Unit-01
Internet Principles
IP, TCP, and UDP

Internet Protocol(IP)
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by
which data is sent from one computer to another on
the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on
the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely
identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
• The letters "IP" stand for "Internet Protocol." It's the
set of rules that govern how packets are transmitted
over a network.
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal
communications protocol in the Internet protocol
suite for relaying datagrams across network
boundaries. Its routing function enables
internetworking, and essentially establishes the
Internet.

Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a standard that defines how
to establish and maintain a network conversation via which
application programs can exchange data.
• TCP works with the Internet Protocol (IP), which defines how
computers send packets of data to each other.
• TCP is one of the main protocols in TCP/IP networks. Whereas the
IP protocol deals only with packets, TCP enables two hosts to
establish a connection and exchange streams of
data. TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that
packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent.
• TCP/IP is important because whole internet runs over it. This is the
protocols using which 2 different network Elements communicate
with each other. Without the TCP/IP the data communication and
Internet or Inter-Networking of the devices is not possible.

User Datagram Protocol(UDP)
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is an alternative
communications protocol to Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) used primarily for establishing low-
latency and loss-tolerating connections between
applications on the internet.
• Typically, use UDP in applications where speed is more
critical than reliability. For example, it may be better
to use UDP in an application sending data from a fast
acquisition where it is acceptable to lose some data
points. You can also use UDP to broadcast to any
machine(s) listening to the server.

User Datagram Protocol
• Following implementations uses UDP as a transport layer protocol:
• NTP (Network Time Protocol)
• DNS (Domain Name Service)
• BOOTP, DHCP.
• NNP (Network News Protocol)
• Quote of the day protocol.
• TFTP, RTSP, RIP, OSPF.
• The result is that UDP can: Achieve higher throughput than TCP as long as the
network drop rate are within limits that the application can handle. Deliver packets
faster than TCP with less delay. Setup connections faster as there are no initial
handshake to setup the connection
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is connection oriented, whereas UDP (User
Datagram Protocol) is connection-less. This means that TCP tracks all data sent,
requiring acknowledgment for each octet (generally). UDP does not use
acknowledgments at all, and is usually used for protocols where a few lost datagrams
do not matter.

TCP UDP
Reliable Unreliable
Connection-oriented Connectionless
Segment retransmission and flow
control through windowing
No windowing or retransmission
Segment sequencing No sequencing
Acknowledge sequencing No acknowledgment

TCP/IP Protocol suite

Data communication using TCP/IP

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

TCP/IP

TCP/IP