6. nematodes affecting sugar beets
free living rootgall nematodes
root nematodes
stem nematode sugarbeet cystnematode
Heterodera schachtii
a problem for the past 150 years
Monsanto Weed Workshop 14.-15 June 2011
7. spread of H. schachtii in Europe (KWS)
Monsanto Weed Workshop 14.-15 June 2011
8. nematode spot in sugar beets
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 8
9. sugar beets: with without BCN
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 9
10. BCN causing abnormal root growth
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 10
11. cysts of BCN feeding on beet roots
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 11
12. Lifecycle of BCN
temperature sum:
465°(>8°C)
in
Rhineland-
Palatinate: ….2-3/year
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 12
13. mature
premature
cysts of BCN
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 13
14. fields
monitored
for BCN
every year
since 2004
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 14
15. problem:
irregular
distribution of
BCN in the field
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 15
16. monitoring:
GPS-labeling
of sampling
plots
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 16
17. monitoring:
soil
sampling
procecure
GPS 10 m
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 17
18. monitoring:
soil
sampling
precision
r = 10 m
GPS signal plot identity
difference
±4m 78 %
±5m 71 %
±6m 65 %
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 18
19. laboratory
methode:
hatch test
and
….
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 19
20. laboratory
methode:
….
counting of
larvae (L2)
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 20
21. weather datas 06/07
Mainz-Marienborn: 153 m NN; 586 mm NS; Ø 10,0°C
differences from longterm averages
2007:
°C mm
Chenopodium album
Sep 06 + 4,0 - 31,7
a widespread problem
Okt 06 + 3,9 + 29,3
Nov 06 + 3,1 - 34,4 esp. in barley and beets
Dez 06 + 2,4 - 29,5
Jan 07 + 5,1 - 5,5
Feb 07 + 3,5 + 15,9
Mrz 07 + 2,1 + 7,5
Apr 07 + 5,3 - 39,6
Mai 07 + 2,1 + 21,5
Jun 07 + 1,3 + 26,6
Jul 07 - 0,4 + 18,7
Aug 07 + 0,1 -21,5
Sep 07 - 0,8 + 11,8
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 21
22. B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 22
23. B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 23
24. B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 24
25. Capsella
bursa
pastoris
Pf/Pi = 1,5
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 25
26. B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 26
27. B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 27
28. B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 28
29. B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 29
30. B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 30
31. Conclusions
based on
long-term
field monitoring
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 32
32. conclusions: beet varieties
susceptible varieties: severe multiplication of BCN
tolerant varieties: moderate multiplication of BCN
resistant varieties: no multiplication of BCN
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 33
33. conclusions: crop rotation
general aspects:
• a low proportion of sugar beets decreases nematode problems
• nematode-resistant oilradish and white mustard on set-aside
fields reduced nematode population significantly
special aspect:
under local conditions on some fields even ≥ 4 years of crop
rotation could not bring nematode population beneath damage
threshold
the only explanation:
multiplication on weedhosts, post-harvest of cover crops
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 34
34. Weed hostplants
of BCN
volunteer
rape!
Decker 1969
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 35
35. in the future:
need for selective pre- / post harvest weed control
conservation tillage favours perennial weeds like Cirsium
arvense and Convolvulus arvensis – because of
no or postponed mechanical stubble processing
increasing glyphosate treatments: later in the year
causing:
increasing post-harvest appearance of weedhosts of BCN
solutions:
- pre-harvest glyphosate treatment of perennial weeds
- selective control of weedhosts according to a
preventive temperature sum of 250°C (since
weed emergence)
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 36
36. Example:
Calculation of the
safety value
Daily soil temperatures between 20.07.2010 and 25.07.2010 weather station
Mainz-Marienborn
Soil temperature 20 cm
day [°C] > 8°C
20.07.10 23,5 15,5
21.07.10 24,6 16,6
22.07.10 24,1 16,1
23.07.10 22,3 14,3
24.07.10 21,3 13,3
25.07.10 20,2 12,2
cumulative
88,0 temperature sum °C
safety value: 250° C
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 37
37. Conclusions: management of BCN
beet variety:
• sensitive
• tolerant
• resistant
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 38
38. farmers first choice:
• max. yield
modern beet varieties
• less nematode
muliplication
future effects: ???
tolerant varieties: resistant varieties:
• Adriana • Paulina
• Theresa • Sanetta
• Belladonna
• Pauletta
proportion (area) 2011*: 26,3% 0,0 %
73,7% single tolerance (Rhizomania)
*ZF Offstein Vorbestellung
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 39
39. management: BCN
beet variety: nematode-resistant
….crops:
• tolerant
• oil radish
• resistant
• white mustard
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 40
40. management: BCN
beet variety: nematode-resistant post-harvest weed
….crops: control
• tolerant
• oil radish • according to
• resistent
temperature sum
• white mustard
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 41
41. post-harvest control of weed hosts
• Chenopodium album
• Capsella bursa pastoris
• volunteer winterrape/-mustard/-oilradish
soil cultivation/ herbicide use before a temperture
sum of 250° C (daily mean > 8° C)
[ in our area.: Ø not later than 14-16 days post harvest]
control of perennial weeds
• earlier (pre-harvest)
• later (following crop)
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 42
42. future aspects:
integration of w. rape in a beet crop rotation?
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 43
43. future aspects:
integration of w. rape in a sugar beet crop rotation?
knowing that BCN multiplies only on volunteer w.rape :
extension of the beet crop rotation means
agronomical advantage
simultaneous suppression of BCN
the only requirement:
no multiplication on weedhosts and
volunteer rape
post-harvest until end of August
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 44
44. Thank You for Your Attention
B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Folie 45
