This presentation consists whole chapter no.7 Diversity in living organisms of NCERT Science class IX.

1. CHAPTER-7
DIVERSITY IN
LIVING
ORGANISMSCL A S S IX ( S CIENCE)
P R E PA R E D B Y
TA R A C H A N D S A I N I

2. DIVERSITY
• There are number of organisms on the earth. Each organism is different
from all others to a lesser or greater extent.
• The bewildering variety of life arounds us has evolved on the earth over
millions of years.
• We need to decide which characteristics decide more fundamental
differences among organisms.
• This would create the main broad groups of organisms. The smaller sub-
group will be decided by less important characteristics.

3. Biodiversity
• Biodiversity means the diversity of life forms.
• First time biodiversity word is used by Walter G. Rosen (1985)
• Life forms include all the varieties of the organisms (Like bacteria, fungi, algae, plants,
lichens, animals etc.
• Biodiversity is affected by the particular characteristics of land, water, climate and other
factors.
• One estimation that there are total species of the Earth is 10 millions. But we actually
know only 01 million of them. (We have to still discover 09 millions species yet)
• MEGA-BIODIVERSITY:- world’s rich biodiversity is found at the WARM & HUMID
REGIONS of the Earth. Means these regions are situated between ‘Tropic of Capricorn
& Tropic of Cancer’. These regions are known as “Mega-Biodiversity” regions.
• These are India, Malaysia, China, Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar, Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru, Mexico, Zaire & Australia.
• QUESTION?
• Are you familiar to the words of “Flora & Fauna”?

4. FLORA:
All the plant
species of a
particular area
is called flora.
Ex. Flora of
Rajasthan, Flora of
India.
FAUNA:
All types of animal
species of a
particular area is
called fauna.
Ex. Fauna of Rajasthan, Fauna
of India.

5. N e e d F o r C l a s s i f i c a t i o n
o f L i v i n g O r g a n i s m s :
L i v i n g o r g a n i s m s h a v e e v o l v e d o n t h e E a r t h
o v e r m i l l i o n s o f y e a r s .
T h e r e i s a v a s t v a r i e t y o f l i v i n g o r g a n i s m s .
L i v i n g o r g a n i s m s s h o w a w i d e r a n g e o f
v a r i a t i o n s .
E g .
S o m e a r e m i c r o s c o p i c , s o m e a r e s m a l l e r a n d
s o m e a r e b i g g e r o r g a n i s m s . T h e y a r e d i f f e r e n t
b y t h e i r d i f f e r e n t f o o d b e h a v i o u r, c o l o u r s ,
h a b i t a t s , r e p r o d u c t i o n , l i f e s p a n e t c .

6. Classification of Living
Organisms
•The arranging of organisms into different
groups on the basis of the similarities in
their characteristics is called Classification of
living organisms.
Conti…

7. •For making relevant groups, to identify which
characteristics decide more fundamental
differences among organisms.
•This would create the main broad groups of
organisms. Within these groups, smaller sub-
groups will be decide by less important
characteristics.

8. Basis of Classification of Living
Organisms• The main characteristics which are considered for classification of
living organisms into different groups are:-
• Weather they are made of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
• Weather they are single cell organisms or multicellular organisms.
• Weather they produce their own food by photosynthesis or not?
(Like autotrophs or heterotrophs or saprotrophs).
• Weather they are produce their own food like plants. (Plants &
animals)
• What is the level of organisation of their body?
• Weather the level of organisation of their body.
• What is the special organs and their functions?

9. CLASSIFICATION & EVOLUTION
• All the living organisms are in changed form by the process of
evolution.
• Evolution is the long process in which changing the body
designs of organisms over millions of years.
• Organisms need to adapt themselves to the changes in the
environment.
• By their adaptation, they can survive better in their
surroundings.
• CHARLES DARVIN:- The father of idea of evolution

10. Classification According
Evolution• According the idea of evolution, the organisms can be classified into two groups.
• First Group: Primitive organisms _ the group of organisms which have
ancient body designs that have not changed very much are called Primitive
organisms.
• Other names: Lower organisms/ Older organisms/ Simpler organisms
• Body designs are simple forms & structure.
• Second Group: Advanced Organisms_ the group of organisms that
acquired their Particular body designs relatively recently are called Advanced
organisms.
• Body designs are complex forms & structure.
• Other names: Higher organisms/ Younger organisms/ Complex organisms.

11. The Order of Classification
Groups• The classification was tried by- E. Haeckel (1894); R. Whittaker
(1959) & Carl Woese (1976).
• The accepted classification is ‘Five Kingdom Classification.’
• MONERA; PROTISTA; FUNGI; PLANTAE; ANIMALIA
• Carl Woese classified Monera into two groups: Archaebacteria
& Eubacteria.

12. The Further classification is done by naming the
sub-groups as:
Kingdome
Phylum/Division (phylum for animals & division for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

13. Two Examples of
Classification• Mango (Mangifera indica)
• Kingdom- Plantae
• Division- Angiosperm
• Class- Dicotyledonous
• Order- Sapindales
• Family- Anacardiaceae
• Genus- Mangifera
• Species- indica
• Scientific name- Mangifera
indica (in typing)
or *Mangifera indica (Hand
written)
• Lion (Panthera leo)
• Kingdom- Animalia
• Phylum- Chordata
• Class- Mammalia
• Order- Carnivora
• Family- Felidae
• Genus- Panthera
• Species- leo
• Scientific name- Panthera leo (in
typing)
or *Panthera leo (Hand written)

14. NOMENCLATURE
• The system of scientific naming to an organism is known as
nomenclature.
• Nomenclature is the part of the classification.
• Nomenclature was given by Carolus Linnaeus in his book
‘Systema Naturae’.
• The scientific name of an organism is the result of the process
of classification which puts it along with the organisms.
• In nomenclature, the name of an organisms is combined of
Genus and Species.
• Nome of an organisms is the same in all over world.
• The name of scientific name is used in Latin language.

15. SCIENTIFIC NAME
Some rules of scientific name are as:
• The name of the genus begins with a capital letter.
• The name of the species begins with a small letter.
• When printed, the scientific name is given in italics.
• Ex. Homo sapiens
• When written by hand, the scientific name have to be
underlined separately genus and species.
• Ex. Homo sapiens

16. THE FIVE KINGDOM
CLASSIFICATION

17. MONERA
• The characteristics of these organisms are as follows:-
• These organism do not have a defined nucleus (prokaryotic) or organelles
(unicellular).
• Cell wall may be present in some organisms or may be absent in other
organisms.
• Not multi-cellular organisms.
• Mode of nutrition: autotrophic (synthesis their own food eg. Blue-green
algae (BGA)) or heterotrophic (getting their food from environment eg.
Bacteria & mycoplasma)
• E.g.
• Bacteria
• Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria, (Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Spirulina
etc.)

18. Examples

19. Examples
Fig: Nostoc
Fig: Bacteria

20. PROTISTA
• The organisms of this group have the eukaryotic nucleus.
• So, this group is known as eukaryotic organisms.
• These are unicellular organisms.
• These organisms use appendages like cilia (hair-like structure) or
flagella (whip-like structure) for movement.
• The mode of nutrition is both autotrophic (Euglena) or
heterotrophic (Paramecium & amoeba)
• Eg. -Unicellular algae, Diatoms, Protozoans (Amoeba, Paramecium,
Euglena etc.)

21. Examples

22. EUGLENA

23. FUNGI
• The characteristics of these group of organisms are as
follows:
• Heterotrophic organisms
• Multicellular organisms (at a certain stages of lives)
• Eukaryotic organisms
• Saprotrophytes- the organisms use the decaying organic
matter for nutrition.
• Cell wall present which is made by a tough complex sugar
called Chitin.
• Eg.- Mashrooms, Yeast, Ustilago, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Agaricus

24. SYMBIOTIC
RELATIONSHIP
LICHENS:
Some fungi species
live with a symbiotic
relationship with
blue-green algae,
this symbiotic
relationship is known
as LICHENS.

25. PLANTAE
• These are multicellular.
• Eukaryotic organisms
• Cell wall present
• Green pigment present in the leaves called …………………?
(Chlorophyll)
• The mode of nutrition is ………………………? (Autotrophic)
• These groups further divide into five divisions:
• Thallophyta
• Bryophyta
• Pteridophyta
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms

27. Butea monosperma
(Red flowered tree) at RAJASTHAN 2. Khasi Pine at SHILLONG

28. ANIMALIA
• Multi-cellular
• Eukaryotic
• Cell wall absent
• Mode of nutrition- heterotrophic (omnivores)
• This group divides in subgroups like
• Lower animals/ Non-chordata (Porifera, Cnidaria (Coelenterata),
Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes (Nematoda), Annelida, Mollusca,
Echinodermata, Proto-chordata)
• Higher animals/ Chordata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves,
Mammalia)

29. Examples of animals

30. Welcome to Wildlife Sanctuary

31. Peacock (Pavo cristatus): The National bird of India

32. Plant Kingdom

33. PLANTAE
• The basis of classification of plants are as:
• First level- weather the plant body has well-
differentiated, distinct components
• Second level- weather the differentiated plant body has
special tissues for transport of water and other
substances within it.
• Third level- The ability to bear seed and weather the
seeds are enclosed within fruits.

34. THALLOPHYTA
• The body design of this group of plants are not well-
differentiated.
• The plants in this group are commonly called algae.
• Most plants are predominantly aquatic.
• Ex.
• Ulothrix
• Cladiphora
• Ulva
• Spirogyra
• Chara

35. EXAMPLES

36. CHARA
It is a
multicellular
algae.

37. Thallophyte- Some examples
Ulothrix, Cladophora, Ulva, Spirogyra, Chara
Ulothrix Cladophora
Ulva Spirogyra

38. BRYOPHYTA
• The plant body is commonly differentiated to form stem
and Leaf-like structure.
• No vascular tissue (Means no conduction of water & other
substances within the plant body)
• ** This group of plant is called Amphibians of the
plant. kingdom.
• Ex.
• Marchentia
• Funaria
• Riccia

39. EXAMPLES OF BRYOPHYTA
RICCIA MARCHANTIA

40. Funaria

41. PTERIDOPHYTA
• The plant body is differentiated into roots, stem & leaves.
• Having specialised tissue for the conduction of water and other
substances.
• Also known as Fern.
• Ex.
• Marsilea
• Ferns
• Horse-tails
• Seleginella
• Lycopodium

42. Pteridophytes
Marsilea Fern

43. GYMNOSPERM
• Gymnosperm means the plants bears naked seeds.
• Gymnosperm is a Greek word.
• Gymno- naked
• Sperma- seed
• The plants are well differentiative, usually perennial, evergreen and
woody.
• Ex.
• Pines
• Deodar
• Cycas
• Ephedra

44. Khasi Pines at Shillong

45. Naked Seeds- Khasi pines

46. ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS
GROUP)• Angiosperm is also a Greek word
• Angio means covered
• Sperma means seed
• The seeds develop inside an organ which is modified to
become a fruit.
• These are divided into two groups on the basis of the
number of cotyledons present in the seed.
• Monocots or Monocotyledonous_ Plants with seeds
having a single cotyledon are called monocots.
• Dicots or Dicotyledonous_ Plants with seeds having two
cotyledons are called dicots.

47. ANGIOSPERM PLANTS
Ficus molis

48. DICOTS FRUITS

49. EXAMPLES OF MONOCOT (ALL GRASSES ARE MONOCOTS
INCLUDING BAMBOO)

50. Two Types of Plants on the Basis of Presence
of Reproductive Organs
• Cryptogams
• The plants which reproductive
organs are very inconspicuous
are called cryptogamae.
• The naked embryo is called
spores.
• The presence of water is
necessary for germination of
spores.
• The reproductive organs are
hidden.
• These are classified into
thallophytes, bryophytes,
pteridophytes.
• Phanerogams
• The plants which reproductive
are well differentiated are called
phanerogamae.
• The embryo is hidden in the
seeds.
• Then seeds contains food stored
and used it during germination.
• The reproductive organs are
both hidden and open.
• These are further classified into
gymnosperms & angiosperms.

51. Animal Kingdom

52. Animals
Cellular level of organisation Tissue level of organisation
Porifera
No body cavity Pseudocoelom Coelomate
Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes Nematoda
Mesoderm cells from a single cell Coelom formed during from pouches pinches
during growth of the embryo off from the endoderm
Annelida, Mollusca,
Arthropoda

53. Coelom formed during from pouches pinches off from the
endoderm
Notochord absent Notochord present
Echinodermata Chordata
Notochord present Notochord replaces by
In at least larval forms vertebral column in adult
Proto-chordata Chordata/vertebrata
Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

54. ANIMALIA
•These are eukaryotic organisms.
•These are multi-cellular organisms.
•Cell wall is not present.
•Most animals are mobile. (movable)
•Mode of nutrients- Heterotrophic.
•Most organism show their age.

55. PORIFERA
• Porifera means organism with holes.
• These are diploblastic and not well-differentiated.
• Habitat- Marine
• Nature- non-motile (stable)
• The body of these organisms have holes which are known as ostia.
• A canal system is present in the organisms.
• This canal system helps in circulating water throughout the body to
bring food and oxygen.
• Osculum- the main hole of canal is known as osculum.
• A hard outside layer or skeleton on the body.
• These are commonly known as SPONGES.
• Examples; Spongilla, Sycon, Euplectela.

56. Examples:

57. COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA)
• Cnidaria means organisms with tentacles.
• Habitat- aquatic (mostly marine)
• Body-design- some more differentiative than porifera
• The body is made by two layers of the cells----
• (I) One cell makes up the outside of the body
• (II) other makes the inner lining of the body
• A cavity in the body is called gastrovascular cavity.
• These are found in two forms
• 1) Medusae. ex. Jellyfish
• 11) Polyps. ex. Sea anemones, corals etc.

58. Fig. Coelentrata

59. PLATYHELMINTHES (FLATWORMS)
• The body of these animals is flattened dorsiventrally.. So, they are also
known as flatworms.
• The body of animals is more complex than previous two groups.
• Body Symmetry- Bilaterally (The left and right halves of the body have
the same design)
• Triploblastic animals- three layers of the cells from which
differentiated tissues can be made.
• No true coelom (true internal body cavity).
• Habitat- Either free-living or parasitic.

60. EXAMPLES
•Free-living animals- Planarians
•Parasitic animals- Liver flukes (parasite in the liver of
cattle) & Tape worm (found in the pigs and Human who
eat the half cooked pork)

61. Fig: Platyhelminthes

62. ASCHELMINTHES (NEMATODA)
• Body symmetry- Bilaterally symmetrical.
• Triploblastic animals.
• The body of animals of this group is cylindrical.
• Tissue are present in the animals but no organs in the body.
• Pseudocoelom or very sort of body cavity.
• Examples-
• Most of parasitic and causes disease.
• Elephantiasis by filarial worms (Wuchereria)
• Ascariasis by round worms or pinworms (Ascaris)

63. Fig: Nematoda
(Aschelminthes)

64. ANNELIDA
• The animals of this group are Bilaterally symmetrical &
triploblastic.
• True body coelom (the first group with true coelom)
• The true organs to be packaged in the body structure..
• Due to body differentiation, the segmentation on the
body are present from head to tail.
• Habitat & eg.
• Land- Earthworms
• Fresh water- Nereis
• Marine- Leeches.

65. Fig: Annelida

66. ARTHROPODA (THE LARGEST PHYLUM OF
ANIMAL KINGDOM)
• Arthropoda means ‘jointed legs’.
• The body of animals is made by jointed parts and segmented. And
divided in to head, thorax and abdomen.
• The exoskeleton is made up of cuticle…
• Bilaterally symmetrical animals.
• Circulatory system is open…means the blood does not flow in well-
defined blood vessels.
• The coelomic cavity id blood-filled.
• Ex.
• Prawns, crabs, scorpions, insects (Mosquitoes, spiders, house fly,
butterflies, Moth, Grasshopper, cockroach, ants, centipede etc.)

67. Fig: Arthropoda

68. MOLLUSCA
• Bilateral symmetry.
• The coelomic cavity is reduced.
• There is little segmentation in body.
• The open circulatory system.
• They have kidney-like organs for excretion.
• Foot is used for movement.
• Habitat- mostly marine or terrestrial.
• Ex.
• Snail, Unio, Pila, Chitton, Octopus etc.

69. Fig: Mollusca

70. ECHINODERMATA
• Echinos means hedgehog…
• Derma means skin….
• The animals of this group are spiny skinned.
• Triploblastic animals.
• Habitat- Marine (free-living animals)
• Coelomic cavity present.
• They have peculiar water-driven tube system that is used for
movement.
• Skeleton is made up of calcium carbonate.
• Ex.
• Starfish, Holothuria (sea cucumber), Sea urchin (Echinus), Feather star

71. Fig: Echinodormata

72. PROTOCHORDATA (HEMICHORDATA)
• This group is previously included as chordates but later
removed.
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Triploblastic animals.
• They show a new feature of body design…. Notochord
present during larval stage.
• These animals posses a combination of invertebrate and
chordate characters.
• (Notochord is a long rod-like support structure that runs
along the back of the animal separating the nervous tissue

73. EXAMPLES
• Balanoglossus
• Herdmania
• Amphioxus

74. Fig: Balanoglossus
(a Protochordata)

75. VERTEBRATA (CHORDATA)
• These animals have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton.
• It allows a completely different distribution of muscle attachment points
to be used for movement.
• Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and
segmented, with complex differentiation of body tissues and organs.
• These animals possess the following features:
• Have a notochord
• Have a dorsal nerve cord
• Are triploblastic
• Have paired gill pouches
• Are coelomate.

76. CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES
Vertebrates are grouped into five classes:
•Pisces
•Amphibia
•Reptilia
•Aves
•Mammalia

77. PISCES
• Animals of this class are fish.
• These are exclusively aquatic animals.
• The skin of them is covered with scales or plates.
• They have gills for using dissolved oxygen from the water.
• The body of fishes is streamlined and a muscular tail is helped in
movement.
• These are cold-blooded animals.
• The heart of these animals have only two chambers.
• They lay eggs.
• Skeletons of some fishes is made of cartilage. Ex. Sharks
• Some other made of both bone and cartilage. Ex. Tuna or rohu.

78. EXAMPLES
• Mandarin fish (Synchiropus splendidus), Angler fish
(Caulophyryne jordani), Lion fish (Pterois volitans),
Electric ray (Torpedo), Sting ray, Dog fish (Scoliodon),
Rohu (Labio rohita), Sea horse (Hippocampus), Flying
fish, (Exocoetus), Anabas (Climbing perch).

79. EXAMPLES OF PISCES

81. AMPHIBIA
• These animals are capable for living both places water and land.
• These are three-chambered heart. (differ from the fish)
• The lack of scales on the skin. (differ from the fish)
• They have mucus glands in the skin. (differ from the fish)
• Respiration is through skin, gills (in water) and lungs (on land)
• They lay eggs.
• Ex. Salamander, frog (Rana tigrine), Hyla (tree frog), Toad, Bufo
etc.

82. Fig: Amphibia
Frog

84. REPTILIA
• These animals are cold-blooded.
• They have scales on their skin.
• They breathe through lungs.
• Except crocodiles, these animals have three-chambered heart.
Crocodiles have four-chambered heart.
• They lay eggs with tough covering and do not need to lay their
eggs in water. (differ from Amphibia)
• Ex. Snakes, Turtle, Chameleon, Flying lizard (Draco), House-
lizard (Hemidactylus).

85. EXAMPLES: REPTILIA
GECKO SKINK

86. TREE LIZARD MONITOR LIZARD

87. DRACO & HOUSE LIZARD
SAW-SCALED
VIPER

88. AVES
• These are birds.
• These are warm-blooded animals.
• They have four-chambered heart.
• They lay eggs but need to hatch them.
• They breathe through lungs.
• There is an outside covering feathers and two forelimbs are modified
for flight.
• Ex. White Stork (Ciconia Ciconia), Ostrich (Struthio camelus), Male
Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula), Pigeon, Sparrow, Crow, Dove, Peacock,
Great Indian Bustard, Woodpeckers, Woodcutter etc.

89. PAINTED STORK LITTLE
EGRET

90. PIGEON COLLARED DOVE

91. PEACOCK INDIAN PITA

92. ASIAN PARADISE
FLYCATCHER
TICKELL’S BLUE
FLYCATCHER

93. MAMMALIA
• These animals have mammary glands for the production of milk to
nourish their young.
• These animals are warm-blooded.
• Mammals have four-chambered heart.
• Their skin has hairs as well as sweat and oil glands.
• Almost mammals produce young ones. Except- Platypus and
echidna lay eggs.
• Kangaroos give birth to very poorly developed young ones.
• Bats fly like birds but these are included in Mammalia due to it birth
young one.
• Ex. Cat, Dog, Cow, Buffalo, Lion, Tiger, Rat, Human, Whale, Deer,

94. HEDGEHOG (PARAECHINUS MICROPUS)
BAT

95. SAMBHAR BLUE BULL

96. INDIAN HARE SQUIRREL

97. DOG COW

98. REFERENCES
• 1. NCERT Text book Class IX.
•2. Some photographs taken by NIKON Coolpix
600
• 3. www.google.com/images

99. THE BANYAN TREE
(Ficus benghalensis)
T H A N K
YOU!
T H A N K YOU