UUU

1. By Nasir Abbas
Roll No. 78
M.S.c Botany 3rd semester (SS )
Department Of Botany
University Of Sargodha,Sargodha

2. The Origin of the Earth

3. The universe started as a single point.
That point was extremely dense.
It became unstable and exploded outward.
Today the universe continues to expand.

4.  Petroleum & Natural Gas
 Coal
 Coral reef
 Mountains
 Rivers
 Rocks
 Oceans

5. Crude oil, a blackish & amorphous liquids is not a single
chemical compound
Crude oil consists of a variety of liquid hydrocarbon
compounds, which are made up of long molecular
chains of carbon and hydrogen
Crude oil is heated then a variety of gaseous
hydrocarbons, collectively called natural gas, of which the
compound methane (CH4) is the most common

6. Most geologists believe that crude oil and natural gas
are the product of compression and heating of ancient
organic materials over long geological time
Some believes , crude oil is formed from the preserved
remains of zooplankton and algae which have settled to
the ocean bottom in large quantities under anoxic
conditions (no oxygen)

7. Petroleum & Natural gas

8. Petroleum & Natural gas
 Over geological time this organic matter, mixed
with mud, under heavy layers of sediment.
 With the passage of time , the pressure and the
temperature both increase, and chemical
changes begin to occur.
 The large, complex organic molecules are slowly
broken down into long chains of hydrocarbon
molecules.

9. Deep exploratory wells have provided evidence that natural gas
reserves may exist at depth of several thousand meters.
At those depths, any petroleum molecules would have been
broken down into natural gas
The gas is under tremendously high pressure and is typically
dissolved into fluids such as saline brines

10. Special technologies will have be developed to extract
this deep gas
It is difficult and very expensive to drill down into this
high-pressure environment
Plus the saline brine represents a serious
environmental problem

12. COAL
Coal is formed from the decaying of plant materials
such as moss, ferns and parts of trees.

13. Formation of Coal
The formation of Coal involves several steps:
compaction of the peat due to burial drives off
volatile components like water and methane,
eventually producing a black-color, organic-rich
coal called lignite .
Burial
swamps are areas where organic matter from
plants accumulate. As the plants die and get
buried they compact to become peat. With time and
more compaction, almost all of the water is lost
.Brown coal, but low quality.
Peat
Compactio
n
Lignite Coal
Seam
Burial

14. Compaction
Bituminous
Further compaction and heating results in a
more carbon- rich coal called bituminous
coal. But it is soft coal.
Burial
If it metamorphosed, a high grade coal
called anthracite is produced. It is hard coal.
Metamorphis
Anthracite Coal Seam

15. Decomposition of ancient swamp plants
Partially decayed due to anaerobic conditions
(some carbon remains)
Intense heat & pressure “increase.
Time – millions of years to form.

18. CORAL REEFS ARE CALLED THE
FOREST OF THE SEA.
Fish, invertebrates and algae
(seaweed) rely on reefs for food
and protection
Coral Reefs-
Underwater structures made from
calcium carbonate secreted by
corals

19. Coral
Fig: Polyp

20. Coral reefs form when coral larvae
(baby form of a polyp) settle on a hard
substance in warm, clear, shallow water
and begin excreting their skeletons.
Corals that form large colonies called
reefs.
Without proper
light and temperature,
coral dies

21. 4 Main types of reef
Fringing, Barrier, Patch and Atoll .
a reef that is directly attached to a shore or borders of water bodies .
e.g. Bora Bora

22. a reef separated from
a mainland.
e.g. Great Barrier Reef
- Australia
an isolated, often circular
reef

23. a more or less circular or continuous barrier reef extending all the way around a
central island
Midway, Hawaiian Islands

25. Mountains are parts of the landscape with steep slopes that rise
300 metres to more than 8000m or more above their
surroundings.
Himalayas in Asia, the Andes in South America and the Rocky
mountains in North America

26. Mountains are built through a general process called
"deformation" of the crust of the Earth

28. The Course of a River
A river is a natural stream of water flowing in a
channel
The source is the place at which a river begins
It may be melting snow from the top of a mountain
or a lake with a stream flowing out from it
Due to gravity, the river flows downhill from its source
The path that a river follows is called its course
the part of the river near the source is called the
upper course

29. The River System
Streams or other rivers may join the course of a river
They are called tributaries
The point at which a tributary joins the main river is
called the confluence
The river and its tributaries form the river system

30. Rapids and
Waterfalls
(cont’d)
 A waterfall is a
vertical
flow of fast-
moving water
from a great
height

32. Types of Rocks
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Rocks are a group of minerals bound together
There are three types of rocks:

33. Igneous rocks are formed by
the cooling and hardening of
hot molten rock from inside
the earth.
intrusive rock is formed
underground and intrude into
other rock masses
extrusive rock is formed
when lava cools on the
surface.

34. Sedimentary rocks.
this is formed from
material that has settled
into layers and hardened.

35. Metamorphic rocks are not formed from magma or
sediment
Metamorphic rocks “morph” (change) from existing
rock, due to heat, pressure and chemicals
Pressure squeezes grains closer together
Heat and chemicals may rearrange the particles

36. The Rock Cycle
Igneous Sedimentary
Metamorphic

38. Oceans are byproducts of
heating and differentiation:
as earth warmed and
partially melted, water
locked in the minerals as
hydrogen and oxygen was
released and carried to the
surface.

40. Ocean water contains 35 grams dissolved
substances per kilogram of water

41. OCEAN WATER
Oceans are important because they provide homes to
many organisms
Oceans provide resources, such as food & salt
Oceans provide water for precipitation
Oceans provide oxygen (70% of Earth’s oxygen!)
produced by ocean organisms

42. End of Lesson
 Thank You!