1. UGC NET Resources: Unit VIII: ICT 1
Prepared by Dr.K. Thiyagu, CUKerala
UGC NET Resources (Paper I)
Unit-VIII
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Topics:
 ICT: General abbreviations and terminology.
 Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing.
 Digital initiatives in Higher Education.
 ICT and Governance.
ICT General Abbreviations:
Basic Terms: Computer & Internet
PC Personal Computer
EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
BIOS Basic Input and Output System
HDD Hard Disk Drive
PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer
GUI Graphic User Interface
USB Universal Serial Board
VGA Visual Graphic Adaptor
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
WAN Wide Area Network
EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
LAN Local Area Network
CPU Central Processing Unit
OS Operating System
ALU Arithmetic and Logical Unit
DVD Digital Versatile Disc
CD Compact Disk
ROM Read Only Memory
VDU Visual Display Unit
RAM Random Access Memory
ICT Information Communication Technology
PROM Programmable Read Only Memory
URL Universal Resource Locator
IDE Integrated Drive Electronics
FORTRAN Formula Translator
MOS Metaoxide Semi-Conductor
ATX Advanced Technology Extended
SIM Subscriber Identification Module
MHZ Megahertz
ISP Internet Service Provider
GHZ Gigahertz
DBMS Database Management System
SQL Structured Query Language
RW Re-Writeable
SDT Serial Query Language
CAN Campus Area Network

2. UGC NET Resources: Unit VIII: ICT 2
Prepared by Dr.K. Thiyagu, CUKerala
SIMMs Single In line Memory Module
PAN Personal Area Network
DIMMS Dual In line Memory Module
CMOS Complimentary Metaoxide Semi-Conductor
ENIAC Electronic Number Integrator and Calculator
CMD Command
EDSAC Electronic Dialog Storage Automatic Computer
MAC Media Access Control
IC Integrated Circuit
LSIC Large Scale Integrated Circuit
DIR Directory
GIGO Garbage In Garbage Out
PHP PHP Hypertext Pre-processor
DOC Document
PDT Parallel Data Transmission
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data
WWW World Wide Web
COBOL Common Basic Oriented Language
CCNP Cisco Certified Network Professionals
BASIC Beginner All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
CEH Certified Ethical Hacking
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
CSS Cascading Style Sheet
CISCO Computer Information System Company
XXS Cross Site Scripting
XML Extensible Markup Language
HTML Hypertext Markup Language
CCNA Cisco Certified Network Associate
RFI Remote File Inclusion
HTTP Hypertext Markup Language
DDOS Distribution Denial of Service
VPN Virtual Private Network
SEO Search Engine Optimization
IP Internet Protocol
FTC File Transport Protocol
LCD Liquid Crystal Device
LED Light Emitting Diode
Mobile Terminology
4G Fourth Generation Cellular Network
5G Fifth Generation Cellular Network
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Services
APN Access Point Name
CDMA Code Division multiple access
EDGE Engaged Data for GSM Evolution
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
GPRS General Packet Radio Services
SIM Subscriber Identification Module
SMD Surface Mount Device

3. UGC NET Resources: Unit VIII: ICT 3
Prepared by Dr.K. Thiyagu, CUKerala
File Types Appreciations / Extension
.AIFF or .AIF Audio Interchange File Format
.AU Basic Audio
.AVI Multimedia Audio/Video
.BAT PC batch file
.BMP Windows BitMap
.CLASS Java files
.CSV Comma separated, variable length file (Open in Excel)
.CVS Canvas
.DBF dbase II, III, IV data
.DIF Data Interchange format
.DOC or .DOCX Microsoft Word for Windows/Word97
.EPS Encapsulated PostScript
.EXE PC Application
.FM3 Filemaker Pro databases
.GIF Graphics Interchange Format
.HQX Macintosh BinHex
.HTM or .HTML Web page source text
.JPG or JPEG JPEG graphic
.MAC MacPaint
.MAP Web page imagemap
.MDB MS Access database
.MID or .MIDI MIDI sound
.MOV or .QT QuickTime Audio/Video
.MTB or .MTW MiniTab
.PDF Acrobat -Portable document format
.P65 / .T65 PageMaker P=publication, T=template
.PNG Portable Network Graphics
.PPT or .PPTX PowerPoint
.PSD Adobe PhotoShop
.PSP PaintShop Pro
.QXD QuarkXPress
.RA RealAudio
.RTF Rich Text Format
.SIT Stuffit Compressed Archive
.TAR UNIX TAR Compressed Archive
.TIF TIFF graphic
.TXT ASCII text
.WAV Windows sound
.WK3 Lotus 1-2-3 (the numbers following represent the version #)
.WKS MS Works
WPD or .WP5 WordPerfect (the numbers following represent the version #)
.XLS or .XLSX Excel spreadsheet
.ZIP PC Zip Compressed Archive
E-learning terms
LMS Learning Management System
LRD Learning record Store
SssS Software as a Service
SPOC Small Private Online Courses

4. UGC NET Resources: Unit VIII: ICT 4
Prepared by Dr.K. Thiyagu, CUKerala
ROOC Regional Open Online Course
DOCCs Distributed Open Collaborative Course
SMOC Synchronous Massive Online Course
OOC Open Online Course
MOOC Massive Open Online Course
MOORs Massive Open Online Research
FOSS Free Open Source Software
OER Open Educational Resources
SWAYAM Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds
AR Augmented Reality
MR Mixed Reality
VR Virtual Reality
XR Extended Reality
AI Artificial Intelligence
IoT Internet of Things
NAD National Academic Depository
NDL National Digital Library
eSS E-Shodh Sindhu
GIAN Global Initiative of Academic Networks
NPTEL National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning
OSCAR Open Source Courseware Animation Repository
E-mail Terminology
CC Carbon Copy
BCC Blind Carbon Copy
CAPTCH
Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell computers and
Humans Apart
ASAP As soon as Possible
2G4U Too Good for You
AWHFY Are We Having Fun Yet?
GMTA Great Minds Think A like
QL Quit Laughing
KISS Keep it Simple Stupid
AYPI And Your Point Is?
GAL Get A Life
J4F Just for Fun
RUOK Are you Okay?
TIC Tongue in Cheek
SITD Still in the Dark
WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get
YYSSW Yeah Yeah Sure Sure Whatever
ZZZ Sleeping, Bored, Tired
AFAIK As Far As I Know
CUL See you Later
HAND Have a Nice Day
FWD Forward
IMHO In my Humble Opinion
EOD End of Day
EOM End of Message
FYI For you information

5. UGC NET Resources: Unit VIII: ICT 5
Prepared by Dr.K. Thiyagu, CUKerala
OOO Auto Reply Signature
FTC File Transport Protocol
Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing.
Internet
The Internet is a worldwide telecommunications system that provides connectivity for
millions of other, smaller networks; therefore, the Internet is often referred to as a network of
networks. It allows computer users to communicate with each other across distance and
computer platforms.
Difference Between LAN, MAN & WAN
Parameter LAN MAN WAN
Full Form Local Area Network. Metropolitan Area
Network.
Wide Area Network.
Definition
and
Meaning
LAN is a network that
usually connects a small
group of computers in a
given geographical area.
MAN is a comparatively
wider network that
covers large regions-
like towns, cities, etc.
The WAN network
spans to an even larger
locality. It has the
capacity to connect
various countries
together. For example,
the Internet is a WAN.
Uses Schools, homes,
colleges, hospitals,
offices, etc., can privately
use it.
It basically covers a city,
a small town, or any
given area with a bigger
radius than the LAN.
It covers an entire
country, a subcontinent,
or an equivalent area.
Email Basics:
Email is a service which allows us to send the message in electronic mode over the
internet. It offers an efficient, inexpensive and real time mean of distributing information
among people.
E-mail Header
The first five lines of an E-mail message is called E-mail header. The header part comprises of
following fields:
 From
 Date
 To
 Subject
 CC
 BCC
From The From field indicates the sender’s address i.e. who sent the e-mail.
Date The Date field indicates the date when the e-mail was sent
To The To field indicates the recipient’s address i.e. to whom the e-mail is sent.
Subject
The Subject field indicates the purpose of e-mail. It should be precise and to
the point.
CC
CC stands for Carbon copy. It includes those recipient addresses whom we want
to keep informed but not exactly the intended recipient.
BCC
BCC stands for Black Carbon Copy. It is used when we do not want one or
more of the recipients to know that someone else was copied on the message.
Text It represents the actual content of the message

6. UGC NET Resources: Unit VIII: ICT 6
Prepared by Dr.K. Thiyagu, CUKerala
Signature
This is the final part of an e-mail message. It includes Name of Sender, Address,
and Contact Number.
Video Conferencing:
Video conference enables the user to connect each other from different locations by
both video and audio transmission at the same time, using telecommunication technology.
Video conference is also called video teleconference. It is more effective and efficient than
the audio conference calls, as we can see the facial expression of the people which help us to
connect them more easily rather than voice calls where only we can hear a voice.
Email Service Providers Video Conferencing Service Providers
 Gmail
 Titan
 Constant Contact
 HubSpot
 Sendinblue
 Aweber
 ProtonMail
 Outlook
 Yahoo Mail
 Zoho Mail
 AOL Mail
 Mail.com
 GMX Mail
 ICloud Mail
 Yandex. Mail
 Zoom
 Google Meet
 Blue Jeans
 Big blue button
 GoToMeeting
 Skype
 Microsoft Teams
 Chanty
 RingCentral Video
 Zoho Meeting
 Intermedia Any Meeting
 MirrorFly
 Jiminny
 Free Conference
 Slack Video Calls
 Lifesize Go
Digital initiatives in Higher Education.
Digital Initiative in Higher Education Through NMEICT
MHRD, is responsible for the overall development of the basic infrastructure of Higher
Education sector, both in terms of policy and planning. Under a planned development process,
the Department looks after expansion of access and qualitative improvement in the Higher
Education, through world class Universities, Colleges and other Institutions through
various Digital Initiative in Higher Education.
Top 15 Digital Initiative in Higher Education
#1: Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds(SWAYAM)
SWAYAM is an indigenous (Made in India) IT Massive Open Online Courses
(MOOCs) Platform for providing the best quality education that can be accessed by anyone,
anytime and anywhere using the IT system. SWAYAM platform is developed by Ministry of
Human Resource Development (MHRD) and All India Council for Technical Education
(AICTE) with the help of Microsoft .
Courses under SWAYAM would be available in the following levels: For each level,
there is a National Coordinator, who would be responsible for the quality of content:

7. UGC NET Resources: Unit VIII: ICT 7
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 Out of school Children: for classes 9th to 12th (National Coordinator: National Open
School Society)
 School children in classes 9th to 12th (National Coordinator: NCERT)
 Undergraduate (non-engineering) courses (National Coordinator: CEC)
 Post graduate (non-engineering) courses (National Coordinator: UGC)
 Engineering Courses (National Coordinator: IIT Madras)
 Management Courses (National Coordinator: IIM Bangalore)
 Out of college students (National Coordinator: IGNOU)
 Teaching the teachers (National Coordinator: NITTER Chennai)
There are 4 quadrants in the MOOC pedagogy:
 Video tutorials covering a whole course – normally having about 20 hours of instruction
in series of lectures, each lecture not exceeding 30 minutes.
 E-Content: reading material that could add to the learning imparted through the video
tutorials.
 Self-Assessment: Quizzes/assignments that intersperse the course
 Discussion forum for posting queries
#2: Swayam Prabha- 32 DTH channels
The SWAYAM PRABHA is a group of 32 DTH channels devoted to telecasting of
high-quality educational programmes on 24X7 basis using the GSAT-15 satellite. Every day,
there will be new content for at least (4) hours which would be repeated 5 more times in a day,
allowing the students to choose the time of their convenience. The channels are uplinked from
BISAG, Gandhinagar. The contents are provided by NPTEL, IITs, UGC, CEC, IGNOU,
NCERT and NIOS. The INFLIBNET Centre maintains the web portal.
The DTH Channels cover: –
 Curriculum based course contents covering diverse disciplines such as arts, science,
commerce, performing arts, social sciences and humanities subjects, engineering,
technology, law, medicine, agriculture etc. in higher education domain (all courses would
be certification-ready in their detailed offering).
 School education (9-12 levels) modules; for teacher training as well as teaching and learning
aids to children of India to help them understand the subjects better and also help them in
better preparedness for competitive examinations for admissions to professional degree
programmes.
 Curricula and courses that can meet the needs of life-long learners or Indian citizens in India
and abroad.
 IIT-PAL – to assist the students in the Classes 11 and 12 aspiring to join IITs by encouraging
scientific thinking and conceptual understanding critical to answer the ‘tough’ questions of
JEE Advanced, so that good quality students enter the portals of IITs. The four channels
under this would be on Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
#3: National Digital Library
Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) under its National Mission on
Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT) has initiated
the National Digital Library of India (NDL India) pilot project to develop a framework of
virtual repository of learning resources with a single-window search facility.The Project titled
“Development of National Digital Library of India, Towards Building a National Asset” has
been sanctioned to IIT, Kharagpur under NMEICT by MHRD. NDL is the Single Window
Platform that collects and collates metadata from premier learning institutions in India and
abroad, as well as other relevant sources. It is a digital repository containing textbooks, articles,
videos, audio books, lectures, simulations, fiction and all other kinds of learning media.

8. UGC NET Resources: Unit VIII: ICT 8
Prepared by Dr.K. Thiyagu, CUKerala
National Digital Library in India aims to collect, preserve and disseminate entire
intellectual output of our country and provide online access from school level to post graduate
level, including technical education.
The project aims to develop
 overall framework to collate large number of e-contents for school, college and higher
education, e-content, virtual library, covering needs of learners with differing abilities
 Design & development of “OAI-PMH” Server for Metadata Harvesting, Indexed etc.
 Serve as a pan-India virtual teaching-learning-evaluation-knowledge platform and for
key national asset and
 Collect resources from other Ministries such as Ministry of Culture, Health, Rural
Development & Department of Science & Technology on this portal.
 Filtered and federated searching is employed to facilitate focused searching so that
learners can find out the right resource with least effort and in minimum time.
There are more than 72 lakh digital books available through the NDL. The contents cover
almost all major domains of education and all major levels of learners from school level to the
highest level of education including life-long learners.
#4: National Academic Depository
National Academic Depository (NAD) is an initiative of Ministry of Human Resources
Development, Govt. of India (MHRD) to facilitate digital itssuance, storage, access and
verification of Academic Awards issued by Academic Institutions.NAD is a Unique,
Innovative and Progressive initiative under “Digital India” theme towards achieving Digital
enablement of the Education Records. NAD aspires to make the vision of Digital Academic
Certificates for every Indian a reality.
 This touches the lives of Indian youth and empowers them with Digital, Online, Trusted,
Verifiable Certificates which are accessible in a secure manner at all times.
 NAD promises to do away with difficulties / inefficiencies of collecting, maintaining,
and presenting physical paper certificates.
#5: e-Shodh Sindhu
Based on the recommendation of an Expert Committee, the MHRD has formed e-
ShodhSindhu merging three consortia initiatives, namely UGC-INFONET Digital Library
Consortium, NLIST and INDEST-AICTE Consortium.More than 15,000 international
electronic journals and e-books are made available to all the higher educational institutions
through the e shodh Sindhu initiative. This allows access to be best education resources in the
world using digital mode.
#6: Virtual Labs: VLAB-Under the National Mission on Education through ICT
Virtual Lab does not require any additional infrastructural setup for conducting
experiments at user premises. One computer terminal with broadband Internet connectivity is
all that is needed to perform the experiments remotely.Over 205 virtual labs in 9 Engineering
& Science disciplines, comprising about 1515 experiments are operational and currently being
accessed by more than 6 lakh students.
Official website- http://www.vlab.co.in/
#7: e-Yantra
An MHRD initiative under NMEICT Programme, named “e-Yantra” is implemented
to incorporate Robotics into engineering education with the objective of engaging students
through exciting hands-on application of mathematics, computer science, and engineering
principles. Creation of robotic platforms has been very successfully demonstrated during
Phase-I of the project. Presently, e-Yantra has been implemented in 100 colleges. eYantra is

9. UGC NET Resources: Unit VIII: ICT 9
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creating skills by setting up lab infrastructure for project based learning and training teachers
in these 100 engineering colleges.Going ahead, MHRD sees the core skills developed by IITB
as generating, distributing and analyzing content to further create manpower with practical
skills.All the projects and code are available on the e-Yantra web-site www.eyantra.org as open
source content.
#8 Campus Connectivity
The National Mission on Education through Information and Communication
Technology (NMEICT) aims to leverage the potential of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) in teaching and learning process. The Mission also aims to provide 20
Broadband connections of 512 Kbps speed to over 25,000 colleges and 2000 polytechnics and
optical fiber connectivity one Gbps to 419 universities/ university level institutions in the
country which includes internet facility.On the lines of ‘Digital India’ initiative of the PMO,
the MHRD has now decided that the campuses of Universities, (having 1 Gbps bandwidth)
shall be made WiFi enabled campus. Already all the IITs, IIMs, and NITs have established
WiFi campuses.
#9 Talk to a Teacher
Talk to a Teacher developed by IIT Bombay, is an initiative of the National Mission on
Education through ICT, funded by MHRD to provide free access to a few selected graduate
and postgraduate courses, taught at IIT Bombay by distinguished faculty members and scholars
at large. It uses A-View collaboration tool developed by Amrita University for providing
virtual classrooms to the faculty across the country. These courses can be viewed absolutely
free of charge at lower bandwidths on a personal computer/laptop having a headphone and
Internet connection. Apart from the core courses in engineering and computer science
disciplines, the program also covers Humanities & Social Sciences discipline. More than
80,000 teachers have been trained, so far, under this project, involving synchronous delivery
of courses from IIT Mumbai & IIT Kharagpur.
#10. e-Acharya – (Integrated e-Content Portal)
e-Acharya also called ‘Integrated e-Content Portal’ of NMEICT, is the official
repository of NMEICT e-content and all content produced under NMEICT is being put at this
Repository platform at INFILIBNET Centre Gandhinagar, so to apply basic tenets of
preservation for digital content, implement standard Metadata schema of different types for the
digital content and ensure their long-term availability. All the Project Investigators awarded
development of e-Content under NMEICT have been requested to ensure the deliverables are
placed, at the earliest, in the Integrated Portal/e-Acharya of MHRD. The eAcharya besides a
repository of content shall also have the Metadata of all these contents and it shall form a
vertical of ‘National Digital Library’ (NDL), being implemented by the IIT Kharagpur.
#11 E-Kalpa
Another MHRD/ NMEICT initiative named “e-Kalpa” creating Digital-Learning
Environment for Design in India has successfully demonstrated the achievement of the
following project objectives, on completion of its phase-I:
 Digital online content for learning Design with e-Learning programs on Design
 Digital Design Resource Database including the craft sector
 Social networking for Higher Learning with collaborative Learning Space for Design
 Design inputs for products of National Mission in Education through ICT
As on December 2015, the content of e-Kalpa website named “D’source” includes 160
Courses on Design Learning in different domains, more than 400 Resources in the form of fine
examples of Design and crafts, 110 Case studies of Design Projects undertaken by

10. UGC NET Resources: Unit VIII: ICT 10
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professionals and design students, 50 Video lectures and presentations by subjects experts and
600 examples of a visual Gallery that has documented works of the rich tradition of art and
design seen across different regions of India.
#12 The Free and Open Source Software for Education (FOSSEE)
FOSSEE project sanctioned to IIT Bombay has been promoting use of open source
software in educational institutions (http://fossee.in). It does through instructional material,
such as spoken tutorials, documentation, such as textbook companions, awareness
programmes, such as conferences, training workshops, and Internships. Textbook Companion
(TBC) is a collection of code for solved examples of standard textbooks.
#13 e-Vidwan (VIDWAN is the premier database of profiles of scientists)
The ‘Information and Library Network’ (INFLIBNET) Centre took the initiative called
“Vidwan: Expert Database and National Researcher’s Network” with the financial support
from NMEICT.
The objectives of VIDWAN is to
 collect academic and research profiles of scientists, faculty and research scientists
working in leading academic and R&D organizations in India and abroad;
 quickly and conveniently provide information about experts to peers, prospective
collaborators, funding agencies, policy makers and research scholars in the country;
 establish communication directly with the experts who possess the expertise needed by
research scholars;
 identify peer reviewers for review of articles and research proposals; and
 create information exchanges and networking opportunities among scientist.
#14 Spoken Tutorial
Spoken Tutorial is a multi-award winning educational content portal. Here one can
learn various Free and Open Source Software all by oneself. Our self-paced, multi-lingual
courses ensure that anybody with a computer and a desire for learning, can learn from any
place, at any time and in a language of their choice. The Spoken Tutorial project is the initiative
of the ‘Talk to a Teacher’ activity of the National Mission on Education through Information
and Communication Technology (ICT), launched by the Ministry of Human Resources and
Development, Government of India. Spoken Tutorial Forums is a friendly online discussion
forum. You can join existing discussions or start new topics, and get lots of replies from the
Spoken Tutorial community. Registration to Forums is completely free and takes only one
minute.
#15 Central cloud Infrastructure Central cloud Infrastructure:
The MHRD under NMEICT has awarded a project to IIT Delhi, to set up a robust 24X7
backed Data Centre and the activities have been put up at NIC / NKN Data Centre, and the
cloud is called ‘Baadal’. The IIT Delhi cloud is hosting e-content and video content of e-
Acharya.
ICT and Governance.
The “e” in e-Governance stands for ‘electronic’. Thus, e-Governance is basically
associated with carrying out the functions and achieving the results of governance through the
utilization of ICT (Information and Communications Technology). E-governance needs the
help of ICT services to achieve their objective anytime and anywhere. It eliminates the need of
physical travel by citizens to various government offices in order to get their work done.

11. UGC NET Resources: Unit VIII: ICT 11
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 The major objective of e-governance is to support and simplify governance for all the
government agents, citizens and businesses.
 E-governance also means e-democracy where all forms of communications between
the electorate and the electoral happen electronically or digitally.
About ICT and Governance
The term e-governance focuses on the use of new ICT by governments as applied to
the full range of government functions. Thus e-governance is the application of information
and communication technology for delivering government services, exchange of information,
communication, transaction, integration, various stands alone systems and services between
government and citizens, government and business as well as back office process and
interaction within the entire government frame work.
 ICT acts in speeding up the flow of information and knowledge between government and
citizen and transforming the way in which government and citizen interact.
 Types of Government Interaction in e-governance.
 G2G: Government to Government
 G2C: Government to Citizen
 G2B: Government to Business
 G2E: Government to Employee
G2G:
Government
to
Government
Aimed at efficient file routing, quick search and retrieval of files and office
orders, digital signatures for authentication, forms and reporting
components etc. e-office project of central government for file movement
across the departments
G2C:
Government
to Citizen
The goal of government-to-customer (G2C) e-governance is to offer a
variety of ICT services to citizens in an efficient and economical manner,
and to strengthen the relationship between government and citizens using
technology
 CSC (Scheme to deliver various services to Citizen of India)
 Bharat Bill Pay (One Stop Bill payment System)
 Passport Seva Kendra
 PAN (NSDL & UTI Services)
 E-District (Various certificates/licences)
 EPIC (Election Commission services)
 IRCTC
 e-Panchayat
 e-Court Mission Mode Project (MMP)
 NTA- National Testing Agency
 National Agriculture Market (eNAM)
G2B:
Government
to Business
Refers to the conduction through the Internet between government agencies
and business companies.
 MCA- All Business relates needs & requirements for Company
 e-tender
 GST
 e-Biz Mission Mode Project
 E-Gem(Government e Marketplace )
 Government Online Procurement Portal
G2E:
Government
to Employee
Government to Employee solution is about empowering their own
employees to assist citizens in the fastest and most appropriate way, speed-
up administrative processes, and optimize governmental solutions.
 Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana
 The EPF-EPS model- EPFO & provident funds

12. UGC NET Resources: Unit VIII: ICT 12
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Benefits of e-Governance
 Increases accountability
 Increases transparency
 Higher availability of public domain information
 Reduces corruption
 Higher penetration due to automation
 Increases efficiency due to connectivity
Mock Test Links / QR Code:
Mock Test Link QR Code
https://testmoz.com/11048824
https://testmoz.com/11118136
https://testmoz.com/11846614
https://testmoz.com/11138270
Useful Links:
https://www.digigogy.info/ugc-net-resources/ugc-net-paper-i
https://www.digigogy.info/ugc-net-resources/mock-tests-ugc-net
https://www.digigogy.info/ugc-net-resources/mock-test-answer-keys
https://www.digigogy.info/ugc-net-resources/ugc-net-important-links
All the best for your preparation…..