" war in South Asia given such detailed
media coverage, as the war progressed, media coverage became more
intense in India compared to Pakistan. The Indian government also
ran advertisements in foreign publications.
• In fact at the extreme following so called pieces of arts were produced in
the form of featured films which are as follows:LOC KARGIL
2003,LAKSHYA 2004, a TV series telecast, Fifty Day War - A theatrical
production on the war, Dhoop (2003), directed by Ashwini Chaudhary,
• Pakistan where TV sets could pick up PTV signals directly without the aid
of cable network dish antennas. Information warfare matters. While the
PTV ban highlighted the exaggerated propaganda content of that channel,
Indian media was, in contrast, characterised by restraint and balance.
• Pakistani media was effectively muzzled under the Nawaz Sharif regime
the media seems equally determined to disclose every possible bit of
information to the public.
Conclusion:
• Pakistans strategy invited disaster in 1999, for India had abundant
resources to escalate the conflict vertically and even horizontally.
• This war was an advantage in hands of Pakistan but was proved in
peoples beliefs that this was a waste of time,kargil war in fact an intriguing
event from Pakistan towards India as a result of which they came and
blew this war strongly on their side which was obvious after taking an
analysis of both countries military positions.

54. Conclusion:
• The escalating tensions between India and Pakistan have received
renewed attention of late. Since their genesis in 1947, India and Pakistan
have fought four wars and endured several crises. Both the nations have
been locked in a seemingly endless spiral of hostility over certain issues
discussed above.Conditions that prevailed had provided the backdrop for
repeated "opportunistic" clashes, where "one or both parties saw
significant opportunities at critical historical junctures to damage the other's
fundamental claims.
• The first two wars with India were national wars, both were on
Kashmir.1949 war was to stop India from grabbing Kashmir, 1965 War was
to try an armed struggle to free Kashmir after Indian intransigence to
accept UN Resolutions on settling Kashmir through a free, fair and
impartial plebiscite.

55. • In the Third war on Bangla Desh, Pakistan slipped into a war by
circumstances created by Indian military support to Bangla Desh
movement and their use of Awami League in this regard. Pakistani
intelligence forays into Kargil in late 1998 and the discovery of vacant
posts on the Indian side of the L-O-C were the first significant auspex
that permitted Kargil to become tactically and operationally viable. In its
expedition and execution, the Kargil operation was “tactically brilliant”.
• The struggle between India and Pakistan over the Siachin glacier has
even spawned a new term “ oropolitics : or mountaineering with a
political goal.The Siachen glacier is just the coldest of several fronts in
the frozen conflict over kashmir with neither India or Pakistan prepared
to take first step.